DRRM-QUARTER 3-MODULE 3-EPISODE 3-VIDEO 1

SUBJECT: DRRM
TOPIC: Effects of Disasters
MELCS:
1. Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life;
2. Explain how and when an event becomes a disaster.
3. Determine ways to lessen the impact of a disaster.
4. Help the community in reducing the effects of natural and human-made disasters.

EP: YAP SABANGAN

TB: PRECIOUS NATHALIE A. MANTILLA

VIDEO AUDIO

GFX Full screen

Background music
SHS-DRRM

Quarter 3 Module 2

SFX music

GFX pop-up Video (peaceful community Background music

dissolved to a flooded community, after effects
of the disaster)

Teacher on cam.
SFX music
Teacher on cam Good day, Senior High School students!
GFX Chargen “Precious Nathalie “Love” I am Ma’am Love and you are watching
Mantilla another episode of Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction Management.

Teacher on cam For today’s lesson we will discuss exposure

and vulnerability to disaster hazards.

But before that, let’s do a short review of the

lesson in the last episode.
Teacher on cam In the previous lesson we discussed what
disaster is, and how disaster risk is a
combination of hazards, vulnerability, and
exposure.

Today we will learn more about the different

areas or locations vulnerable to hazards that
may lead to disaster,

And to analyze exposure and vulnerability

Be ready with your pen, notebook, and your

self-learning module.

You already knew that the Philippines is

prone to natural hazards due to our
geographic position in Southeast Asia and our
inclusion in the Ring of Fire.

Typhoons, volcanic eruptions and

earthquakes have become common
occurrences in our country.

You may not have realized it yet, but

wherever you may be, out in the field, inside
the restaurant, in school, in the park and
even in your home, you are permanently
exposed to natural and man-made hazards.

A hazard is a potentially damaging physical

event, phenomenon, or human activity that
may cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation.

Hazards are classified into two categories:

natural hazards and man-made hazards.
_________ 1. Hailstorm Look at the pictures on the screen and let us
_________ 2. Earthquake try to identify whether they are natural or
_________ 3. Oil Spill man-made hazards. Write N for natural and
_________ 4. Terrorism M for man-made. Write your answers on
_________ 5. Chemical Waste
your notebook.
_________ 6. Sinkhole
_________ 7. Storm Surge
_________ 8. Factory Waste Ready?
_________ 9. Tsunami
_________ 10. Pollution

Timer 30 sec
SFX bell

GFX pop-up text “N” and “M” (as seen below)

Time’s up! Now, let’s check your answers
____N_____ 1. Hailstorm
____N_____ 2. Earthquake
____M_____ 3. Oil Spill
____M_____ 4. Terrorism
____M_____ 5. Chemical Waste
____N_____ 6. Sinkhole
____N_____ 7. Storm Surge
____M____ 8. Factory Waste
____N___ 9. Tsunami
____M____ 10. Pollution

Are all your answers correct?

SFX clapping sound
Excellent~

In the activity we did, we learned that natural

hazard is a natural process of Earth that
carries threat to human. It may either be
Geological, Hydrometeorological or Biological
Hazard.

Geological events are earthquake and

volcanic eruptions.
Earthquakes cause hazards like ground
shaking, surface faulting, landslides and
liquefaction and tsunamis.

Volcanic eruptions cause tephra falls and

ballistic projectiles, pyroclastic phenomena,
lahar or mud-flows, lava flows and release of
poisonous gases.

With the present state of technology, most

geologic events cannot be prevented or
predicted with precision.

Examples of Hydrometeorological Hazards

are tropical cyclones, also know as typhoons
and hurricanes, thunderstorms, hailstorms,
tornados, heavy snowfall, avalanches. Coastal
storm surges, floods, including flash floods,
drought, heat waves, and cold spells.

Hydrological hazards where the causal factor

is water process include flash floods, rising
groundwater, and avalanche.

Biological hazards include outbreaks of

epidemic diseases like cholera, malaria and
dengue fever; plant or animal contagion
caused by bacteria, fungus or other
pathogenic organisms or insect and animal
plagues like the African Swine Fever.

Man-made hazards are events caused by

human negligence or intention.

We classify man-made hazards into two:

Technological hazards and terrorism or other

criminal acts.

Technological hazards are those that come

from human activities such as the industrial
pollution, nuclear radiation, transportation
accidents, factory explosions, fires and the
use of toxic materials or chemical spills.
 Terrorism refers to intentional, criminal and
malicious acts.

Terrorism may relate to the use of Weapons

of Mass Destruction (WMD), including
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
weapons; or arson, incendiary, explosive, and
armed attacks; or industrial sabotage and
intentional hazardous materials releases; or
"cyber-terrorism.

Under the Human Security Act of 2007,

terrorism is defined as causing widespread
and extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace.

So you see? There are hazards all around us,

but a hazard doesn’t become a risk unless you
are exposed to it.

The exposure has to be at a level that might

do great harm to life and widespread
damage.

Remember the disaster risk equation?

Disaster risk is the effective handling of

hazard, exposure and vulnerability of the
community.

How do we relate hazards to exposure?

Look at the chart on your screen.

Exposed to Natural Hazards
Areas/Locations Exposed to: You can be exposed to natural hazards if you
Coastal Areas Storm surge, tsunami live along these areas.
or tidal waves
Reclaimed Areas Flooding, sink hole
Near fault lines Earthquake
 On foot of Mudslide/Landslide
denuded
mountains
Near volcanoes Volcanic Eruption-
(danger zones) pyroclastic materials,
lahar flow, lava flow
and ash fall
River Banks and Flooding, flash floods
esteros
Open fields Thunderstorm,
hailstorm, blizzard

• Exposed to Man-made Hazard You can be exposed to man-made hazards if you

Areas/Locations Expose to: live along this area.
Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution
Near Mining Toxic waste-heavy
Projects metal, lead, mercury,
nitric acid, etc.
Near Chemical Chemical fumes,
Plants chemical waste
Near Nuclear Nuclear waste,
Plants possible technical
failure, leaks, or worse
accidental explosion
Near Factories Factory waste,
pollution
Unsafe building Fire
structures
Public Places in Terrorism
Mega Cities
Communities in these areas definitely need
knowledge and awareness in disaster risk
reduction and management.

Another factor in the disaster risk is the

vulnerability.

In our previous lesson, we defined

vulnerability as the inability to act on hazards
present in the environment.

This means the degree of susceptibility and

resilience of the community to act
accordingly with regards to the hazards found
in the environment.

Again, take note of the words susceptibility

and resilience.

Susceptibility, in the context of DRRM means

how easily people can be affected by the
hazards present in the environment.

Resilience, on the other hand and again in the

context of DRRM, means the ability to
withstand natural and man-made hazards
and the capacity to recover quickly from
difficulties.

The more resilient we are, the less

susceptible are we to disasters.

There are four different types of

vulnerability.

Physical
Economic
Social, and
Environmental vulnerability.

Physical vulnerability means the potential for

physical impact or damages on
infrastructure, collapse houses or buildings,
and other structural damages.

Wooden houses are less likely to collapse

during an earthquake but they are vulnerable
to fire.

Concrete houses might be less susceptible to

fire but they can be vulnerable to
earthquakes.

People living in the valley might get less

affected by earthquakes but they could be
vulnerable to landslides.

Economic vulnerability means the potential

loss of jobs and disruptions of businesses and
investments that might lead to economic
losses due to the hazards present.

Poorer families may live in squatter

settlements because they cannot afford to
live in a safer place.

Their dwelling might not be sturdy enough.

Therefore they cannot protect themselves
well during disasters.

Social vulnerability on the other hand, means

the potential impacts of hazards on different
community or groups such as the poor, single
parent household, the elderly, the children,
the handicapped and the women.

When flooding occurs some citizens, such as

children, elderly and differently-abled may
find themselves more vulnerable and may
have difficulty protecting themselves.

The existence of peace and order, or the lack

thereof can also make them unable to protect
themselves well.

Lack of literacy, awareness, and education

can also be a factor in social vulnerability.

Environmental vulnerability means the

potential impacts of hazards on the
environment. It includes damages to
agricultural farmlands, the flora and fauna
and the ecosystem.

Pollution, natural resources depletion,

 resource degradation are key aspects of
environment.
Oil spills, chemical leaks, eroded soils;
denuded mountains can become hazards and
pose great danger to people and property.

There is no one formula for vulnerability

however as it is very dynamic. It changes
according to the hazard present and the
exposure to the hazard.

This word is often associated with poverty,

but that is always not the case.

It can also arise when people feel

defenseless about something, socio-
economic notwithstanding

People differ in their vulnerability as a result

of demographic factors, like the population,
distribution of the population, gender, age,
ethnicity , adequate or inadequate resources .

Socio-economic factors also come into play.

Low income populations are less likely to be
well prepared, in terms of preparing survival
kit or stocking emergency food and water
that could last for at least 3 to 5 days.

Community preparedness is also another

factor that could impact people’s
vulnerability.

Strengthened houses, buildings and

infrastructure, monitoring and early warning
systems, communication tools and
emergency planning are key elements of
lessening the impact of disasters.

Illustration Take this for example,

In this area, we have a community living

along the earthquake fault line.

What is the risk here?

An earthquake might happen along these

fault lines and the possible landslides might
happen and hit the community.

What do you think is the hazard?

You are correct! Living along the fault line.

What is the vulnerability?

In this situation, the vulnerability is the

exposure of the community living along the
fault line at the foot of the mountain.

The disaster then might occur in the event of

an earthquake that could trigger a landslide
and this community might be buried under
trees, rock and soil.

You have the risk, living at the foot of the

mountain.

You have the hazard, the fault line.

You have the vulnerability, the exposure of

the community to these elements.

Are you following that?

Very good!

Another example would be people living

around a chemical plant. This is already a
risk.

The hazard here would be the leak of

chemical waste around the community.

The vulnerability is the exposure of the

 community to chemical fumes and chemical
waste that will be harmful to their health.

In our first example, no disaster will happen if

there were no people living in that area.

Minus the community, the earthquake and

the landslides will just be considered as a
natural geological event.

In the second example, again no disaster will

happen if there were no people involved.

Chemical fumes and accidental chemical

waste leaks will be considered as unsafe
industrial practices.

Are you still following? Let’s take a break

from all these information overload and
check your understanding of the topic at this
point.

Be ready with your pen and paper. Write on

your notebook the correct answers to these
questions.

GFX pop up text “Choose the correct answer of Multiple Choice Test: Choose the correct answer
your choice.” of your choice.
1. Earthquake
a. coastal areas
b. reclaimed areas
c. near fault line
d. near volcanoes (danger zone)

2. Oil Spill
a. Near mining projects
b. Near oil depots
c. near chemical plants
d. near nuclear plants
3. Flash Floods
a. open fields b. river banks and estero
c. near volcanoes (danger zone) d. Near
factories
4. Storm Surge
a. coastal areas b. reclaimed areas
c. near fault line d. near volcanoes (danger
zone)
5. Thunderstorm
a. open fields b. river banks and estero
c. near volcanoes (danger zone) d.
Near factories

Did you get all the correct answers?

Excellent!
Now let us try to analyze disasters from
different perspectives.
We view disasters as bringing great loss or
injury to people and massive environmental
damage in different ways.

In a physical perspective, physical damages

are the most visible and quantifiable effects
of a disaster.

The displacement of families, number of

injured and deaths, number of houses or
buildings that collapse or the extent of
agricultural damage is easily observable right
after the disaster.

Psychological perspective on the other hand

refers to the serious mental health
consequences for victims.

People directly affected by the disaster often

feel emotional effects; Shock, terror, anger,
grief, sadness, helplessness, and difficulty of
feeling happy.

Others would also feel cognitive effects. Lack

of concentration and focus, impaired
decision-making ability, increased self-blame
or guilt or nightmares.

More people are actually affected

psychologically than are harmed physically.

How can this be?

Imagine a family badly hit by a disaster in a

certain locality.

And imagine how many families in different

part of the world suffers from disasters, each
family member feeling helpless and unable to
do anything.

We also have the Socio-Cultural perspective

From this perspective, people living at risk

know about natural hazards. Disaster risk is
mitigated by a range of factors including
social condition and cultural settings.

Here, disaster is analyzed based on how

people respond to disaster-- their exposure
and their resilience or the ability to easily
bounce back.

This is the reason why some groups or

communities easily cope with disasters
compared to other groups.

And then we have the Economic Perspective.

Any disaster will either have a short or long
term effect on the economic system and the
people affected by it causing large economic
damages.

Production of goods and services will be

affected, loss of employment will be
imminent,
loss of livelihood is a natural result ,
agricultural and infrastructure damages
cannot be avoided.

All these need money to rebuild or restore.

From the political perspective, delivery of

government services and humanitarian
assistance to affected constituents can also
be a big factor in disaster risk reduction.

Government interventions should be present

in disaster risk reduction management.That is
the prevention, mitigation, preparedness and
recovery.

Failure to do so would have a serious effect

on the capacity and opportunities of those
affected to cope with and recover from the
impacts of disaster.

Another view is environmental.

The aggravating factor in any disaster is

always the environment.

We have landslides because of deforestation.

We have floods because of the land and

water pollution.

People should intensify their collective efforts

to reduce the number of effects of natural
hazards and man-made disasters through
investing more in the environment.
Are you following all that?

Well, it’s time to check your understanding of

what we discussed.
 Prepare your pen and your notebook and
let’s do an activity.

Choose the correct of your choice and write it

on your notebook.

1. It is defined as a phenomenon that can

cause damage to physical
elements such as buildings, infrastructures,
including people and their
properties.

a. physical perspective
b. psychological perspective
c. Socio-cultural perspective
d. Economic perspective

SFX timer 5 secs

2. One salient component of assessing the

impact of disaster impact from this
view is defining direct economic cost and
indirect losses.

a. physical perspective
b. psychological perspective
c. Socio-cultural perspective
d. Economic perspective

SFX timer 5 secs

3. A disaster is analyzed based on how

people respond having as parameter
their social conditions and cultural settings.

a. physical perspective
b. psychological perspective
c. socio-cultural perspective
d. economic perspective

SFX timer 5 secs

4. Natural disasters are commonly thought to

be less politically contentious
than armed conflicts.
Politics are deeply wedded to both the impact
of a natural disaster and the subsequent
delivery of humanitarian assistance.

a. Psychological Perspective
b. Socio-cultural perspective
c. Political Perspective
d. Physical perspective

SFX timer 5 secs

5. Research has shown that disasters can

cause serious mental health
consequences for victims. These
consequences take the form of Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a
variety of other disorders and
symptoms which have been less
investigated.

a. physical perspective
b. psychological perspective
c. Socio-cultural perspective
d. Economic perspective

SFX timer 5 secs

Now let us check your answers.

GFX pop up text

1. a
2. d
3. c
4. c
5. b

Did you get all the correct answers?

Very good!

Now, for your assignment, read an account of

Super Typhoon Yolanda that struck Samar
and Leyte in 2013. Analyze its impact from
 the different perspectives enumerated below:

a. Physical perspective
b. Economic Perspective
c. Psychological Perspective
d. Political Perspective
e. Socio-Cultural Perspective
f. Environmental Perspective

And that’s it for today’s episode.

Never underestimate the impact of a disaster,

be ready, you never know.

I am teacher Love.

See you again in the next episode of SHS-

DRRR subject.

Bye everyone!

http://psba.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-Resource-Manual-
2008.pdf

https://www.preventionweb.net/disaster-risk/risk/disaster-risk/

https://www.americanchemistry.com/Understanding-Risk-and-Hazard/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2B823bEBKGU

http://www.odpm.gov.tt/node/162#:~:text=1.,are%20more%20vulnerable%20to%20fire.
https://www.sustainable-environment.org.uk/Earth/Environmental_Perspectives.php

UNISDR. 2009 Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2009.

UNISDR. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to
Disasters. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2007.

United Nations. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030.Geneva Geneva,
Switzerland: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2015.
http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea66e/ch11.htm#:~:text=In%20addition%20to
%20earthquake%20shaking,chemical%20phenomena%20in%20unconsolidated
%20sediments.

https://berriencounty.org/636/Man-Made-Hazards