CHAPTER 16

Reaction Energy
Practice, Sample Set A
q
1. Given: m = 35 g cp = ⎯⎯
∆T = 313 K − 293 K m × ∆T
= 20. K 48 J
= ⎯⎯ = 0.14 J/(g • K)
q = 48 J (35 g)(20. K)
Unknown: cp in J/(g • K)

2. Given: q = 9.8 × 105 J cp of H2O = 4.18 J/(g • K)

volume of H2O = 6.2 L
q
= 6200 g cp = ⎯⎯
m × ∆T
Ti = 291 K
q 9.8 × 105 J
Unknown: Tf ∆T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
(m)(cp) (6.2 × 103 g)(4.18 J/(g • K))

= 38 K

∆T = Tf − Ti

Tf = ∆T + Ti

= 38 K + 291 K = 329 K

TE, Classroom Practice A

A-1. Given: m = 85.0 g

∆T = 45°C − 30°C
= 15°C = 15 K
q = 523 J
q
cp = ⎯
⎯⎯
a. Unknown: cp m × ∆T

523 J
cp = ⎯⎯ = 0.41 J/(g • K)
(85.0 g)(15 K)

b. Unknown: amount of ∆T = 45°C − 25°C = 20.°C = 20. K

energy the
sample q = cp × m × ∆T
will lose if = (0.41 J/(g • K))(85.0 g)(20. K)
cooled to
25°C = 7.0 × 102 J

MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS

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 q
A-2. Given: m = 74 g cp = ⎯⎯
∆T = 45°C − 15°C m × ∆T
= 30.°C = 30. K
2000 J
q = 2000 J = ⎯⎯
(74 g)(30. K)

Unknown: cp = 0.90 J/(g • K)

Practice, Sample Set B

1
1. Given: F2 ( g) + H2O( l) U 2HF( g) + ⎯⎯
2
O2( g)

F2 ( g) + H2( g) U 2HF( g) ∆H 0f = 2(−273.3)

1
Unknown: ∆H° for H 2O ( l) U H2( g) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) ∆H 0f = −(−285.8)
combustion
of reaction of
fluorine gas
F2 ( g) + H2O( l) U 2HF( g) + ⎯2⎯ O2( g)
1
with water
∆H 0 = −260.8

2. Given: Cgraphite (s) U Cgraphite(s) + O2( g) U CO2(g) ∆H 0c = −394 kJ/mol

Cdiamond (s)
CO2(g) U Cdiamond(s) + O2(g) ∆H 0c = 396 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H0
Cgraphite(s) U Cdiamond(s) ∆H 0 = 2 kJ

TE, Classroom Practice B

2H2O(l) U 2H2(g) + 2⎯2⎯ O2( g)

1
B-1. Given: 2N2 ( g) + 5O2 ( g) ∆H f0 = 2(285.8) = 571.6 kJ/mol
U 2N2O5 ( g)
(2)2HNO3(l) U 2N2O5( g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H0 = 2(76.6) = 153.2 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H
1 3 1
(4) ⎯2⎯N2(g) + (4)⎯2⎯O2(g) + (4) ⎯2⎯H2( g)
U 4HNO3(l) ∆H 0f = 4(−174.1)

= −696.4 kJ/mol

2N2 + 5O2 U 2N2O5 ∆H = 28.4 kJ

Practice, Sample Set C

1. Unknown: ∆Hf of butane Balanced equation:

(C4H10)
4C(s) + 5H2( g) U C4H10( g)

4C(s) + 4O2(g) U 4CO2(g) ∆H f0 = 4(−393.5)

= −1574 kJ
5
5H2(g) + ⎯⎯O (g)
2 2
U 5H2O(l) ∆H f0 = 5(−285.8)

= −1429 kJ
13
4CO2( g) + 5H2O(l) U C4H10(g) + ⎯⎯O ( g)
2 2
∆H 0c = +2877.6 kJ

4C(s) + 5H2( g) U C4H10( g) ∆H f0 = −125.4 kJ

MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS

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2. Given: H f0 decane = − 300.9 kJ
Unknown: enthalpy of Balanced equation:
combustion 2C10 H22 ( l) + 31O2 U 20CO2 + 22H2 O
of 1 mol
decane (kJ) Decomposition of C10 H22 :
2C10 H22 ( l) U 20C + 22H2 H f0 = 2(+300.9) = 601.8

Formation of CO2
20C + 20O2 U 20CO2 H f0 = 20(−393.5) =
Formation of H2O
22H2 + 11O2 U 22H2O H f0 = 22(−285.8) = − 6287.6
2C10 H22 + 20C + 22H2 + 20O2 + 11O2
 
U = 601.8 − 7870 − 6287.6
⎯⎯
20C + 22H2 U 20CO2 U 22H2OH 2
H c0 = −6777.9 kJ

3. Unknown: ∆Hf of SO2 Balanced equation:

from S and O
S(s) + O2( g) U SO2( g)
3
S(s) + ⎯2⎯O2( g) U SO3( g) ∆H 0c = −395.2 kJ

⎯2⎯2SO3(g) U
⎯2⎯2SO2(g) +
⎯2⎯O2(g) ∆H0 =
⎯2⎯(+198.2) kJ

1 1 1 1

= 99.1 kJ

S(s) + O2( g) U SO2( g) ∆Hf = −296.1 kJ

Section 1 Formative Assessment

5. Given: m = 75 g cp of iron = 0.449 J/(g • K)

∆T = 301 K
− 295 K = 6 K q
cp = ⎯⎯
m × ∆T
Unknown: q
q = cp × m × ∆T

= (0.449 J/(g • K))(75 g)(6 K)

= 2.0 × 102 J

TE, Demo Problems

Unknown: whether ∆S 1. 3H2( g) + N2(g) U 2NH3( g)

will be
0,
 0, or = 0 4 mol( g) U 2 mol( g)

S decreases; ∆S  0

2. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) U 2MgO(s)

3 mol U 2 mol

S decreases; ∆S  0

3. C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) U 6CO2( g) + 6H2O( g)

7 mol U 12 mol

S increases; ∆S
0

4. KNO3(s) U K+(aq) + NO3−(aq)

1 mol U 2 mol

S increases; ∆S
0
MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS
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Practice, Sample Set D

1. Given: ∆H 0 = 31.0 kJ/mol ∆G0 = ∆H 0 − T∆S

∆S0 =
0.093 kJ/mol • K Assume ∆G0  0 (∆G0 must be negative for a spontaneous reaction)

Unknown: temperature 0
∆H 0 − T∆S

at which
∆H 0
reaction is T
⎯⎯
spontaneous ∆S0

31.0 kJ/mol

⎯⎯ = 333 K
0.093 kJ/mol • K
Temperature would need to be
333K

TE, Classroom Practice D

D-1. Given: Cu2S(s) + S(s) U ∆G0 = ∆H 0 − T∆S0

2CuS(s)
∆H 0 = = −26.7 kJ/mol − (298 K)(−0.0197 kJ/(mol • K))
−26.7 kJ/mol = −26.7 kJ/mol − (−5.87 kJ/mol)
∆S0 =
0.0197 kJ/ = −20.8 kJ/mol
(mol • K)
T = 298 K yes; reaction will be spontaneous (∆G0 is negative).

Unknown: whether
reaction
will be
spontaneous

Chapter Review
q
7. Given: m = 55 g cp = ⎯ ⎯
∆T = 94.6°C − m × ∆T
22.4°C = 72.2°C = q = cp × m × ∆T
72.2 K
cp of aluminum = = (0.897 J/(g • K))(55 g)(72.2 K)
0.897 J/(g • K)
= 3.6 × 103 J
Unknown: q

8. Given: q = 3500 J cp of iron = 0.449 J/(g • K)

m = 28.2 g
q
Ti = 20°C = 293 K cp = ⎯⎯
m × ∆T
Unknown: Tf q 3500 J
∆T = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯
m × cp (28.2 g)(0.449 J/(g • K))

= 280 K

∆T = Tf − Ti

Tf = ∆T + Ti
= 280 K + 293 K ≈ 570 K

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 9. Given: 34.0 g NH3 energy = cpm∆T
energy = 70.2 J
Ti = 23.0°C = 296 K energy 70.2 J
cp = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Tf = 24.0°C = 297 K g • ∆T 34.0 g NH3 × (297 K − 296 K)
Unknown: cp for NH3 J
cp = 2.06 ⎯⎯
g •K

10. Given: 1.0 mol In = energy 53 J J

114.82 g In cp = ⎯⎯ = ⎯⎯ = 0.23 ⎯⎯
mol In × ∆T 114.82 g × 2.0 K g •K
energy = 53 J
∆T = 2.0 K
Unknown: cp for In

14. Given: 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) ∆H 0rxn = Σ∆H 0f , products − Σ∆H 0f , reactants

U 4Fe(s) +
3CO2(g) ∆H 0rxn = 3 mol CO2 × (−393.5 kJ/mol)
∆H 0f for Fe2O3 = −2 mol Fe2O3 × (−824.2 kJ/mol)
−824.2 kJ/mol
∆H 0f for CO2 = ∆H 0rxn = 467.9 kJ
−393.5 kJ/mol
467.9 kJ
⎯ = 117.6 kJ/mol Fe
Unknown: ∆H 0rxn 4 mol Fe

15. Unknown: ∆H a. Given: CaCO3(s) U CaO(s) + CO2(g)

3
CaCO3(s) U Ca(s) + C(s) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) ∆H = 1207.6 kJ/mol
1
Ca(s) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U CaO(s) ∆H = −634.9 kJ/mol

C(s) + O2(g) U CO2(g) ∆H = −393.5 kJ/mol

CaCO3(s) U CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = 179.2 kJ/mol

∆H = [sum of ∆Hf of products] − [sum of ∆Hf of reactants]

∆H = [∆Hf0 CaO + ∆Hf CO2] − [∆Hf0 CaCO3]

= [(−634.9 kJ/mol) + (−393.51 kJ/mol)] − (−1207.6 kJ/mol)

= 179.2 kJ/mol

b. Given: Ca(OH)2(s) U CaO(s) + H2O( g)

Ca(OH)2(s) U Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g) ∆H = 983.2 kJ/mol
1
Ca(s) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U CaO(s) ∆H = −634.9 kJ/mol
1
H2(g) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U H2O( g) ∆H = −241.8 kJ/mol

Ca(OH)2(s) U CaO(s) + H2O( g) ∆H = 106.5 kJ/mol

∆H = [∆Hf0 CaO + ∆Hf0 H2O] − [∆Hf0 Ca(OH)2]

= [(−634.9 kJ/mol) + (−241.8 kJ/mol)] − (−983.2 kJ/mol)

= 106.5 kJ/mol

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 c. Given: Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) U 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
3
Fe2O3(s) U 2Fe(s) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) ∆H = 825.5 kJ/mol
3
3CO(g) U 3C(s) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2
∆H = 3(110.5) = 331.5 kJ/mol

3C(s) + 3O2(g) U 3CO2(g) ∆H = 3(−393.5) = −1180.5 kJ/mol

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) U 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = −23.5 kJ/mol

∆H = [2∆Hf0 Fe + 3∆Hf0 CO2] − [∆Hf0 Fe2O3 + 3∆Hf0 CO]

= [0 + 3(−393.5 kJ/mol)] − [(−825.5 kJ/mol) + 3(110.5 kJ/mol)]

= −23.5 kJ/mol

16. Given: 1 mol glucose, C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) U 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

C6H12O6
∆H rxn = Σ∆H 0f, products − Σ∆H 0f, reactants
∆H 0f =
−1263 kJ/mol ∆H rxn = 6 mol (−393.5 kJ/mol) + 6 mol (−285.8 kJ/mol) − (1 mol)(−1263 kJ/mol)

Unknown: ∆H rxn ∆H rxn = −2813 kJ

7
17. Unknown: ∆H a. Reaction: C2H6(g) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

C2H6(g) U 2C(s) + 3H2(g) ∆H = 83.8 kJ/mol

2C(s) + 2O2(g) U 2CO2(g) ∆H = 2(−393.5 kJ/mol)

∆H = −787 kJ/mol
3
3H2(g) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2
U 3H2O(l) ∆H = 3(−285.8 kJ/mol)

∆H = −857.4 kJ/mol
7
C2H6(g) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2
U 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = −1560.6 kJ/mol
7
∆H = [2∆Hf0 CO2 + 3∆Hf0 H2O] − [∆Hf0 C2H6 + ⎯2⎯ ∆Hf0 O2]

= [2(−393.5 kJ/mol) + 3(−285.8 kJ/mol)] − [(−83.8 kJ/mol) + 0]

= −1560.6 kJ/mol
15
b. Reaction: C6H6(l) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

C6H6(l) U 6C(s) + 3H2(g) ∆H = −49.080 kJ/mol

6 C(s) + 6O2(g) U 6CO2(g) ∆H = 6(−393.5 kJ/mol)

∆H = −2361 kJ/mol
3
3H2(g) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2
U 3H2O(l) ∆H = 3(−285.8 kJ/mol)

∆H = −857.4 kJ/mol
15
C6H6(l) + ⎯⎯ O (g)
2 2 U 6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = −3267.5 kJ/mol
15
∆H = [6∆Hf0 CO2 + 3∆Hf0 H2O] − [∆Hf0 C6H6 + ⎯2⎯ ∆Hf0 O2]

= [6(−393.5 kJ/mol) + 3(−285.8 kJ/mol)] − [(+49.08 kJ/mol − 0)]

= −3267.5 kJ/mol

MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS

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18. Given: ∆H 0f of C2H5OH =
−277.0 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H c0 of
C2H5OH
Balanced equation:
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) U 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
1
C2H5OH U 2C + 3H2 + ⎯2⎯O2 ∆H = 277.0 kJ/mol

2C + 2O2 U 2CO2 ∆H = 2(−393.5 kJ/mol) = −787.0 kJ/mol

3
3H2 + ⎯⎯ O
2 2
U 3H2O ∆H = 3(−285.8 kJ/mol) = −857.4 kJ/mol

C2H5OH + 3O2 U 2CO2 + 3H2O ∆H = −1367.4 kJ/mol

23. Given: ∆H = −356 kJ ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

∆S = −36 J/K 1 kJ
T = 25°C = 298K ∆G = −356 kJ − (−36 J/K) × ⎯⎯ × 298 K
1000 J
Unknown: ∆G & ∆G = −345 kJ
spontaneity The reaction is spontaneous because ∆G is negative.

24. Given: ∆H = 98 kJ ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

∆S = 292 J/K


1 kJ
T = 25°C = 298 K ∆G = 98 − 298 K × 292 J/K × ⎯⎯
1000 J
Unknown: ∆G, spontane-
ity, and effect ∆G = 11 kJ; reaction is not spontaneous.
∆H
of increased If ∆G = 0 then ∆H = T∆S and T = ⎯⎯
temperature ∆S
98 J
T = ⎯⎯ = 336 K = 63°C, above which the reaction will be spontaneous.
0.292 J/K

25. Given: ∆H = −76 kJ ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

∆S = −117 J/K 1 kJ
∆G = −76 kJ − (−117 J/K × ⎯⎯ × 298.15 K)
T = 298.15 K 1000 kJ
∆G = −41 kJ
Unknown: spontaneity
The reaction is spontaneous.

26. Given: ∆H = 11 kJ ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

∆S = 41 J/K


1 kJ
∆G = 11 kJ − 41 J/K × 298.15 K × ⎯⎯
T = 298.15 K 1000 J
∆G = −1.2 kJ
Unknown: ∆G and
spontaneity The reaction is spontaneous.

27. Unknown: ∆G; whether a. Given: ∆H = +125 kJ/mol

reaction will
occur sponta- T = 293 K
neously ∆S = 0.0350 kJ/(mol • K)
∆G = ∆H − T∆S

= (125 kJ/mol) − (293 K)(0.0350 kJ/(mol • K))

= +115 kJ/mol; not spontaneous

b. Given: ∆H = −85.2 kJ/mol

T = 127°C = 400. K

∆S = 0.125 kJ/(mol • K)

∆G = ∆H − T∆S

= (−85.2 kJ/mol) − (400. K)(0.125 kJ/(mol • K))

= −135 kJ/mol; spontaneous

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 c. Given: ∆H = −275 kJ/mol

T = 773 K

∆S = 0.450 kJ/(mol • K)

∆G = ∆H − T∆S

= (−275 kJ/mol) − (773 K)(0.450 kJ/(mol • K))

= −623 kJ/mol; spontaneous

28. Given: C(s) + O2(g) U ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

CO2( g) + 393.51 kJ
∆S0 = 0.003 00 ∆H = −393.51 kJ/mol
kJ/(mol • K)
∆G = (−393.51 kJ/mol) − (298.15 K)(0.003 00 kJ/(mol • K))
T = 298.15 K
Unknown: ∆G0; whether = −394.40 kJ/mol; spontaneous
reaction
will occur
spontaneously

29. Given: Temperature = ∆G = ∆H − T∆S

300 K
∆H = −74.8 kJ/mol = (−74.8 kJ/mol) − (300 K)(−0.0809 kJ/(mol • K))
∆S = −0.809 = −50.53 kJ/mol
kJ/(mol • K)
Unknown: if reaction yes; it will occur spontaneously
will occur
spontaneously

32. Given: ∆Hf0 for SO2 =

 
mol SO2
(30.0 g SO2) ⎯⎯ = 0.468 mol SO2
−296.8 kJ/mol 64.1 g SO2
Unknown: ∆Hf0 for 30.0 g (0.468 mol SO2)(296.8 kJ/mol) = 139 kJ
SO2

33. Given: T = 298.15 K ∆G = ∆H −T∆S

Fe2O3 + 2Al(s) U
2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) = (−851.5 kJ) − (448 K)(−0.0385 kJ/K)
∆H0 = −851.5 kJ = −834.3 kJ
∆S0 = −0.0385 kJ/K
Unknown: ∆G at 448 K

35. Given: 4FeO(s) + O2(g) U (4)FeO U (4)Fe + (4)O ∆H = 4(272.0 kJ/mol)

2Fe2O3(s)
= 1088.0 kJ/mol
3
(2)2Fe + (2) ⎯2⎯ O2 U (2)Fe2O3 ∆H = 2(−824.2 kJ/mol)

= −1648.4 kJ/mol

4FeO + O2 U 2Fe2O3 ∆H = −560.4 kJ/mol

MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS

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38. Given: S8(s) + 8O2(s) U S8(s) + 8O(s) U 8SO2(g) 89 J/K
8SO2(g) ∆S =
89 J/K + 8SO2(s) + 4O2(s) U 8SO3(g) +4 × (−188 J/K)
2SO2(s) + O2(s) U S8(g) + 12O2(s) U 8SO3(g) = −663 J/K
2SO3(g) ∆S =
−188 J/K
Unknown: ∆S for 12O2(s)
U 8SO3(g)

Math Tutor

1. Given: S(s) + O2(g) U S( s) + O2(g) U SO2(g) ∆H 0 = −296.8 kJ

SO2(g) 1
+ SO2(g) + ⎯⎯ O2(g) U SO3(g) ∆H 0 = −99.2 kJ
∆H 0f = −296.8 kJ; 2
1
SO2(g) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) 3
= S( s) + ⎯⎯ O2(g) U SO3(g) ∆H 0 = −396.0 kJ
U SO3(g) 2
∆H 0f = −99.2 kJ
Unknown: ∆H for S( s) +
3
⎯⎯ O (g) U
2 2
SO3(g)

1
2. Given: Zn(s) + ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U ZnS(s) U Zn(s) + S( s) ∆H 0 = +203.0 kJ
ZnO(s) 1
0 + Zn(s) + ⎯⎯ O2(g) U ZnO(s) ∆H 0 = −348.0 kJ
∆H f = 2
−348.0 kJ/mol; + S( s) + O2(g) U SO2(g) ∆H 0 = −296.8 kJ
Zn(s) + S( s) U 3
= ZnS(s) + ⎯⎯ O2(g) U ZnO(s) + SO2(g) = −441.8 kJ
ZnS(s) 2
∆H 0f = −203.0 kJ;
S( s) + O2(g) U
SO2(g)
∆H 0f = −296.8 kJ/mol
Unknown: ∆H 0 for ZnS(s)
3
+ ⎯2⎯ O2(g) U
ZnO(s) + SO2(g)

MODERN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 16 SOLUTIONS

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