re en 1 vo pce of static CHATHES ‘ 5 charges. “rect efceric cha * i axes of static chars, | Hes: . | } ric charging and discharging of objec, Fs eset : ei gip between current 2 SAC cle, || [a plain tne eto xatic changes on the environment hares | 1 gavestigate ebfects of SP —— ind negats (,, = ae } J Introduction ‘Zid in mena: ‘You may have observed the Following pheno ella 1. A pen made up of a plastic material attracts small pieces op, 2hargedb rubbed on a coat-sleeve. Pai of an aten 2. Sometimes one can get a shock when getting out of a car or Covet, a knob of the door. tines 3. Dust panicles stick to a window pane when the pane is wi smaaller | ona dry day. ied wit, called tom th 4. Ametal chain is usual . at aaemag unismnully ahachedl to trucks carrying petrol or ce wg AB a0 ; where ¢ These experiences are asa ‘ result of s _ lovely these observations will be cle f static. electricity phenomena. The Ph ‘ ar after going through thi se Protons igh this unit. Neutro and he 17 Bi ! 1 Existence of static charges on objects fake a polythene sti i strip near thin steam of b itagainst a material like silk, mae lowing wate ilk, flannel or fe ater, * from a tap. Observe what hage The stream of water is stro ngly attracted ~ in to i Yi the polythene strip as shown ora : tow The call Thecn ine Polythene stip is rubbed against silk, it aequires the attractive property We say that the polythene strip has been changed y rauiay the ‘charged polythene stp attracts the thin stream of water ihe charged polythene strip can also attract bits of Paper. tiny pieces of cloth, ete ste lbstances such as glass, metals, plato, sbonite, perspex when rubbed th Ailk: tubber, fur, eotton wool or eat skin acquire the airacinee property. This implies that we can charge bodies by friction. The charges developed on the materials are aes and cannot move. We therefore call them svatic charges. The study of static charges is called electrostatics, There are two types of static charges: positive charges Sed Negative charges, Scienvaw like Benjamin Franklin, aut Charles Couleer® contributed a fot to the development of this branch of physics, 1.2 Origin of charges When a material of one kind is rubbed with some other material, both materials get charged by friction. Where do the charges come from? A ‘simple idea of the structure ofan atom will enable us to understand the mechanism of charging ade up of tiny particles called atoms. For a long a We learnt carlier on that matter is mi he time, scientists thought that the atoms were the smallest building blocks of matter ie and that they could not be subdivided further. However, in 1897, 2 now particle smaller than an atom was discovered. It was called electron. Later, other particles day we have a better picture of the called protons and neutrons were discovered. Tox Yel stom than ia 198 century. ‘Anatom is made up of two parts: A central core called the nucleus, and outer orbits The nucleus contains protons and neutrons abl where electrons go round the nucleus. closely and tightly packed (Fig. 1.2). The electrons are extremely light compared to hing Protons and neutrons. They carry a negative charge. Protons catry a positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. The number of protons and electrons in an atom are equal and hence an atom is always neutral. proton electron = neutron e nucleus orbit of an electron Fig. 1.2: Structure of an atom Therefore, a charge can be defined as a characteristic of matter that express the extent é ‘0 which it has more or fewer electrons than protons and vice versa, The SI unit of quantity of charge is the coulomb (©, named after a famous scientist called Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1, 806). 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» Gilt) Separation method Apparatus * Twometa spheres (A and B. . Procedure ) Polythene rod 1. Place the two metal « on insulatin, ioaaeentc Gay, ME Comat with each oe sre oa vero but Dot touching sphere Ac 113 "oak the contact (Fig. 1a St Polythene rd in poocs Test the tyyo whew ct 11364) Using the Negatively charged polythene rod | f ° BaSRER See 18 42Be is be f od by mites ; " * «) ) Pig 1:13. Charging by separation mathe Observation a When the charged spheres (Fig. 1.13(d)) are brought closer to the polythene rod, sphere A is attracted while B is repelled Discussion Before the polythene is brought close to spheres A and B, the positive and negative charges are balanced hence the spheres have a net neutral charge. When the polythene rod is brought closer to the two spheres, charge separation occurs ie. negative charges are repelled towards sphere B and positive charges towards sphere A. When the charged polythene rod is removed, sphere A becomes positively charged and sphere B negatively charged. Therefore, bringing the charged polythene rod close to sphere A results into attraction and bringing it close to sphere B results into repulsion. ‘Conclusion + The two spheres have become charged by separation + Itcan be seen from Figure 1.13(d) that sphere A has acquired a charge opposite to that of the charging rod while sphere B has acquired a charge similar to that of the charging rod. 1S Factors affecting the magnitude of the force between two charged objects Activity LS: Experiment to determine the effect of the quantity of charge on the magnitude of the force between two charged particles Apparatus + Two identical polythene rods A and B. + One Perspex rod C. + — Two clamps and stands Procedure 1. Charge polythene rod A lightly by rubbing it with a piece of dry cloth and suspend it on a stand as shown in Fig. 1.14 (a).ty rubbing it with a piece OF dry clot ng rod B stromuly BY PUTT Ay, hange polythene wa in Fig. | Ferrer noma stand a8 iby rubbing t with apiece of dry clot, yg the suspended polythene rods 4 ay, “harye Perspex rod C strong 8 Charge Perspex jon in both cases. What 4, pex rod in turns near : th hae pe magnaes of the force fata B. Comy you observe? —) lee Lt Fig. 114: Effect of magnitude of a force Observation There isa stronger force of attraction between rods B and C than between rods Aad, Te clectostatc force between two charged objects depends on the: ‘quantity of the giarteon the two objects, The greater the quanti, the reatr the fice between fence duamtes of charge on the two cbc, Procedure 1 Use the ‘Set-up in Fig tig () above. 2. Bring the charged Perspex rod Cy el Son the strength of the fea sateen ended sae ont (a i NC¢ Of attraction between the two rods Bring the charged perspex rod Cn, {distance fanber away than ing SUSpended ch A > it step 9 latged polythene rod A. othe force of traction betwen’ tere ey yn) Observe the stn b 10 you notice”eh. Bri argo charged i ans polyiene ed A patio What dg = Sa” rod C Sse" rod C (a) (b) Fig. 1.15: Determining dependence of the magnitude of a force Observation There is a stronger force of attraction between rods A and C when the separation distance between them is short and vice versa, Discussion The electrostatic force between two charged objects depends on the separation distance between the two charged objects. The greater the distance, the smaller the force and vice versa. We can conclude from the activities above that the magnitude of the force between | two charged objects depend on: i * The quantity of charge i.e, the greater the quantity of charge, the greater the | | force between the two objects. | + The distance of separation i.e. the greater the distance, the smaller the force Mary rubbed a pen (biro) with a handkerchief and held it near a stream of ‘water running slowly froma tap. She observed that the stream of water curved and followed the movement ofthe charged pen. When she touched the water with the pen, the curving stopped. Explain these observations, ‘State two types of charges. State the basic law of electrostatics. Fig. 1.16 shows a model of a lady’s head having ylon hair, When the hair is charged by combing with a dry plastic comb, it spreads out as shown. (a) Explain the appearance of the hair, (b) State the factors that affect the magnitude of the force between two charges. Fig. 1.16 State the SI unit of charge. (a) What is meant by ‘charging by contact’?what isa arthing if an oIeCt is: 4c) What happens during 5 w ‘oasively are ct d? aw) gsitivelY charge’ syn tt passe © Ee 2 metal rod hod inthe handy with a cloth? a te whee meant by harm BY nucio? ” Three metallic spheres Av B and C are mounted on individual ins Sphere Ais positively “hanged, Using illustrations, describe how yo, bay the positively charged sphere Ay (0 ‘sharge both spheres B and ¢ Ha | gronce by induction. 9 Explain how a charged bo (a) State four differences bet contact. (b) State and explain two ways of discharging a charged plate. dy attracts a neutral material. tween charging by induction and chai tb 1.6 Detection of charges using leaf electroscope Leaf electroscope Aleafelectroscope is a sensitive i itive instrument that can be used for detectin, ng and evn air draughts. Fi ig. 1.17 show Inside of the elect Sa simplified 'Toscope Hed version of , conditions, 's warmed with a bumer or : po le ecenep: Tk lectric heater to achieve & brass dise or cap insulator brass rod gold leaf on wo > ce sa8Charging 4 gold leaf clectroseope @ Charging by induction and by tion Tubbin, Activity 1.7: Experiment to show how to charge an electroscope by indus Apparatus ual insulator + Agoldelectroscope + A charged polythene rod »™ you can ye, cauti¢ negative Precaution To ensure that the clectroscope is not charged, touch the cap to earth it. To charge the electroscope, proceed as follows. Procedure 1. _ Bring a negatively charged polythene rod close to the cap. Note what happens to the gold leaf of the electroscope (Fig. 1.18(a)). 2. Without disturbing the rod, touch the cap and note again what happens to the gold leaf. (Fig. 1.18(b)). EE caiintcun ——— ste (a) (b) Fig: 1.18 (a) and (): Charging a gold leaf electroscope 3. Keeping the rod in the same position, withdraw your finger. What happens to the leaf ? (Fig. 1.18(c)). 4. Remove the polythene rod and observe what happens tothe leaf (Fig. 184d).Rin removes fineth connection removed ma () (d) Fig, 118) and (dy Charging 2 old leaf electroseoPe Observations In Step 1, the leaf diverges. In Step 2, the leaf collapses. In Step 3, the leaf stays the same. In Step 4, the leaf diverges. Discussion ‘When a negatively charged polythene rod is brought close to the cap, the electrons from the cap are repelled to the leaf. The bottom end of the rod and the leaf acquire negative charges. The leaf is repelled, hence its divergence. When the cap is touched (earthed), the excess electrons in the leaf and the rod escape to the earth. The leaf collapses. The positive charges on the cap remain on it due to the force of attraction of the inducing rod. There is no effect when the earth connection is removed. The leaf remains in the same position. When the polythene rod is moved away from the cap, the positive charges get redistributed by the electrostatic induction to the end of the rod and the leaf. The leaf diverges again. The leaf electroscope is therefore positively charged. Conclusion The leaf electroscope can be negatively o P glass rod, instead of a negatively charged charged by using a positively char (iy Chay 13 i wea with Dur and the TheS sythene va B +s (Hy Char ++ Acitive: R is removed Soon Appar 7 +N At 4 \t mat © () Fig. 118(e) and (dy Charging a gold leaf electroseoPe Observations In Step 1, the leaf diverges. In Step 2, the leaf collapses. In Step 3, the leaf stays the same. In Step 4, the leaf diverges: Discussion When a negatively charged polythene rod is brought close to the cap, the electrons from the cap are repelled to the leaf. The bottom end of the rod and the leaf acquire negative charges. The leaf is repelled, hence its divergence When the cap is touched (earthed), the excess electrons in the leaf and the rod escape to the earth. The leaf collapses. The positive charges on the cap remain on it due to the force of attraction of the inducing rod. Ose There is no effect when the carth connection is removed. The leaf remains Whe same position. When the polythene rod is moved away from the cai h Wh p, the positive will charges get redistributed by the electrostatic induction to the end of the rod and the leaf. The leaf diverges again. The leaf electroscope is therefore positively charged. De Dur Conclusion The leaf electroscope can be negatively char iti ! aera asycthargel glass rod, instead of a negatively charged rod ae(ii) Charging by contact Aciivty 1: Experiment to show how to charge an electroscope by contact Apparatus Negatively charged polythene rod. + An electroscope Procedure 1, Take a negatively charged polythene rod and rub it a number of times along. the cap of the electroscope and withdraw the rod. 2. Note what happens to the leaf of the electroscope (See Fig, polythene rod, R Fig. 1.19: Charging electroseope by contact Observation When the cap is being rubbed withdrawing the rod, there is th the rod R, there is a divergence on the leaf. On | some divergence. Discussion During rubbing, the clectrons are transferred from the rod to the cap, metal rod and the leaf. Since the rod and the leaf have acquired the same kind of charge, the leaf is repelled. Hence there is a divergence. The leaf electroscope has been negatively charged by contact. The leaf electroscope can also be charged by contact using a charged metal rod with a rubber or polythene handle. It is done by touching the metal cap with the charged metal rod and remove the rod._— a Pew ctece Babess the expeninent by bringing a charged else oe mes cap, whet happens to tc dnya ee lare (ay 2 Place your hand close to the metat ec ee ef tee leat. paneretonel di position een one The dovergence of the leaf decreases. : Zhe rvezence once again decreases om placing 2 hand close tothe meta ¢ el a 5 The charged glass rod attracts some of the electrons from the leaf to the cap. The quanenty of charge om the leaf decreases. Hence divergence decreases. The hand is an uncharged body. The hand near the cap acquires a positive charge pe a bang mses ar etter ao reteset y the leaf to thc cap. The quantity of the charge om the leaf decreases (Fig. 1.21(b)). Hence devergence decreases. The decrease in Sra ot tales damnves of a teat beets oP pomdvcting pre od LA megatvely charge eletroscoPe* Ametal Joo 1. Take a negatively changed! clectrose® Tas, he eap ofthe electroscope, Owerve Whe 1d. a metal rod, (say copper) and happens to the divergence fF the leat, 2 epat the above experiment by holding a wooden rod, Say @ half metre rute ‘ Rope eve what happens tothe divengence of the gold leah Observation In step 1, the loaf collapses. ‘© In step 2, there is no change in divergence. Discussion In step 1, the electroscope has been earthed thus it discharges fully. The charges oon the electroscope pass easily through the metal rod and get into the body. In step 2, the leaf remains in the same posi The charges on the electroscope are unable to pass through wood and the el Conclusion ‘Most metals are good conductors whi n whit metallic conductor is silver followed > ee \ ebonite, dry silk, p lastic glass, polyther aretana ")and Bence erule ely, ‘ors em est we air ile ! a bendy renght close to the cap of the electroscope Verges. IT itis not charged, the leat docs net diverge ctrostatics Bes build up on bodies, they may become a nuisance ie charging is quite useful ta mankind. The following annot {is for this reason that metal chains are attached to petro! tanker. {flange charges are allowed to pile up on the tanker, even a small spark produced ‘can cause a fire and the tanker can explode. When a mirror is cleaned with a dry cloth, both the mirror and the cloth get charged due to friction. The charged mirror acquires the attractive Property. Dust, thin hair or fluff can therefore stick to the mirror, Cars are painted using a spray gun. The car is ust droplets coming out of the spray gun are atracis these charged droplets of paint to acquire a uniform coat of paint, Dust and smoke are extracted from the inside of the chimney by elect ng an clectroscope precipetator. This reduces the air ich is a health hazard. Electrostatic induction is used in photocopying machines, Though rubber is an insulator, special materials called conductive rubber are used to make aeroplane tyres. When the metal spout of the fuel pipe touches the petrol tank, sparks ean be produced leading to an explosion The conduetice rubber tyres reduce the risk of an explosion during refuelling of the aireratt Lightning arrestor The discharge action of points is utilised in an important device called lightning arrestor or conductor used to proteet tall buildings and towers against the destructive effect of lightning. A lightning conductor is a thick metal rod. One end is attached to a metal plate buried deep in the ground, The other end, which is pointed, sticks up above the ing. The conductor provides a path for electrons to low easily through i (Fig. 1.22). -_negative (ons dur and are atracted by the positive ‘hargeson the cloud. Thus the charge on the buse of the cloud is reduced. This prevents a large build-up Of chayes which would otherwise result in discharges to the earth in the fe of lighting. Ifthe neutralising e isinsuffcient and even ifthe lightning strikes, the huge electrical charge is conducted through the metal rod, to Warring’ Do not shelter under a tree conductors of charges, Unit “4 1 . r tie”: ' occurs wh Fees zy eats when posit agg ~~ ’ mee sleere charges ate heig a am 0 each other rough ea charges flow 1 (2068 not flow through a cond ive charges, a Involves very high von ee | Flowe "Y high voltage and lou. 7 °¥S through 4 ; current #6 and low |Itvohes ugh a conductor. ‘ | ma MCh lower y = oltage and F Current ae Much high,strike the rough the fire to the are good gcreates rocuted. Project work Comstruction of a simple leaf electraseape Sugeevied materiat Atransparent conical flask or a tall ylass, jar or an empl aparrow mouth, thin pieces of alum bent into an L shape. desea + Stick a thin piece of aluminium foil to the tower end of the 10d + Place the L-shaped rod 0 from the glass jar Fig 1.2 water bottle having, brass oF copper rod insulate the rod Jectroscope and Hig. Fig 1.23: Construction of leaf electroscope Fig. 124. Assembled leaf electroscope | Unit summary + Acharge is a characteristic of matter that express the extent to which it ‘= ‘more or fewer electrons than protons and vice versa. + Materials can be charged by rubbing. The charge acquired can be positive ol | + The law of electrostatic states that “like charges repel and unlike charges attract.” | | Stunit of charge is the coulomb (C). _ + Alleaf electroscope is used to: - detect and distinguish charges test insulating or conducting properties of a material ~ test for the sign of a charge on a bodyer 1 Abod: A B ¢ D. (2 What A c A c . A glass rod is rubbed charges. ‘What does the study of electrostatics deal with? sg: . d but nor destroye' + Charges oa presence ther conductors or insulators fied as et h them freely, but ins; an 2 a oe ssi ee 10 flor Unit Test 1 yw throug! Jy is sad to be negatively charged if?” Ithas excess protons Ithas excess electrons Ithas excess atoms Ithas a deficiency of electrons is the SI unit of charge? Ampere * on D. l6 What is an electroscope? [7 State the law {® Two: close Fig. Sttuat) @ the balloons are nibh 2 tid wi Why do the balloons move apart when brow oD balloons ir logether? f 9 Metal foil bobs X ang Y ma 1.25 shows the bobs 3 ond tarbed cither positi 10m, state Whether the force bey Me Placed near each cen, ¥ of electr, ‘statics. Explain the law with a suitable cxa pe Atom Coulomb Aplastic rod was rubbed with a dry cloth and became positively charge Why did the rod become positively charged? It gained electrons B. It gained neutrons lost electrons D. It lost neutrons with silk. Explain how both the silk and the rod acquit strings and held 1 metre apart. Bab them is reputsiv4 y eid Cape the flowy dingrams and show the dissribution of charges on cee Raed ow am mscigns stmt. #54 charged rad clone te the mB Fe 11 B c J otc the eng C with your finger (>) B c Cage! remove | wd Fig. 129 Copy the following diagrams nd show the charge on cach metal sphere pi. wer mafted stands (Fig 130) Es as ad i XD fl (VC) Insulated stand Y Y (0) two spheres touching mie (b) sphere B is moved ss from A A 8 YQ (> (c) the charged rod is removed Fig 1.30 ‘5 Drew a diagram to show th 16 Explain, with the ¢ important features of a gold leaf elects Tc aid of a suit i— 17 AIMEE nea by nda, AETAD, How to charge a el 7. A gold lea electrose electroscope to test charge Positively charged, Explain how 0 0% and the® on two rods, where one is neg: