PhysioEx Lab Report

Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics

Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities
Name: 89-D SHARMA CHIRAG RAJUBHAI
Date: 26 May 2023
Session ID: session-33278d26-e6db-987c-5eb9-0e8010f92330

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1 Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false?

You correctly answered: Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles.

2 The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic cavity
volume during inspiration?

You correctly answered: the external intercostals.

3 At the beginning of inspiration, the

You correctly answered: thoracic cavity volume increases.

4 At the beginning of expiration, the

You correctly answered: pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.

5 A tidal volume refers to the

You correctly answered: amount of air inspired and then expired with each breath
under resting conditions.

Experiment Results
Predict Question
1 Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An
obstructive disease affects airflow, and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes
and capacities. Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function tests such as
forced expiratory volume (FEV1) can help a clinician determine the difference between
obstructive and restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV1 is the forced volume expired
in 1 second.
 In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, airway radius is
decreased. Thus, FEV1 will

Your answer: decrease proportionately.

Stop & Think Questions

1 Which muscles contract during quiet expiration?

You correctly answered: none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration.

2 Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs in a
minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min) = TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min).

Using the values from the second recorded measurement, enter the minute
ventilation.

You answered: 7500 ml/min.

3 A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using
the FEV1 and FVC values from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1
volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to the FVC) and multiply by
100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm.

You answered: 73.3 %.

4 A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using
the FEV1 and FVC values from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1
volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to the FVC) and multiply by
100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm.

You answered: 70.2 %.

Experiment Data
Radius Flow TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC BPM
(mm) (ml/min) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
5.00 7485 499 ---- --- --- --- --- --- 15
5.00 7500 500 1200 3091 1200 4791 3541 5991 15
4.50 4920 328 787 2028 1613 3143 2303 4756 15
4.00 3075 205 492 1266 1908 1962 1422 3871 15
3.50 1800 120 288 742 2112 1150 822 3262 15
3.00 975 65 156 401 2244 621 436 2865 15

Baseline

Airway radius = 5.00 mm

Airway radius = 4.50 mm

Airway radius = 4.50 mm

Airway radius = 4.00 mm

Airway radius = 3.50 mm

 Airway radius = 3.00 mm

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1 To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and

You correctly answered: IRV.

2 Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes
the deepest possible inspiration and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly
as possible.

3 Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: the amount of the VC that is expired during the first second of
the FVC test.

4 For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to

You correctly answered: reduce the airway resistance.

5 Which of the following values does not include the ERV?

You correctly answered: TV.

Review Sheet Results

1 What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?

Your answer:

Blowing out candles on a cake in a single breath.

2 What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?

Your answer:

Inter coastal muscles and abdominals.

3 What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?

Your answer:

73%.

4 What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did
the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

This can be seen in the FEV1 column as the radius of the airway goes down so does the
FEV1, as predicted.

5 Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive,
rather than a restrictive, pulmonary problem.

Your answer:

In obstructive situations, the radius decreases. As the radius decreased , FEV1

decreases.
PhysioEx Lab Report
Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics
Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry
Name: 89-D SHARMA CHIRAG RAJUBHAI
Date: 26 May 2023
Session ID: session-2330b1bd-5f80-5da3-b480-d835f03414c2

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1 A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around

You correctly answered: 500 ml.

2 Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema?

You correctly answered: expiration.

3 During an asthma attack

You correctly answered: inspiration and expiration are impaired.

4 During moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most?

You correctly answered: tidal volume.

5 Inhaler medications for an asthma patient are designed to

You correctly answered: dilate the patient's bronchioles.

Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: With emphysema, there is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the
lung tissue and a noticeable, exhausting muscular effort is required for each
expiration. Inspiration actually becomes easier because the lung is now overly
compliant.

Using the spirogram, calculate the lung value most affected by the emphysema
condition.

Your answer: FEV1.

2 Predict Question 2: During an acute asthma attack, airway resistance is significantly
increased by (1) increased thick mucous secretions and (2) airway smooth muscle
spasms.

To which lung value in the spirogram would you see the greatest change in a patient
suffering from an acute asthma attack?

Your answer: FEV1.

3 Predict Question 3: When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from
the increased airway resistance by using an inhaler. This device atomizes the
medication and induces bronchiole dilation (though it can also contain an anti-
inflammatory agent).

Which lung value remained relatively unchanged when comparing a patient with an
acute asthma attack, acute asthma attack with inhaler, and normal?

Your answer: RV.

4 Predict Question 4: During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body will change its
respiratory cycle in order to meet increased metabolic demands. During heavy
exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme metabolic
demands of the body.

Which lung value will change more during moderate exercise, the ERV or the IRV?

Your answer: IRV.

Stop & Think Questions

1 When obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%)?

You correctly answered: It decreases.

2 Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?

You correctly answered: It decreased.

3 Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?

You correctly answered: It decreased.

4 Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?

You correctly answered: It decreased.

5 Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?

You correctly answered: It decreased.

6 Which value in the spirogram never changed from that of the normal patient?

You correctly answered: TLC.

7 For both types of exercise, the tidal volumes and breathing rates were increased.
Compared with normal values, did tidal volume or breathing rate increase more during
moderate exercise? (Determine the percentage by which each value changed.)

You correctly answered: tidal volume.

Experiment Data

Patient Type TV ERV IRV RV FVC TLC FEV1 FEV1(%)

Heavy Exercise 3650 750 600 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Moderate
1875 1125 2000 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Exercise
Asthma Attack
500 1500 2800 1200 4800 6000 3840 80%
Plus Inhaler
Acute Asthma
300 750 2700 2250 3750 6000 1500 40%
Attack
Emphysema 500 750 2000 2750 3250 6000 1625 50%
Normal 500 1500 3000 1000 5000 6000 4000 80%

Normal

Emphysema
 Acute Asthma Attack

Asthma Attack Plus Inhaler

Moderate Exercise
 Heavy Exercise

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1 Which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the
obstructive lung disease(s)?

You correctly answered: FEV1.

2 Calculate the ERV of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: TLC = 6000
ml, FVC = 4800 ml, RV = 1200 ml, IRV = 2900 ml, TV = 500 ml.

You correctly answered: 1400 ml.

3 Calculate the FVC of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: RV = 1000 ml,
IRV = 3000 ml, TV = 500 ml, ERV = 1500 ml.
 You correctly answered: 5000 ml.

4 What is the largest volume for the normal patient?

You correctly answered: IRV.

5 What happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient?

You correctly answered: It decreased for both patients.

Review Sheet Results

1 What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when
the patient with emphysema was selected? Why did these values change as they did?
How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

ERV, IVR, RV, FVC, FEV1, FEV % the values changed because the lungs had increased
difficulty with deflating fully. My prediction was correct.

2 Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the
FVC or the FEV1?

Your answer:

FEV1.

3 What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when
the patient experiencing an acute asthma attack was selected? Why did these values
change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

TV, ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1, FEV% changed because the airway had become
obstructed.My prediction was correct.

4 How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it

different?

Your answer:

They are both similar because they both cause obstruction in the lungs and there is
less elastic recoil when the lungs expand and fill with air. However it is more difficult
for someone with emphysema to exhale than it is for someone with asthma.

5 Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all
 spirogram values return to "normal"? Why do you think some values did not return all
the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

The inhaler medication caused several values to return to normal , TV, ERV, FEV1%. It
did not cause all values to return to normal because mucus is still blocking the airway.
My prediction was incorrect.

6 How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered

significantly improved by the medication?

Your answer:

Around 20-25 % would be enough for it to be considered significantly improved.

7 With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV
or the IRV? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

The IRV changed the most dRastically therefore my predication was correct.

8 Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and heavy
exercise.

Your answer:

The breathing rate increased with moderate and heavy exercise . A greater increase in
breathing was seen in heavy exercise.
PhysioEx Lab Report
Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics
Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration
Name: 89-D SHARMA CHIRAG RAJUBHAI
Date: 26 May 2023
Session ID: session-fc73a517-f837-62e4-c7ff-3ea31d01811c

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1 Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?

You correctly answered: Surface tension acts to increase the size of the alveoli within
the lungs.

2 Which of the following statements about surfactant is false?

You correctly answered: Surfactant works by increasing the attraction of water

molecules to each other.

3 Just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity

You correctly answered: is less than the pressure within the alveoli.

4 The respiratory condition of pneumothorax refers to

You correctly answered: any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with the
atmospheric pressure.

5 A pneumothorax can lead to

You correctly answered: atelectasis.

Experiment Results
Predict Questions
1 Predict Question 1: What effect will adding more surfactant have on these lungs?

Your answer: Airflows will further increase.

2 Predict Question 2: What will happen to the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass
bell jar if you close the valve?
 Your answer: The lung will remain collapsed.

Stop & Think Questions

1 Why did the sequential additions of surfactant change this lung system?

You correctly answered: Surface tension was sequentially decreased.

2 Premature infants often have difficulty breathing because the amount of surfactant in
their lungs is

You correctly answered: too low.

3 What happened to the left side of the bell jar when the valve was opened?

You correctly answered: The intrapleural pressure equalized with the atmospheric
pressure.

4 Did the collapsed left lung reinflate?

You correctly answered: No, it did not.

Experiment Data
Airway Breath Rate Surfactant Pressure Left Pressure Flow Left Flow Total
Radius (breath/min) (atms) Right (atms) (ml/min) Right Flow
(mm) (ml/min) (ml/min)
5 15 0 -4.00 -4.00 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 2 -4.00 -4.00 69.56 69.56 139.13
5 15 4 -4.00 -4.00 89.44 89.44 178.88
5 15 0 -4.00 -4.00 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 0 0.00 -4.00 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 0.00 -4.00 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 -4.00 -4.00 49.69 49.69 99.38
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1 The addition of surfactant to the lung interior

You correctly answered: increased airflow.

2 Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar

You correctly answered: simulated pneumothorax.

3 In this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by

You correctly answered: atelectasis.

4 The best way to rapidly reinflate a person's collapsed lung is to

You correctly answered: pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate negative
pressure.

Review Sheet Results

1 What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

The airflow will increase since the resistance is reduced . My predication was correct.

2 Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?

Your answer:
 when the tension in the alveoli is decreased it is easier to increase surface area for gas
exchange.

3 What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?

Your answer:

The lung collapsed the since intrapleural and atmosphere pressure equalised .

4 What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe
when you closed the valve? How well did the results compare with your prediction?

Your answer:

Closing the value did not reserve the collapsed lung and the pressure. My predication
was correct.

5 What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?

Your answer:

Atelectasis and collapsed lung.

6 In the last part of this activity, you selected the Reset button to draw the air out of the
intrapleural space and return the lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency
procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs in a living
person?

Your answer:

Aspiration with needle, chest tube or surgery.

7 What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a
single large cavity rather than separate cavities?

Your answer:

Both lungs would collapse and there would not be any lung to keep respirating.