Q1. A two-dimensional rectangular plate is subjected to prescribed boundary conditions.

Using the results of the

exact solution for the heat equation , calculate the temperature at the midpoint (1, 0.5) by considering the
first five nonzero terms of the infinite series that must be evaluated.

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑃𝐷𝐸 𝑓𝑜𝑟 2𝐷 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑇 − 𝑇1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑒 ; 𝜃=
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 ;
𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠;
𝜃 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑥, 0 = 0
𝜃 𝐿, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 𝑥, 𝑊 = 1

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑋 𝑥 𝑌 𝑦

1 𝜕2𝑋 1 𝜕2𝑌
− =
𝑋 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑌 𝜕𝑦 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝜆2 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;
𝜕 2𝑋
2 + 𝜆2 𝑋 = 0
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑌
2
− 𝜆2 𝑌 = 0
𝜕𝑦

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠;

𝑋 = 𝐶1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜆𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝜆𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝑒 𝜆𝑦

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝜃 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝑥 (𝐶3 𝑒 −𝜆𝑦 + 𝐶4 𝑒 𝜆𝑦 )
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠;
𝜃 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐶1 = 0
𝜃 𝑥, 0 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐶2 sin 𝜆𝑥 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = 0
which may only be satisfied if 𝐶3 = −𝐶4
𝐼𝑓 𝐶2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜃 𝑥, 𝑊 = 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑.
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝜃 𝐿, 𝑦 = 0 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛;
𝐶2 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝐿 𝑒 𝜆𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝜆𝑦 = 0
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜆𝐿 = 0
𝑛𝜋
𝜆= ; 𝑛 = 1,2,3 …
𝐿
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠;
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦/𝐿
𝜃 = 𝐶2 𝐶4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑛𝜋𝑦/𝐿
𝐿
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠;
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝜃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑛 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝐿 𝐿
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝜃 𝑥, 𝑦 = ෍ 𝐶𝑛 sin
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦∞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠;
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑊
𝜃 𝑥, 𝑊 = 1 = ෍ 𝐶𝑛 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1
For evaluating 𝐶𝑛 , a standard method of writing an infinite series expansion in terms of orthogonal functions is
used. An infinite set of functions 𝑔1 (x), 𝑔2 (x), … , 𝑔𝑛 (x),…is said to be orthogonal in the domain 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 if
𝑏
න 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 𝑔𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑚≠𝑛
𝑎
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 may be expressed in terms of an
∞
infinite series of orthogonal functions;
𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝐴𝑛 𝑔𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑛=1
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 ;
𝑏 𝑏 ∞

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 ෍ 𝐴𝑛 𝑔𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑛=1
 𝑏 𝑏
2
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑚 න 𝑔𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑏
‫𝑛𝑔 𝑎׬‬2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
‫׬‬0 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 2 −1 𝑛+1 + 1
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 =
2
‫׬‬0 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑛
∞
2 −1 𝑛+1 + 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1=෍ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 𝐿
𝑛=1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ;
2[ −1 𝑛+1 + 1]
𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝑛𝜋 sinh(𝑛𝜋𝑊/𝐿)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

∞
2 −1 𝑛+1 + 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sinh(𝑛𝜋𝑦/𝐿)
𝜃 𝑥, 𝑦 = ෍ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
𝜋 𝑛 𝐿 sinh(𝑛𝜋𝑊/𝐿)
𝑛=1
 ∞
𝑇 − 𝑇1 2 −1 𝑛+1 + 1 𝑛𝜋 sinh(𝑛𝜋/4)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 , 𝜃 1,0.5 = = ෍ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝜋 𝑛 2 sinh(𝑛𝜋/2)
𝑛=1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9 .
𝜃 1,0.5
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
2 𝜋 sinh
4 2 3𝜋 sinh
4 2 5𝜋 sinh 4 2 7𝜋 sinh
4 +2
= ൞2 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 𝜋 + ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . + ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . + ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
𝜋 2 sinh 3 2 sinh 3𝜋 5 2 sinh 5𝜋 7 2 sinh 7𝜋 9
2 2 2 2
9𝜋
9𝜋 sinh
∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . 4 ൢ
2 sinh 9𝜋
2

2
𝜃 1,0.5 = 0.755 − 0.063 + 0.008 − 0.001 + 0.000 = 0.445
𝜋

𝑇 1,0.5 = 𝜃 1,0.5 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 + 𝑇1
= 0.445 150 − 50 + 50
= 94.5 ℃
Q2. Carbon steel (AISI 1010) shafts of 0.1-m diameter are heat treated in a gas-fired furnace whose gases are at
1200 K and provide a convection coefficient of 100 W/𝑚2 K. If the shafts enter the furnace at 300 K, how long
must they remain in the furnace to achieve a centerline temperature of 800 K?

𝑘𝑔 𝑊 𝐽 −5
𝑚2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 ∶ 𝜌 = 7832 3 , 𝑘 = 51.2 , 𝑐 = 541 , 𝛼 = 1.21 ∗ 10
𝑚 𝑚𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 𝑠
Q3. A thermocouple junction, which may be approximated as a sphere, is to be used for temperature measurement
in a gas stream. The convection coefficient between the junction surface and the gas is h = 400 W/𝑚2 K, and the
junction thermophysical properties are k = 20 W/m K, c = 400 J/kg K, and 𝜌 = 8500 kg/𝑚3 . Determine the
junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have a time constant of 1 s. If the junction is at 25°C and is
placed in a gas stream that is at 200°C, how long will it take for the junction to reach 199°C?
Q4. To warm up some milk for a baby, a mother pours milk into a thin-walled glass whose diameter is 6 cm. The
height of the milk in the glass is 7 cm. She then places the glass into a large pan filled with hot water at 60°C. The
milk is stirred constantly, so that its temperature is uniform at all times. If the heat transfer coefficient between the
water and the glass is 120 W/𝑚2 · °C, determine how long it will take for the milk to warm up from 3°C to 38°C.
Take the properties of the milk to be the same as those of water. Can the milk in this case be treated as a lumped
system? Why?
Q5. In a production facility, large brass plates of 4 cm thickness that are initially at a uniform temperature of 20°C are heated
by passing them through an oven that is maintained at 500°C . The plates remain in the oven for a period of 7 min. Taking the
combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient to be h = 120 W/𝑚2 · °C, determine the surface temperature of
the plates when they come out of the oven.
(a) Midplane temperature
(b) Temperature Distribution
Q6. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient are to be determined of a
cylindrical rod ,which is dipped in a hot water at 94 ℃ . The rod is 12.5 cm long and 2.2 cm in diameter . The
temperatures of the rod were measured by the thermocouple at the surface and at the centre and were 59 ℃ and 88
℃ respectively after 2 minutes .The density of the rod is 980 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .The specific heat of the rod were known to
be 3900 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ℃. The ambient temperature is 20 ℃.
 (b) Temperature Distribution

(a) Centerline Temperature

Q7. Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick aluminium alloy ( 𝜌 = 2770 kg/𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 =
875 J/kg · °C, 𝛼 = 7.3 * 105 𝑚2 /𝑠). The base plate has a surface area of 0.03 𝑚2 . Initially, the iron is in thermal
equilibrium with the ambient air at 22°C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the base plate to be
12 W/𝑚2 · °C and assuming 85 percent of the heat generated in the resistance wires is transferred to the plate,
determine how long it will take for the plate temperature to reach 140°C. Is it realistic to assume the plate
temperature to be uniform at all times?