CALCULUS I

Unit 7: INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

LE THAI THANH

HCMC University of Technology

Week 46: Nov. 14, 2022 to Nov. 18, 2022

DEFINITIONS
ANTIDERIVATIVES
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on an interval I if
F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in I .

EXAMPLE
Let f (x) = 2x. If F (x) = x 2 , then F ′ (x) = 2x = f (x). But the
function G (x) = x 2 + 10 also satisfies G ′ (x) = 2x = f (x).
Therefore both F and G are antiderivatives of f . Indeed, any
function of the form H(x) = x 2 + C , where C is a constant, is an
antiderivative of f . We have the following theorem.

THEOREM
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I , then the most
general antiderivative of f on I is F (x) + C where C is an
arbitrary constant.
DEFINITIONS
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
The functions of the type F (x) + C where C is a constant are
called the indefinite integrals of f on I , and denoted by
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

Properties of Indefinite Integrals

Z ′
1
f (x) dx = f (x)
Z Z
2
Cf (x) dx = C f (x) dx
Z Z Z
3
[f (x)±g (x)] dx = f (x) dx± g (x) dx
INTEGRALS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

x α+1
Z Z
α dx
(1) x dx = +C (α ̸= −1), = ln |x|+C
α+1 x
ax
Z Z
x
(2) a dx = +C (a > 0, a ̸= 1), ex dx = ex +C
ln a
Z Z
(3) cos x dx = sin x+C , sin x dx = − cos x+C
Z Z
dx dx
(4) = tan x+C , = − cot x+C
2
cos x sin2 x
Z Z
(5) cosh x dx = sinh x+C , sinh x dx = cosh x+C
Z Z
dx dx
(6) 2
= tanh x+C , = − coth x+C
cosh x sinh2 x
INTEGRALS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
Z
dx
(7) = arctan x +C
1 + x2
Z
dx 1 1+x
(8) 2
= ln +C
1−x 2 1−x
Z
dx
(9) √ = arcsin x+C = − arccos x+C
1 − x2
Z
dx p
(10) √ = ln x + x 2 ± 1 +C
x2 ± 1
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
Use the above formulas to find:
Z Z Z Z
2 2
(a) (x + 2x + 3) dx = x dx + 2 xdx + 3 dx

x3
= + x 2 + 3x + C
3
Z   Z Z
1 1 dx
(b) − 2 dx = − x −2 dx
x x x
x −2+1 1
= ln |x| − + C = ln |x| + + C
Z Z −2 + 1 x
2
(c) tan x dx = [(tan2 x + 1) − 1] dx
Z  
1
= − 1 dx = tan x − x + C
cos2 x
EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE
sin2 x + cos2 x
Z Z
dx
(d) 2
= 2
dx
sin x cos2 x Z sin x cos
Z
2x
dx dx
= + = tan x − cot x + C
cos2 x sin2 x
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE

If u = g (x) is a differentiable function whose range is an

interval I and f is continuous on I , then
Z Z
′
f (g (x)) · g (x) dx = f (u) du

EXAMPLE
Z Z
cos x u = sin x du 1
(a) dx = = =− +C
sin2 x du = cos xdx u2 u
1
= − +C
sin x
u = 1 + x 2 , du = 2xdx
Z Z
x dx 1 du
(b) = =
1 + x2 ⇒ xdx = du 2 2 u
1 1
= ln |u| + C = ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
2 2
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE
EXAMPLE

√ √ du
Z Z
u = 2x + 1, du = 2dx
(c) 2x + 1 dx = = u
dx = 12 du 2
1 u 3/2 1
= · + C = (2x + 1)3/2 + C
2 3/2 3

u = x 4 + 2, du = 4x 3 dx
Z
(d) x 3 cos(x 4 + 2) dx =
x 3 dx = 41 du
Z
1 1
= cos u du = sin u + C
4 4
1
= sin(x 4 + 2) + C
4
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE

Using the Substitution Rule we have the following useful

formulas:
u ′ (x)
Z p
• p dx = u(x)+C , (u(x) ⩾ 0)
2 u(x)
Z ′
• u (x)
dx = ln |u(x)|+C , (u(x) ̸= 0)
u(x)
Z
• dx 1 x
= arctan +C , (a > 0)
a2 + x 2 a a
Z
• dx 1 a+x
2 2
= ln +C , (a > 0)
a −x 2a a−x
Z
• dx x
√ = arcsin +C , (a > 0)
2
a −x 2 a
THE SUBSTITUTION RULE

Z
• tan x dx = − ln |cos x|+C
Z
• cot x dx = ln |sin x|+C
Z
dx 1 1 + sin x
• = ln +C
cos x 2 1 − sin x
1 − cos x
Z
dx 1
• = ln +C
sin x 2 1 + cos x
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

If f and g are differentiable functions, then

Z Z
f (x) · g (x) · dx = f (x) · g (x) − f ′ (x) · g (x) · dx
′

This formula is called the formula for integration by parts.

It is perhaps easier to remember in the following notation.
Let u = f (x) and v = g (x). Then the differentials are
du = f ′ (x)dx and dv = g ′ (x)dx, so, by the Substitution
Rule, the formula for integration by parts becomes
Z Z
u · dv = u · v − v · du
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE

Z u = ln x, dv = dx
(a) ln x dx = dx
⇒ du = ,v = x
Z x
dx
= x ln x − x = x ln x − x + C
x
Z
(b) u = x, dv = cos xdx
x cos x dx =
du = dx, v = sin x
Z
= x sin x − sin xdx = x sin x + cos x + C
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
Z u = arctan x, dv = dx
(c) arctan x dx = dx
⇒ du = ,v = x
1 + x2
Z
x
= x arctan x − dx =
1 + x2
Z
1 2x
= x arctan x − dx
2 1 + x2
1
= x arctan x − ln(1 + x 2 ) + C
2
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
Z u = x 2 , dv = e2x dx
(d) x 2 e2x dx = 1
⇒ du = 2xdx, v = e2x
2
x 2 2x
Z
= e − x e2x dx =
2
u = x, dv = e2x dx
= 1
⇒ du = dx, v = e2x
2
x 2 2x
 Z 
x 2x 1 2x
= e − e − e dx
2 2 2
x 2 2x x 2x 1 2x
= e − e + e +C
2 2 4
1 2

2x
= 2x − 2x + 1 e +C
4
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
EXAMPLE
u = ex , dv = sin xdx
Z
(e) ex sin x dx =
⇒ du = ex dx, v = − cos x
Z
= − ex cos x + ex cos x dx =

u = ex , dv = cos xdx
=
⇒ du = ex dx, v = sin x
Z
= − ex cos x + ex sin x − ex sin x dx
From here we obtain
Z
1
ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C
2
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

(a) If the power of cosine is odd n = 2k + 1, save one

cosine factor and use cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to express:
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sinm x(1 − sin2 x)k cos x dx
m n

Then substitute u = sin x

(b) If the power of sine is odd m = 2k + 1, save one sine
factor and use sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to express:
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = (1 − cos2 x)k cosn x sin x dx
m n

Then substitute u = cos x

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Z
Strategy for Evaluating sinm x cosn x dx

(c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the
half-angle identities:
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin2 x = , cos2 x =
2 2
It is sometimes helpful to use the identity

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
Find I = sin3 x dx

SOLUTION
Z Z
2
I = (1 − cos2 x) sin x dx
sin x · sin x dx =
Z
= u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin xdx = (u 2 − 1)du

u3 cos3 x
= −u+C = − cos x + C
3 3
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
Find I = cos5 x sin2 x dx

SOLUTION
Z Z
4 2
I = cos x sin x cos x dx = (1 − sin2 x)2 sin2 x cos x dx
Z
= u = sin x ⇒ du = cos xdx = (1 − u 2 )2 u 2 du

u 7 2u 5 u 3
Z
= (u 6 − 2u 4 + u 2 ) du = − + +C
7 5 3
sin7 x 2 sin5 x sin3 x
= − + +C
7 5 3
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
Find I = cos4 x dx

SOLUTION

2
1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x
Z  Z  
1 + cos 2x
I = dx = dx
2 4
!
1+cos 4x
1 + 2 cos 2x +
Z
2
= dx
4
Z  
3 cos 2x cos 4x 3 sin 2x sin 4x
= + + dx = x + + +C
8 2 8 8 4 32
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
tanm x
Z
Strategy for Evaluating dx
cosn x
(a) If the power of cosine is even (n = 2k, k ⩾ 2), save a
1 1
factor of 2
and use = 1 + tan2 x to express
cos x cos2 x
the remaining factors in terms of tan x. Then
substitute u = tan x
(b) If the power of tangent is odd m = 2k + 1, save a
tan x 1
factor of and use tan2 x = − 1 to express
cos x cos2 x
1
the remaining factors in terms of . Then
cos x
1
substitute u = .
cos x
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
tan6 x
Z
Find I = dx
cos4 x

SOLUTION
Z Z
61 1 dx
I = tan x 2 2
dx = tan6 x(1 + tan2 x) 2
cos x cos x cos x
Z
dx
= u = tan x ⇒ du = = u 6 (1 + u 2 ) du
cos2 x
u7 u9 tan7 x tan9 x
= + +C = + +C
7 9 7 9
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
tan5 x
Z
Find I = dx
cos7 x

SOLUTION
Z
1 tan x
I = tan4 x · 6
· dx
cos x cos x
Z  2  6  
1 1 1
= −1 d
cos2 x cos x cos x
Z Z
= (u 2 − 1)2 u 6 du = (u 10 − 2u 8 + u 6 )du

u 11 2u 9 u 7
= − + +C
11 9 7
1 2 1
= 11
− 9
+ +C
11 cos x 9 cos x 7 cos7 x
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
Find I = tan3 x dx

SOLUTION
Z Z  
2 1
I = tan x · tan x dx = tan x − 1 dx
cos2 x
Z Z
dx
= tan x − tan x dx
cos2 x
tan2 x
= + ln |cos x| + C
2
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
dx
Find I =
cos3 x

SOLUTION

1 dx
Z
1 dx u= , dv =
I = · = cos x cos2 x
cos x cos2 x tan x
⇒ du = dx, v = tan x
cos x
tan2 x
Z Z  
tan x tan x 1 1
= − dx = − − 1 dx
cos x cos x cos x cos x cos2 x
Z Z
tan x dx dx
= − 3
+
cos x cos x cos x
Z
tan x dx
= −I +
cos x cos x
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

SOLUTION
Z
dx 1 1 + sin x
Using the formula = ln + C we get
cos x 2 1 − sin x
 
1 tan x 1 1 + sin x
I = + ln +C
2 cos x 2 1 − sin x
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Z
To evaluate the integrals (a) sin mx sin nx dx ,
Z Z
(b) cos mx cos nx dx, or (c) sin mx cos nx dx , use the
corresponding identity:
1
(a) sin A sin B = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
2
1
(b) cos A cos B = [cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)]
2
1
(c) sin A cos B = [sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)]
2
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE
Z
Evaluate I = sin 4x cos 7x dx

SOLUTION
Z
1
I = [sin(4x − 7x) + sin(4x + 7x)] dx
2
Z
1
= [− sin 3x + sin 11x] dx
2
 
1 cos 3x cos 11x
= − +C
2 3 11
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Expression Substitution
√ π π
a2 − x 2 ⇒ x = a sin t, − ⩽t⩽
2 2
√ π π
a2 + x 2 ⇒ x = a tan t, − < t <
2 2
√ a π
x 2 − a2 ⇒ x= , 0⩽t<
cos t 2
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
EXAMPLE
Z √
4 − x2
Find I = dx
x2

SOLUTION
π π
Let x = 2 sin t, where − ⩽ t ⩽ . Then dx = 2 cos tdt and
2 2
p p √
4 − x 2 = 4 − 4 sin2 t = 4 cos2 t = 2 |cos t| = 2 cos t

and
cos2 t
Z Z Z  
2 cos t 1
I = 2 cos tdt = dt = − 1 dt
4 sin2 t sin2 t sin2 t
= − cot t − t + C
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

SOLUTION
√
x 4 − x2 x
We have sin t = , cos t = , and t = arcsin . Then
2 2 2
√
4 − x2 x
I =− − arcsin + C
x 2
That’s all. Thanks a lot

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