EBTKE ConEx 13 Juli 2023

Energy Storage Concept

on Islands
Khotimatul Fauziah
Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation - BRIN
 Key Technologies in Achieving NZE

Hydrogen ▪ The level of innovation in new

technologies and the success of
international collaboration will
determine whether the NZE goal is
Energy Electrifi achieved or not.
Storage cation
Net Zero ▪ Technology such as hydrogen,
Emission energy storage, electrification,
CCS, nuclear can play a crucial
role in reducing carbon emissions.
Carbon
Capture Nuclear
Storage
ENERGY

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 Energy Storage Technologies Landscape

Storage time Storage Technology

Short-period Supercapacitor
Flywheels
Medium-period Battery
Hybrid hydrogen storage
Long-period Hydrogen storage system
Power to Gas

Source TEPCO 2023

Source : N. Stetson and M. Wieliczko, “Hydrogen technologies for energy storage: A perspective,” MRS Energy &
Sustainability, vol. 7, no. 1, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1557/mre.2020.43.

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 Prospects of Hydrogen Utilization In Indonesia
H2 in Indonesia has become an important raw material for the
chemical industry. Ammonia (the largest), methanol, and oil H2
refineries are currently the three main areas of H2 application.

Fuel Heat source Raw material

Transportation Power Industry Chemical industry

Vehicle Fuel cell Cement Refinery

Bus Gas turbine Paper Fertilizer

Truck Coal plant Steel/iron Ammonia

(ammonia)
Ship Aluminium Methanol

Train Reducing dependence on fossil

fuels
Utilization potential
High In other sectors, such as transport and industry (heating), the required amount of hydrogen depends on further
Moderate technological developments, government regulations and incentives such as subsidies.
Green Hydrogen Concept

Power Source Applications

Hydro Power
Excess
Renewable Green
Energy Hydrogen

Geothermal
Industry

Water H2 Storage
Electrolysis
Solar

Maximize the potential of renewable energy and Transportation

Wind
contribute to de-carbonization in all sectors

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Why Green Hydrogen?

P2G ▪ The mismatch between Renewable energy

supply and actual demand
▪ Intermittency of Renewable Energy
▪ Stability of electricity to deliver to the grid
▪ Use the excess power from renewable energy
to run Electrolyzer
▪ Electrolyzer for grid balancing
P2P

Green Hydrogen as Power to Gas

(P2G) and Power to Power (P2P)

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Use of Hydrogen for Power generation

• RE power efficiency
P2G direct use ~100%

P2P • Pumped storage and

battery efficiency 70-
80%
• Electrolyser efficiency
(P2G) ~ 70-80%
• Hydrogen-Fuel Cell
system efficiency
(P2P) ~ 35-40%.

Source: Tokyo Electric Power Company Holding, Inc (TEPCO) 2023

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 Power to Gas (P2G)
Process of converting renewable energy to gaseous energy carriers such as hydrogen
or methane via water electrolysis

▪ Reduction of constraints for grid

electricity incurred by on-grid
renewable energy
▪ Use surplus energy
▪ Adjusting grid power
▪ For long-term energy storage

https://www.global.toshiba/ww/products-solutions/hydrogen/products-technical-services/supply-chain.html

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Power to Power (P2P) – Hydrogen Fuel Cell

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Hybrid System of P2P Hydrogen-Fuel Cell for De-dieselization

Dedieselization target – Daerah 3T

P2P

Diesel reduction

P2G

Sumber: Studi BRIN PLN 2022

Configuration of Hybrid Microgrid System in 3T Island

Load dan generation profile of the existing Hybrid System

• There are an excess electricity at noon in daily profile.

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Simulation Scenario to Optimized System of Hybrid Microgrid with Fuel Cell
Scenario Configuration Scenario Configuration
0 Existing; Diesel, PV, Battery 5 • Diesel Capacity Reduction >50%
• Battery Capacity no change 100%
1 • Diesel Capacity Reduction ~50%
• PV Capacity addition +100%
• Battery Capacity Reduction ~50%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel cell
• PV Capacity no-change 100%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel 6 • No-Diesel
cell • Battery Capacity no change 100%
• PV Capacity addition based on Homer
2 • Diesel Capacity Reduction ~50%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel cell
• Battery Capacity Reduction ~50%
• PV Capacity addition +30% 7-9 • Diesel Capacity Reduction >50%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel • Battery Capacity no change 100%
cell • PV Capacity addition +100%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel cell
3 • Diesel Capacity Reduction ~50%
• Reduction Emission as much as possible (50-
• Battery Capacity no change 100%
• PV Capacity addition +30%
80%)
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel
cell
4 • Diesel Capacity Reduction ~50%
• Battery Capacity no change 100%
• PV Capacity addition +100%
• To be Added: electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, fuel
cell
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Recommended utilization options for green hydrogen and fuel cell systems in a microgrid system for dieselization are as follows:

LOW Tariff
Scenario 3: In this scenario, the capacity of the diesel power plant is reduced, and existing batteries are used. A relatively small
additional capacity of PV with a total capacity of less than 1 MWp is added, along with the integration of an electrolyzer, hydrogen
tanks, and fuel cells. The increase in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) compared to the existing system is relatively low. The
emission reduction achievable with this scenario reaches less than 20%.
DOUBLE Tariff
Scenario 8: In this scenario, the capacity of the PLTD is reduced, existing batteries are utilized, and a relatively large additional
capacity of PV with a total capacity exceeding 1 MWp is added. Integration of an electrolyzer, hydrogen tanks, and fuel cells is
implemented on a larger scale to achieve significant dieselization impact by reducing the power production from Diesel and achieving
emission reductions of at least 60%. The increase in generation costs or LCOE in this scheme reaches almost double the price of the
existing system.
NO-DIESEL
Scenario 6: This scenario aims for 100% dieselization using PLTS and a green hydrogen and fuel cell system. It requires a considerable
capacity of large PV exceeding 3.5 MWp, along with large-scale electrolyzers and hydrogen tanks as long-term storage systems. LCOE
reach for more than 3 times larger.

These scenarios offer different levels of dieselization and emission reductions, accompanied by varying increases in LCOE or
generation costs. The selection of a specific scenario would depend on various factors such as the microgrid's energy demand,
renewable resource availability, investment budget, and the desired level of dieselization and emission reduction.
 Results Profile

Diesel capacity reduce 50% Diesel capacity reduce 80% Diesel capacity reduce 100%
Small additional PV Large additional PV Large additional PV
Existing Battery Existing Battery Existing Battery
Emission Reduction <20% Emission Reduction <60% Large electrolyzer
Low Price (almost same as existing) Double Price Emission Reduction 100%
Price 3 times larger

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Hybrid Hydrogen Fuel Cell System Concept

Grid stabilization
Fluctuating
Generation
Battery
Green Re-electrification
Excess Energy
Renewable Hydrogen
Energy
Grid

Water Electrolysis Hydrogen Storage Fuel Cell

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Green Hydrogen System Configuration
Typical Configuration of Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell System

The cost of renewable energy is the

largest factor in the price of green
hydrogen, accounting for up to 80% of
the total cost. The cost of electrolyzers
and compression and storage are much
lower, accounting for 10-20% and 10%
of the total cost, respectively.

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Green Hydrogen System Configuration
llustration of the schematic of hybrid hydrogen fuel cell system

KEBUTUHAN TRGET OUTPUT TARGET OUTPUT

ANGGARAN UTAMA TAMBAHAN

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Source: Eniya et. al., in progress.

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Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell System on Microgrid
Advantages and Disadvantages of utilizing green hydrogen and fuel cell systems in a microgrid

Advantages Challenges
Decreased operational costs (OPEX) High capital costs (CAPEX): The initial investment required for these
systems can be high due to the relatively expensive cost of fuel cells and
electrolyzers.
Long-term storage capability High system complexity: Integrating multiple components
Increased self-consumption (NRE) Advanced modelling and optimization: Due to the non-linear nature of
these systems, advanced modelling techniques and optimization methods
are required to accurately simulate and optimize their performance.
Negligible self-discharge Reliable EMS control strategy
Utilization of high-energy-density hydrogen Controlled hydrogen production and utilization: Efficient operation
requires careful control

Electrolysis function as a controllable load (grid balancing and Different operation and maintenance (O&M)
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increased system flexibility by adjusting hydrogen production
based on demand and supply conditions)
Diverse applications, Green hydrogen and fuel cell systems
have versatile applications

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Thank You
email: khotimatul.fauziah@brin.go.id

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