UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

College of Science and Mathematics

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

PHYS120|PHYS101 – PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

I. Data and Results:

Name : Quimno, Prince Pier Victor R. Subject and Section Code : Physics_120
I.D. Number : 2021303006 Instructor’s Name : Michael Jade Jerez
Course & Year : BSCE_1ST Year Score (For Instructor Only) :

Part A. Density Measurement of Solid and Liquid Materials

Table 4.1
Density of Solid Materials
Side Length Measurement (mm) Density (g/cm3) Percent
Mass Volume
Material Main Vernier Final Error
(g) (cm3) Experimental Standard
Scale Scale Reading (%)
Aluminum Cube 44.60 25.50 33 26.16 17.90 2.48 2.70 8.15
Iron Cube 53.90 19 17.50 19.35 7.25 7.43 7.80 4.74

Table 4.2
Density of Liquid Materials
Mass (g) Volume Density (g/cm3) Percent
Material
Pycnometer Pycnometer w/ Liquid Liquid (cm3) Experimental Standard Error (%)
Water 15 40.50 25.50 25 1.02 1 2
Alcohol 15 37.50 22.50 25 0.90 0.89 1.69
Brine 14.40 40 25.60 25 1.02 1.02 0.89

Part B. Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy

Table 4.3
Buoyancy of Liquids on Aluminum Cube
Weight of Cube (N):
Mass (g) Buoyant Force (N) Percent
Liquids Tension (N)
Catch Basin Catch Basin w/ Liquid Liquid Standard Experimental Error (%)
Water 21.90 36.30 14.40 0.2776 0.1607 0.1595 0.77
Alcohol 38.30 16.40 0.2878 0.1411 0.1492 5.44
Brine 28.30 6.40 0.2725 0.2725 0.1969 19.65

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 Table 4.4
Buoyancy of Liquids on Iron Cube
Weight of Cube (N):
Mass (g) Buoyant Force (N) Percent
Liquids Tension (N)
Catch Basin Catch Basin w/ Liquid Liquid Standard Experimental Error (%)
Water 22.10 42 19.90 0.4674 0.0608 0.0608 0.11
Alcohol 30.60 8.50 0.4674 0.0597 0.0608 1.72
Brine 28.20 6.10 0.4520 0.0833 0.0762 9.29

II. Computations:

Table 4.1 Density of Solid materials

•MASS (g)
Aluminum cube = 0 + 40 + 4.6 = 44.60 g
Iron Cube = 0 + 50 + 3.9 = 53.90 g

•METRIC (mm) SCALE:

Final Reading = main Scale reading + (vernier Scale Reading x 0.02 mm)
Aluminum Cube = 25.5 + 33 x 0.02 = 26.16 mm
Iron Cube = 19 + 1735 x 0.02 = 19.35 mm

•Volume (cm3)
Aluminum cube = 29.263
= 17902.480896 m3
= 17.90 cm3
Iron Cube = 19.353
= 7245.075375 m3 = 7.26 cm3

Experimental Density (g/cm3)

Aluminum Cube
P=m/v = 14.6g/17.90 cm3
= 2.49 g/cm3
Iron Cube
P=m/v = 53.9/7.36 g/cm3
= 7.42 g/cm3

•Percentage Error (%)

E= 2.49; S = 2.70
Aluminum Cube
(|E – T|/|T|) x 100
[| (2.49 – 2.70)/12.70] | x 100
= -0.21/2.70 x 100
= -0.0777775
= -7.77778 %
= 7.77778 % Error

E = 7.42; S =7.80
Iron Cube
(|E – T|/|T|) x 100
| (7.42 – 7.80) |/.780 x 100
= -0.38/7.80 x 100
= 0.048717948 x 100
= -4.87179 %
= 4.87179 % Error

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Table 4.2 Density of liquid Materials
Mass of liquid (g)
Pycnometer w/ liquid – pycnometer = mass of liquid
Water = 40.5 – 15 = 25.50 g
Alcohol = 37.5 – 15 = 22.50 g
Brine = 40 – 14.4 = 25.60 g

Experimental Density (g/cm3)

Water = p = m/v
= 25.5g/25cm3 = 1.02 g/cm3
Alcohol = P = m/v
= 22.5g/25cm3 = 0.90 g/cm3
Brine = p = m/v
= 25.6g/25cm3 = 1.024 g/cm3

Percentage Error (%)

Water
E = 102; S = 1
|E-T|/ |T| x 100
= (1.02-1)/1 x 100
= 2% error

Alcohol
E = 0.9; S=0.885
|E-T|/ |T| x 100
= (0.9 – 0.885)/|0.885| x 100
= 1.69492 % error

Brine
E = 1.024; S = 1.015
|E-T|/ |T| x 100
= (1.024 – 1.015)/|1.015| x 100
= 0.8867 % error

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I. Discussion of Results:

In Table 4.1 including aluminum and iron cube, the weight of an aluminum cube is 44.6 g, the volume of an aluminum cube is 17.98
cm3, and its density is 2.48 g/cm3, indicating that it is like a real value, with an error of 8.14815 percent As regards the iron cube, it
has a weight of 53.9 g which is significantly heavier than aluminum, a density of 7.43 g/cm3 (experimental value) that is lower than
aluminum cube and a 4.74359 per cent error that shows it is very closely related to its true value. The three liquid products weighed in
Table 4.2 are air, alcohol and salt. Water has a mass of 25.5g, a volume of 25 cm3, and a density of 1.02 g/cm3 with a 2 percent error,
which is optimal for the true value. As for alcohol, has a mass that is 22.5 lighter than water, a volume that is the same as water (25
cm3), and a density that is 0.9 (Experimental Value) with a 1.69492 percent error. Brine has the same mass and volume as water,
which are 25.6 and 25, respectively, and a density of 1.024 g/cm3. (Experimental value) The minimum percent error is 0.8867
percent. The results in Table 4.3 are the buoyancy of certain substances such as water, alcohol and salt water are different for
aluminum cubes. The buoyancy (experience value) acting on an underwater object (aluminum cube) 0.1595N, 0.77% minimum
percentage error value. Buoyancy (experimental Value) It is 0.1492 N that acts on an object (aluminum cube) in alcohol, which is the
lowest buoyancy. Force score, 5.44 percent error. Buoyancy (experience value) 0.1646 N acting on an object (aluminum cube) in the
brine is the maximum buoyancy. It is a value with a maximum percent error value of 19.65 percent. The results are shown in Table
4.4. The power of certain substances such as water, wine and salt are different from the power of iron. Or Underwater boost force
(experimental value) is 0.0608N, error value is 0.11%, Object (iron cube). The boom force (experimental evaluation) of an object
(iron cube) in alcohol is 0.608N, error value is 1.72 percent. Boom force (experimental value) 0.0762, Maximum boom force value
with maximum error of 9.29%. Items in the brine (iron cubes).

II. Conclusion:
The following is from the facts in the table above:

•The density of solids is typically higher than that of liquids. As a result, it seems as though rigid objects sink when placed in liquid
materials.
• The standard value is determined when the buoyant force and density produce trials that are comparable to the actual value.
• The buoyant force value of a cube of liquid materials made of aluminum is higher than that of a cube made of iron.
Due to the fact that the iron cube is thinner than the aluminum cube, it is highly likely that the iron cube will be the one to sink first if
both are submerged at the same time. In addition, the density has an effect on the boom of the fluid; when the substance in question is
denser, there is less booming energy that acts through the fluid.

III. Answers to Questions:

1. Consider the solid and liquid materials used in the activity. If each material has equal volume of 1 cm 3, which material weighs the
heaviest? the lightest? Arrange the materials in order of increasing mass. How does their densities affect their masses for a given equal
volume?
The quietest is followed by the lightest, alcohol, followed by water, aluminum cubes, and iron cubes. Since the volume cannot
be changed, the theoretical density = mass / volume density and mass should be ignored. Therefore, the density and mass are
equal.
2. Consider the solid and liquid materials used in the activity. If each material has equal mass of 1 kg, which material occupies more
space? less space? Arrange the materials in order of decreasing volume. How does their densities affect their volumes for a given equal
mass?
Iron cubes occupy the least space, followed by alcohol, heart water, salt and metal. The iron cube occupies the smallest space
overall. The composition of the high-density material is modified by inserting a 1 kg mass constant to obtain the equation for the
inverse proportional relationship (volume = 1 / density). Alcohol is the least dense of all liquids and can occupy as much space
as possible. Volume increases in direct proportion to density.
3. Which liquid exerts more buoyant force on each cube? Does the density of liquids affect the buoyant force exerted on the cube?
Explain.
Brine, a liquid material, increases the concentration of aluminum and iron cubes. The range in which a substance can be
compressed is called its density, and the movement of the force acting on the liquid on both sides of a completely submerged
cube is called molecular motion. The force along the X-axis is canceled because the problem is visualized in the Cartesian
plane. As a result, the remaining force and the focusing force are along the Y axis. The greater the force present in a liquid, the
denser the liquid and the greater the force present in the liquid.
4. What is the relationship between the weight of the collected liquid to the weight of the object in air?
The buoyant force of the liquid, which varies with its weight in the air, is proportional to the weight of the collected particles.
This change in buoyant force can be thought of as the liquid's ability to float.
5. Why is it easier to piggyback someone when you’re in swimming pool or sea as compared when you do it with just the surrounding air?
A buoyant force acts as a reinforcing factor in a swimming pool, reducing the force required to piggyback and making the
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 maneuver even easier to perform
6. Would it be easier to swim it sea than in river? Explain why.
We recommend swimming in salt water rather than in fresh water, as salt water is denser than fresh water. The density of fresh
water is about 1000 kg / m3, while the density of salt water is about 1025 kg / m3. Swimming is easy because it has buoyancy
that is useful for diving and swimming in the water. We already know that buoyancy is related to the density of the liquid,
which means that increased buoyancy helps to swim.
7. For an object that is just dropped on a liquid, how does both the density of the object and liquid determine whether the object floats,
sinks or just submerged under the surface of the liquid?
If the body has a higher percentage of air than water, it will be able to float on the surface of the water like a ship. Due to the
fact that a ship is its own separate entity, the query needs to establish whether or not the object is airless or has air within it.
Even if its mass is lower than the density of water, it is still able to float if there is no air present within the container it is
contained in. Everything in the surrounding environment is composed of extremely small molecules. The term "density" refers
to the degree to which an entity, substance, or item is packed together thanks to its molecular composition. Tightly packed
molecules are denser and tightly packed molecules are less dense. On the other hand, if the molecules of an object are packed
tighter than the molecules of water, the object will sink. If the molecules are less dense than water, the object will float. When
the mass of an object equals the density of the liquid, half of the object floats and the other half is submerged.
8. Does a floating object sink more in a liquid with low density than in a liquid with high density? Explain your answer.
Since it is impossible to determine the density of an object that is floating, it is impossible to predict whether the object will sink
or float in a liquid that has a low density or a high density. In liquids of low density, many objects will sink if the material they
are made of is denser than the liquid they are made of; consequently, if the molecules of the object are more compressed than
the molecules of the liquid, the molecules of the object will be drawn down and will bypass the molecules of the liquid.

9. From your data on the mass of the collected liquid in Table 5.3 and 5.4, will the volume of collected liquids match the volume of the
cubes as recorded in Table 5.1? Show some calculations to prove or disprove.
Aluminum Iron
Volume = Mass/density Volume = Mass / Density

Water Water
Volume = 14.4g / 1.02 g/cm3 Volume = 19.9 / 1.02 g/cm3
Lumee = 14.2 cm3 Volume = 19.51cm3

Alcohol Alcohol
Volume = 16.4 g / 1.024 g/cm3 Volume = 8.5g / 0.9 g/cm3
Volume = 6.25 cm3 Volume = 9.44 cm3

Brine Brine
Volume = 6.4 g / 1.024 g/cm3 Volume = 6.1g / 1.024 g/cm3
Volume = 6.25 cm3 Volume = 5.96 cm3

Average Volume = (Vwater + VAlcohol + VBrine) Average Volume = (Vwater + VAlcohol + VBrine)
Average Volume = (14.2 + 18.22 + 6.25)/3 Average Volume = (19.51 + 9.44 + 5.96)/3
Average Volume = 12.89 cm3 Average Volume = 11.64 cm3

Percentage Error = |E – T|/|T| x 100 Percentage Error = |E – T|/|T| x 100

Percentage Error = |12.89 - 17.98|/|17.98| x 100 Percentage Error = |11.64 – 7.25|/|7.25| x 100
Percentage Error = 20.31cm3 Percentage Error = 60.55 cm3

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