Magnetostriction of SingleCrystal Dysprosium, Gadolinium Iron Garnet, and

Dysprosium Iron Garnet

A. E. Clark, B. F. DeSavage, and E. R. Callen

Citation: Journal of Applied Physics 35, 1028 (1964); doi: 10.1063/1.1713363

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1713363
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 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 35. NO.3 (TWO PARTS-PART 2) MARCH 1964

Magnetostriction of Single-Crystal Dysprosium, Gadolinium Iron Gamet, and

Dysprosium Iron Gamet
A. E. CLARK, B. F. DESAVAGE, AND E. R. CALLEN

U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland

The temperature and field dependences of the magnetostriction of dysprosium single crystals were meas-
ured from 78°K to room temperatures. In the paramagnetic region (T> 178°K), the six lowest-order
coefficients were measured and were found to vary as lf2. At lower temperatures, due to the large uniaxial
anisotropy, only the basal plane coefficient was measureable. The temperature and field dependences of
this coefficient are adequately represented by the single-ion magnetoelastic coupling theory and are given
as a function of the moment by X=8.7X1Q-31 6/2[,c-l(m)].
The temperature dependences of the magnetostriction coefficients of single-crystal GdIG and DyIG
were measured from 78° to 4OO0 K and found to be much larger and of opposite sign than that of YIG over
most of the temperature range. This is due to the larger magnetoelastic coupling coefficient of the rare-
earth ions. Among the several interesting features are: the observance of magnetostriction compensation
points, the sharp dip (and change of sign) of the apparent saturation magnetostriction at the magnetization
compensation points, and the reversal in sign of the forced magnetostriction.

I. MAGNETOELASTIC HAMILTONIAN crystals:

E have previously applied the theory of magneto-
W elastic coupling to the magnetostriction of nickeF
and YIG.2 In this treatment the strain field was coupled
to the spin operators of the individual ions. Such cou-
pling arises from the modulation with strain of a single
ion energy, such as the anisotropy energy. We now
generalize the theory to include couplings of the strain
field to bilinear combinations of spin operators of dif-
ferent ions, so as to represent the modulation with
strain of the isotropic and anisotropic exchange. This
generalization permits, among other terms, the descrip-
tion of the fully symmetric isotropic strain, whose tem-
perature derivative is the magnetic thermal expansion
coefficient.
In this treatment, the magnetoelastic energy is
formed in the most general way by taking the direct
product of the elastic strains Ei",i with symmetry tensor
operators which depend upon the spin components of
one [H,..u,I(S,)] and of two [H •..u·I(S" Sg)] ions. In
this way we write:
Hme= - L [BifEl,iHl,I(S,)
p.l.I ••
+LDifEi",iH,..u,I(S" Su)].
<1.11>
Here I-' labels the irreducible representations, j the
strain modes of the I-'th representation, i the basic
functions of the I-'th representation, and I the degree
of the spin operators. The Bi,l" and Di,l" are one-ion
and two-ion temperature-independent, phenomenolog-
ical magnetoelastic coupling coefficients.
II. APPLICATION TO SINGLE-CRYSTAL DYSPROSIUM
Minimizing the free energy with respect to the strains
in the unpurturbed density matrix, we find for uniaxial
t:.l/l=Ao",O(f,,2+~,l) +Al",OU+Ao",2(h2+~1I2)
2
(U-t)
+Al",2U(U-t) +A'Y,2[HU-~,l) (!;X -!;1I2) +2~xMx!;lI]
+2A·,2(~x!;x+~1I!;1I)~z!;z, (2)
where Ei and !; i are direction cosines of the measure-
ment and magnetization directions, respectively. We
have terminated the series at 1= 2. In this expression,
the first two terms are independent of the magnetiza-
tion direction and arise from the dependence of the
isotropic exchange interaction on the fully symmetric
strains, a two-ion interaction. The remaining four
terms depend upon !; i 2 and arise from a sum of both
one- and two-ion interactions. For the classical internal
field Hamiltonian we find for the single-ion contribu-
tions: A(T)/A(O) =I!["c-l(m)], where Iz is a hyper-
bolic Bessel function,I .,c-l the inverse Langevin func-
tion, and m the reduced moment. The two-ion terms,
which depend upon spin correlation, are not properly
treated by the internal field model, and are evaluated
by the constant-coupling and thermodynamic Green
function approximations in a forthcoming publication.
The field dependence of all six coefficients of single-
(1)
crystalS Dy were measured in the paramagnetic region
(T> 178°K) using standard strain gauge techniques,
and were found to vary as H2, as expected thermody-
namically whenever the magnetic susceptibility is inde-
pendent of H. Because of the magnetocrystalline an-
isotropy at low temperatures the only magnetostriction
constant amenable to measurement is the one repre-
senting the distortion of the basal plane, A'Y,2. In Fig.
1, we have plotted our results for A'Y,2 at a field of
13.5 kOe, a field sufficiently high to remove the anti-
ferromagnetic spiral configuration. 4 The solid line is

3 The dysprosium single crystal was kindly lent to us hy Dr.

1 E. R. Callen and H. B. Callen, Phys. Rev. 129, 578 (1963). S. Legvold and Dr. F. H. Spedding of Iowa State University.
2 E. Callen, A. Clark, B. DeSavage, W. Coleman, and H. Callen, 4 D. Behrendt, S. Legvold, and F. Spedding, Phys. Rev. 109,
Phys. Rev. 130, 1735 (1963). 1544 (1958).
1028
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 MAG NET 0 S T RIC T ION 0 F SIN G L E - CRY S TAL DY Gd F eGA R NET 1029

the magnetostriction calculated from the classical 130

single-ion theory with X(O) =8.7XlO-3• At low tem- '20

peratures, this curve reduces to the familiar m 3 law 110

10)'- -H'9,fOOI
(the dotted line) and in the paramagnetic region to '00
GdtG ~::~,7:"=~:::==
3m2jS. (The moment and susceptibility data were 90
(d)"m ---H"7.61101
80
taken from the curves of Behrendt, Legvold, and 0,16
70
Spedding. 4) The good fit to X'Y· 2, which spans over ~
three decades suggests that the basal plane magneto- x 60
~

50
striction of Dy arises from a single-ion energy. When-
40
ever this is the case, the low-temperature magnetostric-
30
tion can be predicted from knowledge of the field
20
dependent magnetostriction far above the Curie point.
'0

Ill. APPLICATION TO GdIG AND DyIG

To apply the theory to Neel ferromagnets we assume,
as in YIG, that the magnetoelastic Hamiltonian c.an
be written as a sum of one-ion terms 2 for each sublattIce
and two-ion terms as in Eq. 1. Defining the magneto-
striction constants of these cubic crystals in the usual
way, the one-ion contributions to the magnetostri~tion
constants, XlOO and Xm, in the internal field apprOXIma-
tion are given by: X(T)jX(O) = LnB(n)It[£-l(mn)],
where the summation is over the magnetic sublattices.
In Fig. 2 we plot the temperature dependences of
these coefficients for single crystal GdIG and DyIG,
grown by Cunningham (of this laboratory) using 99.9%
pure rare-earth oxides. Unfortunately, the largest fields
available were not sufficient to rotate the DyIG mo-
ment below ""lS0oK. However, these curves have
several interesting characteristics.
Note first the presence of magnetostriction compen-
sation points in GdIG, as predicted in Ref. 2. T~e
rare earth ion, therefore, has a large, magnetoeiastic
coupling coefficient of opposite sign from the net iron
\ "(OlJ 512 [.;t-'(mlj
\
\\
\ points. This is in contrast to the satura~ion magne~o­
\\
\
\
\
\
>.(Olm" "\
100
TEMPERATURE oK
FIG. 2. Temperature dependences of the magnetostriction of
GdIG and DyIG.
coefficient and dominates the magnetostriction at low
temperatures. However, at higher temperatures the
small exchange coupling of the rare-earth sublattice
causes a great reduction of the magnetization, and
hence of the magnetostriction of this sublattice. Con-
sequently the still-saturated iron sublattices control
the magnetostriction. Also seen are the sharp dips in
the apparent magnetostriction recorded at the mag-
netization compensation points." At these points the
ferrite behaves like an antiferromagnet and the sub-
lattice magnetizations are not rotated by external
fields less than (2HJIa) I. With larger fields, the sub-
lattice magnetizations rotate perpendicular to the field
and the magnetostriction changes sign.
Note also the strong field dependence of the mag-
netostriction in GdIG at temperatures such that kT':::::..
P.Hint, where Hint is the exchange field on the rare
earth ion. At these temperatures the rare earth sus-
ceptibility is large.
Lastly, we observed a reversal in sign of the fon~ed
magnetostriction at the magnetization compensatIOn
striction, which maintains the same SIgn. In gomg
through a compensation point, all sublattice m~g­
\
netizations flop over in the external field. If a subiattice
\
\
magnetization is increased by the external field on one
\
\
\ side of the compensation point, it is reduced by the
\
\ , field on the other. Since the magnetostriction of each
" sublattice depends upon its magnetization, the effect
200 300
of the field on the forced magnetostriction reverses.

FIG. 1. The magnetostriction constant X~·2 of dysprosium

metal as a function of temperature. 6 D. F. Bleil and A. R. Butz, Phys. Rev. 94, 1440 (1954).

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