GLASS

By
GAURINANDANA M.S.
INDRODUCTION

*Glass is an amorphous,hard, brittle,

transparent or translucent super cooled
liquid of infinite viscosity having,no definite
melting point obtained by fusing a mixture of
a number of metallic silicates or borates of
sodium,potassium,calcium,and lead.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS.

Glass is

•amorphous. •brittle. •transparent

•good electrical insulator
•unaffected by air,water,acid or chemical reagents except
HF.
•No definite crystal structure means glass have high
compressive strength.
•can absorb ,transmitt and reflect light.
RAW MATERIALS
1.silica(ordinary sand).
2.Alkali metals (Na or K).
3.Alkaline earth metals(Ca or
Ba).
GLASS 4.Heavy metals and radicals
the chief sources of lead are
PbO and Pb3O4.
5.colouring materials.
COLOURING MATERIALS
 NOTES

Na=sodium carbonate,sodium sulphate or sodium nitrate.

K=potassium carbonate or potassium nitrate.
Ca=lime, limestone (CaO,CaCO3).
Ba=Barium carbonate
Heat resisting glass=Zinc(Zinc Oxide)
Opalescent glass= phosphates.( Calcium phosphate)
And also arsenic and antimony.
MANUFACTURE OF STEPS
ORDINARY GLASS.
•Fusion of the raw
Ordinary glass/soda materials.
glass/window glass. •working of molten
glass.
Na2O.CaO.6SiO2. •Annealing.
 Furnace heated by producer gas and works on
Fusion of the the regenerative system of heat economy

raw materials .

The raw materials sodium

carbonate calcium
carbonate and sand are
finely powedered and
thoroughly mixed with one
another,A small amount of
scrap glass is also added
which acts as flux.The
mixture is fused in a tank
On continued heating the entire amount of
CO2 is driven out.At the end the opaque
mass turns clear and transparent and is free
from CO2 and SO2.
2.Working of molten glass.

A glass blower rolls his blowpipe into the molten

mass until the required amount of glass has
adhered to its end.Then blows a bubble in the
adhering mass and give it the required shape
with or without the help of mould .In bigger
factories the greater fraction of products is
machine made while laboratory glassware and
a few better grades of table glass are still
manufactured by the hand blown process.
 3.ANNEALING
If the glass is cooled rapidly it will
become brittle and if cooled very
slowly it will become opaque.so that
the articles should be cooled neither
rapidly nor very slowly.For this they
are made to pass through a long
tunnel like furnace which is hot at
one end and at room temperature
at the other end.This process of
cooling of glass is called annealing.
 TYPES OF GLASS
Types Composition Advantages Uses
/raw
materials

Sodaglass/soft SiO2(75%)+Sodi It softens at

glass um comparatively
oxide(15%)+Calci lower
um temperature.
oxide(8%)+Alumi
nium oxide(2%)
Potash Sand, limestone, This has higher
glass/hard glass potassium melting point and
carbonate can withstand
higher
temperature.

Flint glass/lead Raw materials are

-potash lime sand,red lead and
High refractive
glass potassium carbonate index.
Composition-silica(45%
),sodium oxide(4%)
potassium
oxide(4%),CaO(3%),Pb
O(44%)
Jena glass Mixture of Zinc Stronger than
ordinary glass,low
and Barium boro coefficient of
silicates. expansion and is very
resistant to heat
,action of acid and
alkali

Pyrex glass Mixture of sodium Coefficient of

aluminium
borosilicates,80%silica,4 expansion is very
%sodium low.
oxide,0.5%CaO,0.5%pot
assium
oxide,12%B2O3,3%
Al2O3
Bottle glass
Ordinary soda
3.5% MgO lime glass
and0.5%of
Al2O3Fe2O3

Quartz It is obtained It has a low

glass/silica glass from pure silica. coefficient of
expansion.it does
not break even
plunged in water
while red hot.
Ground glass It has been ground It is widely used as a
weather and heat proof
by emery and light diffuser in ambient
turpentine or by lighting ,namely on
sand blasting. enclosures for lamps
and incandescent
bulbs.Its functions
include reducing glare
and retinal damage by
direct sight of the lamp.

Crooke’s glass It is a special type Cerium oxide in

of optical glass glass cuts off
containing cerium ultraviolet rays
oxide. harmful to eyes.
Safety It is obtained by As this glass
glass/shatter placing a layer of does not break
transparent plastic
proof glass. (usually a sheet of
under ordinary
vinyl acetate resin) impact so that it
between two layers of is used in
glass by means of a
suitable adhesive and
automobile wind
cementing them by shields,goggles...
heat and pressure.
THANK YOU