lOMoARcPSD|17835639

Glover ISM 6e Chapter 04

Power Systems (Taiwan Shoufu University)

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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

! ""
" "# =
#
= × 2

$
" !
%
& " # "
' " $
( "$
"%
!) "&
!! "' ( Ã *) ( )
!" "(
!#
#)
!
#!
!$
#" % ! !
!%
## Ë
!&
# & !
!'
#$
!( ( 2 2 )( 2 2 )( 2 2 ) #% %
") #&
#'
"! = × 2
#(

71
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

= °%
=
( $ )( × $ )= $ ''( 2
! °%
×
"

û' + þ û' + ($ þ
"' ° % = °% ü + ÿ=( $ ''( ) ü
($ øÿ
= $ ) 2
ý +
"
ý ø
*"' ° % $ +' $ +'
= = = $ (
"' ° % û þû 2þ $ +
ü $ ) ÿü '$ (
2 øý ÿ
ý ø
* $ (, ! " - $

" = '' = °% = '' + ( $ × '') = =.

= '' þø + $ ( ( 2 )ùû
= $ ' °% ±

# = $ '× = "/ # ! # $
Ã
01 + = +× × ( $' × 2
) = $' × 2
$
)
$ × 2(
×
= = = $ ±
$' × 2

û Ã 2ç þû þ û $ ') þ
+' 3%3 4 ( +' × )ü ) ÿü ÿ ü ÿ
ý øý ø ý ø
= )$ ( × 2)

û' + þ
*" ' 5% = ü '+ *" '5% ÿ
ý ø
û ' 6 ($ þ
= $ (( ü ÿ
ý '6 ($ ø
= $ ( -

$ 7 /1)
û þû þ
* "' ° % =ü $ (' ÿü ÿ= $ ' -
ý øý $ +- ø

', 8
7 ) 9
$ '
"' ° % = = $ () -
)

72
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

$'
% = ( + $' ) = )$ '3:

+ $' ×
= =' /
( )
7 = "
)$ '×
4 = $ '
(' )
1 !; 8

=
( $() × 2(
)( × )= $( )× 2)
$ '
6 = $(+) = $ )' = '' "

& < # = =( ) = '× "

7 # = $'
$ × 2(
× ×
= = = = $ (' × 2
$'
Ã
= $ (' × 2
× )
= $') ±
)

' 7 =2$ )$)$

û þû þû þ
=ü × 2
ÿü ÿü ÿ= $ ' - > %
ý øý - øý ø
7 =2$ )$'$
û þ
= = × 2
ü “2 ÿ
ý ø
2
û $ 'þ
= $' “2 = )
ü ÿ = '$() ×
2

ý ø
û $' þ û þû þ
= = × 2
ü '$() × 2 ÿ ü ÿü ÿ
ý ø ý - øý ø

= $((++
-
4 + = $ (
-

73
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

( = $ ' - > %

û $' þ
= = × 2
ü $ × '$() × 2 ÿ = $(' ' - > %
ý ø
= + = $ - > %

» = $ : -

û $' þ
= = × 2
ü $( × '$() × 2 ÿ = $+ ) - > %
ý ø
= + = $( + - > % $
$
)$ , ',
, ,$
!) 7 =2$ )$'$
û þ
= × 2
ü 2ÿ =)
ý ø
û ) þ 2
û $' þ û þ
= × 2
ü ÿ 2= )
ü ÿü ÿ
ý $ '× 2
ø ý øý ø

= $ × 2 2= $ '× 2

=Ë =( Ã )( $ × 2
)( )= $) ' -

û )$( þ
!! = × 2
ü $ ÿ= $ (× 2

ý '× 2
ø
=Ë = Ã( )( $ (× 2
)( )= $) + -
û $ þ
= × 2
ü $ ÿ= $ ' ×
2

ý '× 2
ø
= Ã( )( $ ' × 2
)( )= $ +( -
8 $ ', 8 )$ , ! 8
, 8 ,$
!" 7 " /$) ?3 $ $

67 " = × 2
$
; þø Ã ( ) ùû

$ × 2
( ) = $(
$
7 ! 1 " × $( = $ ')

74
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

!# !; 8
þ ù
= ÿ) × 2)

ø 2 úû
$'
= )× 2)
= $
( $ (( )( $ )
!; 8

= Ã( ))× 2)
2
= $ ' ( -
2
@
$ )
2
6 = $ '' - $ '

= )× 2)
= $ (
$ (( ( $ )
@ ! # 8 ),
$

! =2$ )$'$+ 9 = × 2
> >
2
= Ë = )Ã × 2
( 2) >
= $ Ã× 2
( +$ ) ) ( 2) 3&A= > $
= $)Ã ( +$ ) )( $ ) 2
!( 2) $
= )$ ' × 2
!( 2) $
= $ +) !( 2) $ = *$

û þ û þ
6 = !ü ÿ = ! + !ü ÿ" : = )$ ' × 2
±
ý 2ø ý 2ø
2= $ 2 )
= $ ( $ (( ) = $ ' $

û þ
= ! = $ +) ! ü ÿ = $ '( '
2 ý $ ' ø
= ! = $ +) ! ( ) = $ +)
= + = $ ( ' $ ±

: ! " = $ ' 4 $ $ ±

75
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

!$ 7 < 9

2
= 2=
= = =
= ' =
) =)

7 9
2
=“ = )

= = = ) = ' = =
þ ù þ ù
ÿû þ ú ± ÿ û þ ú
=
ÿü
= )+ ÿý
2
)
ÿ(
ø
) ( ) ( ) )ú
ú
ÿ ü
ÿ ý
2
)
ÿ(
ø
) ú
ú
ÿø @ C úû B < ÿø @ úû

û þ û þ
= = )+
ü
ý
2
)
ÿ
ø
( )
(
( ) ( )) ü
ý
2
)
ÿ(
ø
)

û þ
= = )+
ü
ý
2
)
ÿ
ø
( )
)
( ) ( )) = $

!% = ( ççç ) = ( ççç )
þ ( 1 )Ã ù
= = ÿ ú = " " ççç
ø û

üù þ û Ã þù þ û Ã þù þ û Ã þù þ û 2 þ ù üü
=ú ÿ ü ÿú ÿ ü ÿú ÿ ü ÿ ú ççç ÿ ü ÿÃ úý
ûü ÿø ý ø úû ÿø ý ø úû ÿø ý ø úû ÿø ý ø úû þü
D ! ! 8"

= { ( )(
2 )
} # $

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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

# 1 " =

þ û þ ù
= =ÿ ü ÿ( )ú
ø ý ø û
= =2 )$ $ +

1 " =

þ û þ ù
= =ÿ ü ÿ ú
ÿø ý ø ûú
û ) þ
= )
ü ÿ =2 )$ $
ý ø

7 1 " =)
)
þ û þ ù
= =ÿ ü ÿ )ú
ÿø ý ø úû

û ) þ
=) )
ü ÿ
ý ø
= $ + ') =2 )$ $

þû 2 þ ù 2
!& = + ÿü ) ÿ ( )( ) ú = ) )

øý ø û
= $) '

þ ù þ ù
ÿû 2 þ ú ÿû 2 þ ú
= ÿü )
ÿ( )( ) )( )ú ÿü )
ÿ( )( )( ) ) ú
ÿý ø ú ÿý ø ú
ÿø @ úû ÿø @ úû
)
û 2 þ
( ) ()) ( ) ( ) =
)
= ü )
ÿ $ '')
ý ø

77
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

)
)
þ ù þ ù
ÿû þ ú ÿû þ ú
= ( ÿü
2
)
ÿ( ) ()) ( ) ( ( )( ) ú × ÿü
2
)
ÿ( ) ( () ( ) ( ) )ú
ÿý ø ú ÿý ø ú
øÿ @ ûú ÿø @ 1 ûú
þ ù
ÿû þ ú
2
ÿ( ) ( )
)
)
× ÿü )
( ú
ÿý ø ú
ÿø @ úû
+
û þ
( () ( ) ( )
2 )
( ) ( ))
)
= (
ü )
ÿ
ý ø
= $ )

!' = × × ) = ($( +

7 /$)" =( $ ) ) = $
$ (
û ($( + þ
= × 2
( )= × 2
ü
ý $
ÿ= $
ø
'× 2

= Ã( ) = Ã( ) $ '× 2
× = $)+ -
-

û ($( + × $ þ
!( = × 2
ü ÿ = $ )×
2

ý $ ø
= Ã( ) $ )× 2 ( ) = $' -

û ($( + × $+ þ
= × 2
ü ÿ = $ +) ×
2

ý $ ø
= Ã( ) $ +) × 2 ( ) = $)(( -
; 2 ; $),
$ , ! , ,$

") = × × = $

7 /$)" =( $ ) ' ) = $
$ (

û $ þ
=Ë = Ã( ) × 2
ü $ )+ ÿ ×
ý ø -
= $ ' -

78
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

"! 7 /$)9
û þ
= ( $ ) +) ü ÿ= $ )
ý $ (ø
= ( $ ) )( $)' ) = $ )'
þ û $ þù
=( Ã )ÿ × 2
ü $ )' ÿ ú × = $
ø ý øû -
û þ
=( $ + )ü ÿ= $ +
ý $ (ø
= ( $ + )($)' )($)' ) = $
þ û $ þù
=( Ã )ÿ × 2
ü $ ÿú × = $ )
ø ý øû -

/%B % / % B
- /- , !
% 8 + $ )
$+,
7 $ +
3 ' $ $ +,

"" / =2$ )$ $ 8 ! # 9

! =+( $ )( $ )( $) ( $ ' )( $ ' )( $ ' ) = $ '

! 2 ! / ! =2$
)$ $ 9

= + ( $ '' )( $) = $ ' (
& #
2= $ (( = $ (( ( $ )= $ ''
! # ! 9

( )( $)( )
)
! = +
$ '' $ = $ (

! # 8 # 2 ; #
# # ! 8 !
# #9

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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

"# !

= ) ( 2) ( $) # 2 = $ (( × $ )
= $ )
! # / !; 8

! = )
( $ )( '$ ) = '$++ 2v

B 8" ! = )
( $ )( '$ ) = '$++ 2v

= )
( $ )( $ )= $++( 2v
?3@ # !; 8 1
!$
= × × = $'

$'
= $ = $ ) -
$ )
= $ +× $ ) = $ )

= Ã = Ã( ) $ )× 2
= $

" 7 /%B /$) <" ?3 = $ )) $

% = $ $ () ) + ( ) = ) $ ("

?3@ # = þø( ) $ ( )( ( )( ) $ () ùû = ' $+' $

û ' $+' þ
6 = ! = $ +) ! ü ÿ= $ ±
2 ý $ )) ø
û ' $+' þ
= × 2
ü $ )) ÿ = $ +' × 2

ý ø

=Ë = Ã ( ) $ +' × 2
= Ã( ) $ +' × 2
( +$ ) )

= $ ±

$
"$ 4 = $
)

?3@ = þø( ) $ )(( )( ) $ )ùû " ! ) + =) $ $

=' $ ( $
)
?3 9 $ + þ( $ ) )( $ ) ù 8 =2$ )$ $
ø û

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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

$ +
EF 9 /$)" $= $ + $ = × = $ )+( $G
?3 = $ ) $
?3 )1 = $
û ' $( þ
6 = $ +) ! ü ÿ = $' +' ±
ý $ ø
8 ! 8 " /$)"
/ )1 " 8 ! 8 ;
×) = ) ) / ±

"% / 8
$)' = / Ã ( / = $'+ )
?3@ =
û )$' þ
B H ?3 2= $ (( ü × 2
ÿ= $ ( × 2

ý ø

ù ü
?3@ ü ü
= × 2
= × 2
ú (ý
2 ü þ( ( $ ( )(
1
E G × 2
$'+ ) ) ù ü
ûø û þ
# 8 = $ (× 2
±

"& ! =E × × × G )
= ' $)'

! =E × × × G )
= ' $)'
=E × × ' × G )
= $))
6 ?3@ = ' $)' × ' $)' × $)) = ')$)
=2 ; ?3 = þø $ '(( + ùû = $
û ')$) þ
6 = × 2 ü ÿ= $ × 2 ±
ý $ ø
& #9
=E × × G = $( 2 = $ '((
û $( þ
6 = × 2
ü $ '(( ÿ = $ + ×
2

ý ø
$ + × 2
& = = $ ) × 2
±

û $ 2 $ ) þ
= =ü ÿ× = 2 $ ', ±
ý $ ø

81
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

"' : 4 " = 22 " = = = $ )

° × $(
% = $ )('

=þ
ø ( $ )(' )( $ )) ù
û
= $' +

2 = þø( )( 2 ) ùû = ( $' + × + ) = '$ '

2 =(
! ç !! 2 ) = ( $' + × + ) = $

2 =( ç ) = þ $' + × + ù = '$ '

2 ø û

C; > = ( 2 !2 2 ) = '$
)
=þ + ç ) + ç ( ) )( )ùû = ' $((
! ø
)
= þ( ) ) + ç )ç + ù = ' $((
! ø û
= þø( )( )( )( ) ùû
)
= $+)

6 = [ ' $(( × ' $(( × $+) ] = )'$ )

û )'$ ) þ
= $ +) ! ü ÿ= $ ' ' ±
ý '$ ø

"( 2 = þø $' + ( )ùû = )$

!
2 = þø $' + ( ) ùû = )$

2 = þø $' + ( ) ùû = )$

"# = )$

{( )}
)
= þÿ ) +( ç ) + ù = )+$
!
ø ûú
= þø( ) )( + )( )( ) ) ùû
)
! = '+$'

{( ) )}
)
= þÿ =( + ) ç( )ùúû = )+$
ø

= ( )+$ × '+$' × )+$ ) = ' $(

û ' $( þ
= $ +) ! ü ÿ= $ + ±
ý )$ ø

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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

#) 2 = þø $' + ( + ) ùû = $

!
2 = þø $' + ( ) ùû = )$ = 2

7 # "# =( $ × )$ × )$ ) = )$+'

=( × ))
)
! × )× = )'$ '

){( ) ) } ( ) ùûú
)
= þÿ( +( =) $ )
!
ø
)
= þ( + ) ) + ù = '+$)
ø û

= ( )'$ ' × ) $ ) × '+$) ) = )($

û )($ þ
= $ +) ! ü ÿ= $ $ ±
ý )$+' ø
#! 7 < - ! # I " "

» = $ : -

7 = "» J $

» = $ : -

< - ! # I

» = $ + $ : -

7 ; 2 "# " = "2 ) °

û þ
6» = $ ü + ( " 2 ) °) ÿ
ý ø
= $ ( ' ) þø ( $ $) ) + ( " 2 ) ° ) ( $) $ ) ùû
= $ "2 ° : -

þF 9 = = ) + ' = $) ù
ÿ ú
ÿ = = þ( '$ ) + ( ') ù = $ ú
øÿ ø û ûú
# " < - !

» ($ ) = » Ë$ + ³
6& ; ! -

83
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

= Ë» "³ + + ° = %Ë» = % ( Ã × )( $ "2 °) 2

= $(+" °K ±

÷ à ( ($(') × 2
)= 7
#" = = $ ) × 2
û þ û $' þ
ü“ÿ ü $ ' ÿ
ý ø ý ø
B
& = %Ë = %( Ã )( $ ) × 2
) ×
-
B
& = % )$++) × 2
-

à ( ($(') × 2
)=
## = $ (' × 2
7
û $' þ
ü ÿ
ý $ ( ø
& = % Ã( ) $ (' × 2
( ) = % '$ × 2
B-
à ( ($(') × 2
)=
= $ '( × 2
7
û $' þ
ü $ ÿ
ý ø
& = % Ã( ) $ '( × 2
( ) = % )$ ) × 2
B-
1 1 )$', '$ ,
, ,$

÷ à ( ($(') × 2
)= 7
# = = $ '( × 2
û þ û ) þ
ü“ÿ ü $ ' ÿ
ý ø ý ø

& = %Ë = %( Ã )( $ '( × 2
)( )
B
= % $+(+ × 2
-

à ( ($(') × 2
)=
#$ = $ × 2
7
û )$( þ
ü $ ' ÿ
ý ø
& = % Ã( ) $ × 2
( ) = % $(' × 2
B-
à ( ($(') × 2
)=
= $ '× 2
7
û $ þ
ü $ ' ÿ
ý ø
& = % Ã( ) $ '× 2
( ) = % )$ × 2
B-
; 2 $ ,
)$', ! 8 , 8 ,

84
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

#% =2 )$ $) )$ $' 8$
7 1 " ?3 = = $ )× $
= $ )
?3@ !; 8 2 = × × = $'
1 1 !; 8
÷
= 7
2

''$
= $+' 7 -
( $' $ ) )
(# · =· )
$ +× $+' = $ 7
; *

= = +$ × 2
2

Ã( )
$'
= +$ × = ' "' 2
$ )
' "' × $ + = ) " ') 2 -
: ! " ;
' "'
= ' ' >

÷
#& =2 )$+$ ' 9 = 7

= = ç
à à ÷
# = *" · = ($(') × 2
7 $
)$ ×
= 2 !( )" # 2= " ç ±

û þ
= 2 ! + 2 !ü ÿ" # 2= $ ( × = *$
ý ø
2= 2 ! = $ ( × !( )= ($ ×
û þ
2 = 2 !ü ÿ= $ ( × ! =( $ ×
ý ø $
6 = 2+ 2 = )($ ' × ç ±
: ! " 2= $ ( × !( )
= (($+ ×

85
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

= +$ × ç ±

û ' $+' þ
#' = $ (+ !ü ÿ= $ ( 7 $
ü $ ( × ) øÿ
ý

= = ) $ × ç ±
Ã( ) $ (× 2

#( = × × ) = ($( +

$ + û $ ') þ
7 /$)" = ü ÿ= $ ' +
ý ø

÷ à ( ($(') × 2
) = ($
= = ) × 2
7
þ û û ($( + þ
ÿ ü ü ÿ
ø ý ý $ ' +ø
& = %Ë = % Ã ( ) ($ ) × 2 ( )= % $ + × 2
B -
7 - !

#' =& =( $ + × 2
× )( ) = )$( ) × 2
-/ >

) = $ × $ × '$) = +$

à (($(') × 2
) = ($
= × 2
7
û +$ þ
ü ÿ
ý $ ' +ø
& = % Ã( ) ($ × 2
( )= % $ ) × 2
B -

#' = $ ) × 2
× ( ) = )$ ) × 2
>
-/

= $ × $ × $ = $+ (
à ( ($(') × 2
) = ($((+ ×
= 2
7
û $+ ( þ
ü ÿ
ý $ ' +ø
& = % Ã( ) ($((+ × 2
( )= % $ ' × 2
B -

#' = $ ' × 2
× ( ) = )$(+' × 2
>
-/

"& " #' $', $ ,

/ ! , ,$

86
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

! = × × = $

$ + û $ ') þ
7 /$)" = ü ÿ= $ )
ý ø

= = $ ) $' = $
÷ à ( ($(') × 2
)=
= = $ '× 2
7
û $ þ
ü $ ÿ
ý ø
& = %Ë = % Ã( ) $ '× 2
( ) = % )$( × 2
B-
( = & = (' ) )$( × 2
= $ 3K/ -

$) )
" 7 /$)" = ( $ ') ) = $ (

= $ ( ( $' ) = $ ')
à ( ($(') × 2
)=
= $ () × 2
7
û $ þ
ü $ ') ÿ
ý ø
& = % Ã ( ) ( $ () × 2
)( ) = % )$() × 2
B-
( = (' ) )$() × 2
= $ 3K/ -

$
= ( $ ') ) = $ ) = $ ) ( $' ) = $ ')

à ( ($(') × 2
)=
= $ '× 2
7
û $ þ
ü $ ') ÿ
ý ø
& = % Ã( ) $ '× 2
( ) = )$ × 2
B-
( = (' ) )$ × 2
= $ + 3K/ -
"& " ( $(, $ ,
7 ! " ' - " - $

87
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

# 7 @ - " /$) $ (
$ (
6 = = $ )
×
= × × ( = )$(
Ã × ($(' × 2
= = ($() × 2
7
( )$( $ ) )
= = $ ( )× ç
à ($() × +
7 ! '
$ ( )×
% ; = = '
'
× $
#' = = = $ ( /
× $ ( )
$ ( × '= +/
1 ; # 8 !; 8
× × +× 2
= ) $' 3K/

û ' $( þ
= $ (+ !ü ÿ= $ 7
ý $ ' ø
þF 9 =2 ; )1 $ !; 8 ù
ÿ ú
( ) ( )
) )
ÿø $ + $ )+( = $ + $ )+( × $ = $ ' úû

= = '$ × ç ±
Ã( ) $ × 2

88
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

7 =< )$("
÷ à ( ($(') × 2
)
= =
û þ û &þ û $' þ û $ þ
ü “ ÿ2 ü ÿ ü ' øÿ
2 ü ÿ
ý ø ý ø ý $ ý ø
7
= $ ) × 2
# $ , ! > )$

% = × × ) = '$
= $ ( = $ )

=
Ã
Ã × ($(' × 2
: =
( '$ $ ))
$( '$
6 = × +
= $ ') × (
ç
$
$ ') × (
7 '- " = =
'×

= = =)

= = ) +
=) $

= ) + ) = ) $ )(

= '$ = $ )

89
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

$( þ ù
6 = × +
ÿ 2 ú ç
ø û
þ '$ ) $ ×) $ × ) $ )( ù
= )$ × ÿ 2 ú
ø $ ) ) ×) ×) û
= $ (× (
ç
$ (× (
7 '- " = = ' )
'×

& = = $ = $ = +
= $
B 7 !$ )$ ) <
÷
A 1 1 = 7
2

B =<$ )$( <

à ( ($(') × 2
)
= = '$''' × 2
7
û þ û $ þ
ü $ ÿ2 ü ÿ
ý ø ý ø
à (($(') × 2
)
F ! != " =
û þ
ü $ ÿ
ý ø
= '$'' × 2
7
'$''' 2 '$''
= 1 ! = × = $ ,
'$'''
: " =

= + = $ )'

à ( ($(') × 2
)
: = " =
û þ û $ )' þ
ü $ ÿ2 ü ÿ
ý ø ý ø
= )$((' × 2
7

90
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

à (($(') × 2
)
F ! != " =
û þ
ü $ ÿ
ý ø
= )$( ( × 2
7
)$((' 2 )$( (
= ! = × = $ ) ,
)$(('

' = = = ×' =

= = ' + = $ (
= ' + = $(
= ( ')( ' )( ' ) = $'
$ '
= = $ )))
×
à ( ($(') × 2 )
= = +$ +' × 2
7 ±
û $' þ û þ
ü $ ))) ÿ 2 ü ÿ
ý ø ý ø
þF 9 =( $ (× $ (× $( ) = ù
ÿ )
ú
ÿø = úû
F ! ! ! "
à (($(') × 2
) = ($)
= ) × 2
7
û $' þ
ü $ ))) ÿ
ý ø
= ! !; ! ; $
+$ +' 2 ($) )
= = × = $ ',
+$ +'

( =( × × ) = '$
$ Ã
= = $ )( =) = /
×
(
= = $ (
( )'° )

91
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

)
=þ ( ) ù = þ $ )( × ) × ( $ () ù
2

ø û ø û
= $ +
à ( ($(') × 2
)=
6 = $(' × 2
7 ±
û '$ þ
ü $ + ÿ
ý ø
F < 2= $ ( ! ( '$ )= $ (
û þ
2= $ (
!ü ÿ= $ +
ý $ + ø
= 2+ 2= $ + 3 ç
= $ + × ç ±

$) 7 > )$)'
7
= = ( $ ) × 2
)= $ '× 2

# = -K
%
( = =( $ '× 2
)( × )= $ ) × 2

7 =2 )$ $ ! 9
$ ) × 2
* =
( Ã ) ( ($(') × 2 )( $ ')
K û -K þû þ
= $ ' × '
×ü ÿü ÿ
ý K øý ø
-K
= $ '

D ! =2 )$ $ " ! ; ! 8 9

) ×
$ 2 þ ( )( ) ( )( ) ùú
* = ÿ 2
( Ã ) ( ($(') × ) ÿø ( ) ( ) + ( $') úû
2

K û -K þ -K
= $ (( ×ü ÿ = $ ((
ý Kø

92
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

$! 7 > )$ "
à ( ($(') × 2
) 7
= = $ ++ × 2

û $' þ û $ þ
ü $ 2
ý + ' øÿ ü
ý
ÿ
ø
7
= = $++' × 2

( = = ( $++' × 2
)( × )= $ ++ × 2

$ ++ × 2
û þû þ
*“ = ×ü ÿü ÿ
( Ã ) ( ("(') × 2 )( $ + ') ý øý ø
-K
= $ (

$ ++ × 2 þ ( )( ) ( )( ) ù
* = ÿ 2 ú
( Ã ) ( ($(') × 2
) ÿø ( ) ( ) + ( $') úû
K û -K þ -K
= $ ') ×ü ÿ= $ ')
ý Kø

à ( ($(') × 2
) 7
= = $ +( × 2
û $' þ û $ þ
ü$ 2
ý ' ' øÿ ü
ý
ÿ
ø
7
= = $ ++ × 2

( = = ( $ ++ × 2
)( × )= $ +( × 2

$ +( × 2
û þû þ
*“ = ×ü ÿü ÿ
( Ã ) ( ($(') × 2 ) ($ ' ' ) ý øý ø
-K
*“ = $+

$ +( × þ ( )(
2
) ( )( ) ù
* = ÿ 2 ú
( Ã ) ( ($(') ×
2
) ÿø ( ) ( ) + ( $') úû
K û -K þ -K
* = $ ×ü = $
ý K øÿ
! *“ '$' , )$(,
', ', $ ! ;
! * '$ , $), $

93
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 lOMoARcPSD|17835639

94
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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