Chapter 1 3 1

Republic of the Philippine
City of Taguig 1
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City
College of Criminal Justice
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Probation officers are essential actors in the criminal justice system in many
countries. They work tirelessly to supervise and manage offenders who have been
released from prison or are serving community sentences, with the goal of ensuring
public safety while also promoting successful reintegration into society. However, the
job of a probation officer can be highly challenging and complex, requiring a range of
skills and capabilities, such as strong communication skills, knowledge of the
criminal justice system, and the ability to manage a caseload of diverse clients.
(Provide article) macro - micro atleast 4 focusing on the role of probation offices and
problems encountered by probation office both foreign and local setting
This study aims to investigate the lived experiences of probation officers in the
United States, with a particular focus on identifying areas where their capabilities can
be enhanced. By using qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews
and focus group discussions, the study seeks to provide a detailed understanding of
probation officers' daily experiences and the challenges they face in their work. The
findings of this study can inform the development of evidence-based policies and
practices that support the professional development of probation officers in the
United States and enhance their ability to provide effective and meaningful support
to their clients.
City of Taguig 2

Overall, this study has the potential to contribute to the field of criminal
justice and probation practice, providing insights into the challenges faced by
probation officers and how these challenges can be addressed through effective
policy and practice. It is hoped that the findings of this study will help to support the
continued professionalization of probation officers in the United States and contribute
to positive outcomes for offenders and communities.
Background of the Study
The Justice System in the Philippines, like many other countries, utilizes
probation as an alternative to incarceration for offenders who may not pose a threat
to society. Probation officers are individuals who help supervise probationers as a
way to support the justice system's efforts toward rehabilitation and reintegration.
Probation Officers provide much-needed support to probationers as they work
towards complying with the conditions of their probation.
Despite the critical role that probation officers play in the justice system, there
is limited research on their lived experiences. Understanding the experiences of
probation officers is crucial in improving the support that is available to them as they
carry out their duties. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the lived
experiences of Probation officers in Taguig City, Philippines.
Through this study, the researchers aim to understand the challenges and
rewards that Probation officers experience in their roles. Additionally, the
researchers aim to focus the enhancement of Probation officers in performing their

City of Taguig 3
duties and the types of support they receive or require. This study's findings could
inform the
development of policies and programs that could improve the support that is
provided to probation officers in Taguig City and the Philippines.
Considering the lack of research on Probation officers in the Philippines, this
study is crucial in providing insights into their lived experiences. By understanding
the challenges, rewards, and enhancement of their program and policies that could
improve their roles' effectiveness could be implemented. Ultimately, this could lead to
a more efficient and effective justice system in the Philippines.
Theoretical Framework
Schwalbe, C. S. (2012) claims that the efforts to strengthen probation
programs are often hampered by the lack of a normative theory for probation
practice. This study sought to generate a theory of probation practice from the
perspective of officers who currently supervise delinquent juveniles on probation. A
grounded theory approach was employed with 5 officers and 200 probationers who
participated in structured interviews about their probation practices. The results of
the study were synthesized into a comprehensive framework for probation called the
participation process model of probation. The participation process model describes
change mechanisms that are hypothesized by officers to link their use of specific
City of Taguig 4
tactics and strategies with two long-term objectives: risk/need reduction and
accountability. Key change mechanisms include youth participation/cooperation,
relationship strength,
parental support, and motivational processes. The participation process model
provides a framework to guide future research.
Additionally, this study is based on Mullineux, J. C., Taylor, B. J., & Giles, M.
L. theory which claims that the repertory grid is a promising method for illustrating
the complexity of factors being considered by probation officers in their assessment
of recidivism. The results indicate that a range of factors are considered, both
criminogenic and non-criminogenic. The constructs presented highlight that some
factors which are influential in decision-making practice do not always reflect the
objective categories that are more amenable to being measured and do not exactly
correspond with how we are advised to measure these concepts. In light of this,
assessment tools need to consider, not only actuarial measures of risk factors but
also the ways in which the probation officer conceptualizes the risks in everyday
practice. The design of assessment tools needs to consider the people making the
judgment, not just the risk factors.

City of Taguig 5
Conceptual Framework
The researcher will utilize the Input – Process – Output Method by McGrath.
The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, developed by McGrath, is a valuable
conceptual framework used to analyze systems. It breaks down a system into three
components: inputs (resources or stimuli), processes (transformations), and outputs
(results or outcomes). This model helps understand how inputs are processed to
generate desired outputs, making it useful in various fields for problem-solving and
system optimization.
The Input in this context refers to the various factors that have the potential to
impact the experiences and capabilities of probation officers in Taguig City. These
factors encompass elements such as education and training, available resources,
and organizational support.
Education and training: The level of education and the quality of training
received by probation officers can significantly influence their knowledge, skills, and
competencies in carrying out their duties effectively. Higher education and
comprehensive training programs can enhance their understanding of legal
processes, rehabilitation techniques, and case management.
Available resources: The availability and adequacy of resources, both human
and material, play a crucial role in shaping the experiences of probation officers.
City of Taguig 6
Sufficient staffing, appropriate facilities, access to technology, and supportive
infrastructure can contribute to their ability to fulfill their responsibilities efficiently.
Organizational support: The support and guidance provided by the probation
department and the broader organizational structure have a significant impact on the
experiences of probation officers. Effective leadership, clear policies and procedures,
communication channels, and supportive work culture can create an environment
that fosters professional growth and job satisfaction.
The Process entails conducting in-depth interviews with probation officers in
Taguig City to gain insights into their lived experiences, challenges faced in their
work, and the coping strategies they employ. These interviews serve as a valuable
tool for understanding the unique dynamics within the probation officer profession
and informing strategies to enhance their capabilities and support their well-being.
The Output encompasses the proposed capability enhancement strategies
derived from the identified input and process factors in the study. These strategies
involve the development of training programs, organizational policies, and additional
resources with the goal of improving the well-being and effectiveness of probation
officers in Taguig City. By implementing these strategies, it is intended to enhance
their skills, support their professional growth, and create a conducive work
environment that promotes their overall success in fulfilling their duties.

City of Taguig 7
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
This includes This includes the lived This includes the

various factors that experiences of proposed capability
can potentially probation officers, the enhancement
affect the lived challenges they face strategies that could
experiences and in their work, and the be developed based
capabilities of strategies they use to on the input and
probation officers in cope with these process output factors
Taguig City, such as challenges and identified in the study.
their education and enhance their These strategies may
training, available capabilities. These include training
resources, and outputs will be programs,
organizational explored through in- organizational
support. depth interviews with policies, and other
probation officers in resources aimed at
Taguig City. We will improving the overall
conduct an interview well-being and
to the focus subject. effectiveness of
probation officers in
Taguig City.
FEEDB
ACK
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to explore the lived experiences of probation officers in Taguig
City. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the experiences of Probation officers working with individuals
on probation?
City of Taguig 8
2. What challenges do the Probation Officers encounter in supervising the
probationer?
3. How does the probation officer cope with the challenges of supervising
the probationer?
4. What is the approach used by the probation officers in collaborating with
other professionals to support the probationer?
5. How does a probationer officer feel about the features and benefits of
being a probationer officer?
6. What are the examples of successful cases where probation officers
helped probationers successfully reintegrate into society?
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this research will be to explore the lived experiences of
probation officers who are actively serving in Taguig City, Philippines. The study will
investigate the personal, professional, and social experiences of the probation
officers, including their training and support, their interactions with clients, and the
impact of their work on their personal and professional development, and
The respondents of the study will be 5 probation officers including their chief
probation officer.
Significance of the Study
This study holds significant benefits for various stakeholders involved in the
criminal justice system and the community in Taguig City.

City of Taguig 9
Probation officers: The study can provide probation officers with a deeper
understanding of their own experiences, challenges, and coping strategies. It can
also offer insights into potential capability enhancement strategies that can improve
their professional skills, well-being, and effectiveness in supporting probationers.
BJMP (Bureau of Jail Management and Penology): The study's findings can help the
BJMP understand the specific challenges faced by probation officers and identify
ways to collaborate and provide support for their work within the correctional system.
Probationers: The research can lead to improved probation services, as it sheds light
on the experiences and strategies of probation officers. This can ultimately enhance
the support provided to probationers, leading to better rehabilitation outcomes and
successful reintegration into society.
BUCOR (Bureau of Corrections): The study's insights can facilitate better
coordination and cooperation between probation officers and BUCOR personnel,
strengthening the overall effectiveness of the criminal justice system in promoting
offender rehabilitation and reducing recidivism.
Volunteer Probation Aide: The study's insights can guide the training and support
provided to volunteer probation aides, enabling them to better assist probation
officers and contribute to the probation process effectively.

City of Taguig 10
DOJ (Department of Justice): The study's findings can inform policy and decision-
making within the DOJ, leading to targeted interventions and improvements in
probation services that align with the needs and experiences of probation officers.
Taguig City Government and Barangay Officials: The study can provide insights that
enable local government and barangay officials to better understand the specific
issues faced by probation officers in their jurisdiction. This understanding can guide
the allocation of resources, development of support programs, and enhancement of
collaboration between stakeholders.
Supreme Court: The research outcomes can inform the Supreme Court's policies
and guidelines related to probation services, supporting the improvement of the
overall probation system in the country.
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): NGOs working in the criminal justice and
social services sectors can benefit from the study by gaining a comprehensive
understanding of the challenges faced by probation officers. This can facilitate their
collaboration in providing additional support and resources to enhance probation
services.
City of Taguig 11
Future representatives: The study's findings can serve as a knowledge base for
future representatives and policymakers in developing legislation, guidelines, and
initiatives
that address the needs and concerns of probation officers and strengthen the
criminal justice system as a whole.
Overall, the study's significance lies in its potential to improve the support,
effectiveness, and well-being of probation officers, thereby enhancing the outcomes
of probation services and contributing to the overall functioning of the criminal justice
system in Taguig City.

City of Taguig 12
Definition of Terms
Capability Enhancement - refers to the process of improving and
strengthening abilities, skills, and resources to enhance performance and achieve
desired objectives effectively. It involves providing individuals or organizations with
the necessary tools, knowledge, training, and support to maximize their potential and
achieve optimal outcomes.
Lived Experiences - is a depiction of a person's experiences and decisions, as
well as the knowledge gained from these experiences and choices.
Parolees - it refers to a person, it is the conditional release of prisoners before
they complete their sentence. Paroled prisoners are supervised by a public official,
usually called a parole officer. If paroled prisoners violate the conditions of their
release, they may be returned to prison.
Parole and Probation Administration Office - is an attached agency of the
Department of Justice which provides a less costly alternative to the imprisonment of
offenders who are likely to respond to individualized community-based treatment
programs.
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Parole and Probation Officer/PPOs - A probation and parole officer is an
official appointed or sworn to investigate, report on, and supervise the conduct of
convicted offenders on probation or those released from incarceration to community
supervision such as parole.
Probation - This is a sanction that's been ordered by the court system. A
person is put on this when they've been found guilty of committing a crime. Probation
lets a person stay in their community, so long as they're being supervised by a
probation officer.
Probationer - a convict who is released from prison provided he maintains
good behavior. One who is on Probation whereby is given some freedom to reenter
society subject to the condition that for a specified period the individual conducts
herself in a manner approved by a special officer to whom the probationer must
report
Probation Department - a criminal justice service that is mainly responsible for
dealing with offenders by placing them under the supervision of a probation officer.
High-risk offenders are supervised by the Probation Service.
Probation officers - A probation and parole officer is an official appointed or
sworn to investigate, report on, and supervise the conduct of convicted offenders on
probation or those released from incarceration to community supervision such as
parole.
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Probation Services - The Probation Service is the lead State agency for
assessing and managing offenders (people convicted of an offense) in the
community. It works with offenders and others to reduce offending and to make
communities safer.
Probation System - aims at implementing the conditions in the court order and
facilitating the rehabilitation of the offender through corrective guidance and the use
of community resources. A probation plan is based on a thorough analysis of the
offender's background and needs.

City of Taguig 15
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Chapter 2 of the research explores the relevant literature, including foreign
studies and literature, as well as local studies and literature. It examines research
conducted by scholars from different countries, analyzing their methodologies and
findings. The chapter also reviews published works by international authors to gain
diverse perspectives. It further investigates local studies conducted in specific areas,
evaluating their methodologies and significant findings. Lastly, it critically analyzes
local literature by local scholars to identify important themes, theories, and
arguments that contribute to the existing knowledge on the research topic.
Foreign Literature
Norman, E. M. et. Al (2022). Stated that this aimed to explore, describe, and
interpret New Zealand probation officers’ insights into supervisees’ non-compliance
with community sentences. Seventeen probation officers participated in two focus
groups. Probation officers viewed problems with cognitive skills as a key barrier to
sentence compliance. They reported that these problems underpinned other factors
linked to compliance, such as meeting basic needs and skill acquisition. Probation
officers employed a number of social worker-oriented evidenced-based strategies,
including building high-quality relationships and being flexible, along with
modification of sentence requirements to increase supervisee compliance, especially

City of Taguig 16
with supervisees who faced considerable obstacles when engaging with a
community sentence.
(2022), Stated that Probation is an alternative sentence to incarceration
available in the court system. The role of probation in the correctional system is to
motivate violators to remain law abiding. Probation officers supervise juvenile and
adult criminal offenders in their community settings. They track offenders to ensure
they follow court orders – and report problems and progress to the courts.
Viglione, J., & Labrecque, R. M. (2021). Stated that community supervision
officer training programs aim to translate core correctional practices into routine
practice. These training programs emphasize skill-building designed to shift
supervision strategies from law enforcement/compliance-oriented to a focus on
promoting and supporting behavior change. Despite evidence of their effectiveness,
research finds trained officers use newly learned skills infrequently. The current
study examined the impact of a policy, implemented post-training, designed to
encourage trained officers to use skills emphasized by the Staff Training Aimed at
Reducing Rearrest (STARR) training program more frequently. The current study
examined the effectiveness of this policy on the frequency and type of skills used by
officers in their interactions with individuals on their caseload. Analyses suggested
the policy mandate was effective in increasing skill use, however officers still used
trained skills in less than half of their interactions. Implications and considerations for
increasing the use of skills are discussed.

City of Taguig 17
Hsieh L. ET. Al (2021), mentioned It is important to understand the statutorily
mandated roles of probation officers because such awareness would further inform
legislators and policymakers about the potential disjunction between the “ideology” of
the law and the “reality” of the practice. To fill this gap in the literature, the current
study employs a statutory analysis to examine the roles of probation officers. We
identify which probation roles are statutorily mandated today and whether such
requirements fit the trend of the “balanced” approach
Sloas, L., Lerch, Et. Al (2020) stated that the working relationship between
probation officers and probationers is an important area of research given recent
studies illustrate a strong relationship reduces recidivism. In this study, the
perceptions of the working relationship between officers and probationers were
examined among a group of substance-using probationers who participated in a
multi-site randomized clinical trial. After 6 months, probationers who reported greater
alcohol use and greater family and peer drug use on a baseline Addiction Severity
Index were less likely to perceive their probation officer as being
caring/fair/trustworthy, and older probationers were less likely to perceive their PO as
being tough. Important policy implications are discussed.

City of Taguig 18
Foreign Studies
Ersayan, Et al. (2022) The goal of the current study was to investigate
individual‐level factors associated with job burnout among probation officers (POs)
and, specifically, to examine if attitudes toward probationers were linked with job
burnout in the context of the recently established probation system in Turkey.
Participants (N = 115) were recruited from a probation office in Istanbul. Job burnout
was assessed via three components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and
professional accomplishment. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that
more favorable attitudes toward probationers were related to a lower sense of
depersonalization and higher experience of professional accomplishment. However,
POs’ attitudes toward probationers were not associated with emotional exhaustion.
Our findings are discussed in light of the present empirical literature on the
contextual factors influential in job burnout. Practical implications for burnout
prevention point to the potential effectiveness of working on attitudes among POs
toward the people they supervise.
Wirkus, Et al.(2021) International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health 18 (1), 355, 2021 The current article examined the relationship
between preferred styles of coping with stress and occupational burnout among
probation officers in Poland. The probation system in Poland is unique in comparison
to similar organizations in Europe and the world. It is characterized by two separate
specializations in the area of performed tasks: probation officers for adults and for
family and juvenile clients. The main purpose of the study was to assess the
City of Taguig 19
relationship between occupational burnout levels among probation officers (n = 390)
and their preferred styles of coping with stress. Two psychological tools were used in
the study: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Coping Inventory for
Stressful Situations (CISS). A linear regression analysis was carried out to explain
the variance in occupational burnout. Occupational burnout was the dependent
variable and the CISS scales were the predictors. In order to test the moderating role
of the sociodemographic factors of gender, work experience, age, and probation
specialization in the relationship between coping styles and occupational burnout, a
range of moderation analyses using Hayes’ PROCESS macro on SPSS was carried
out.
Ebony, R (2020) Probation officers have long had to balance social work and
law enforcement orientations to meet the needs of the individuals on probation and
to enforce the conditions of probation. In some jurisdictions, probation officers have a
large responsibility in the collection and enforcement of probation fees. Little
research has examined how that job function impacts the work of probation officers.
The rehabilitative and punitive goals of probation may become secondary to the
revenue generating goals. Transcripts of focus groups and interviews with 74
probation officers and managers in four probation jurisdictions in Texas were
analyzed. The major finding was that, with a central focus on collections, probation
officers risked moving away from an integrated social worker/law enforcer role
focused on criminogenic needs, to being focused on revenue collection, thus making
them akin to bill collectors.

City of Taguig 20
Tim May, Et. Al (2020) This chapter investigates the ability of an occupation
group to control the purpose, process, and outcome of its working activities. The
emergence of probation may be traced to the work of police court missionaries.
Beginning with the Church of England Temperance Society, their work was informed
by an evangelical spirit that placed absolute responsibility for a criminal act in doubt
due to the idea of ‘lapse’ from a moral way of life. In 1922, the Report of the
Departmental Committee on the Training, Appointment, and Payment of Probation
Officers noted that probation was not a profession in which people could expect to
command high salaries. Furthermore, the 1925 Criminal Justice Act made it
mandatory, rather than discretionary, for each area to have a probation officer
attached to it and to designate each petty sessional division a probation area.
Brandon, S. (2020). Exploring the Lived Experiences of Probation Officers’
Efforts to Reduce Recidivism (Doctoral dissertation, Capella University).The
research highlights the experiences and perspectives of probation officers, revealing
their skepticism about the effectiveness of current programs, the importance of an
offender’s commitment to following probation rules, and the need for additional
training to enhance their understanding of evidence-based practices in reducing
recidivism.
City of Taguig 21
Local Literature
Amazon (2022) In an interview on September 9, 2022, Solite, a representative
of the probation agency in Eastern Visayas, expressed the need for more volunteers
to support their operations. The current workforce is overwhelmed by the workload,
as they cater to over 4,400 clients, including both probationers and parolees across
six provinces in the region. The situation is particularly challenging in one office,
where only three officers handle 200 cases. Additionally, the agency faces time
constraints, as they are allotted a mere 60 days by the court to complete reports
determining whether clients will be granted probation.
Salas (2022) The Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency
(PNVSCA) continues its efforts to promote volunteerism within national government
agencies. Executive Director Donald James D. Gawe visited the Parole and
Probation Administration (PPA) in Diliman, Quezon City, on April 25, 2022, to
explore potential partnerships in advancing the volunteerism agenda and framework
plan. The PPA is currently implementing the Volunteer Probation Assistant Program
(VPA) in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 968, Section 28.
Chan, H. J. (2021) Revealed that the implementation of the therapeutic
community modality program was effective and most of the rehabilitation activities
engagements of the parolees and probationers had a strong influence on their

City of Taguig 22
perspectives and notions in the pursuit of changing their lives for a brighter future
with their families.
Narag (2020) Probation officers in the Philippine Criminal Justice System
(PCJS) play a crucial role in supervising individuals who have received sentences of
up to 6 years. These individuals must meet certain criteria, including being first-time
offenders, having no negative records in the community, and being assessed as low
risk for re-offending. The probation officers ensure that their clients comply with the
conditions of their probation, avoid committing new offenses, and integrate
responsibly into the community. The article highlights the excellent work done by
probation officers in monitoring and mentoring their clients. The official success rate
is impressively high, with only 2 percent of probationers returning to jail or prison due
to new offenses or technical revocations.
Tumitit, A. A. (2020) stated that VPAs and PPOs encounter problems with the
budget, the absence of VPAs in the barangays, and long distances traveled by both
before reaching the clients’ workplaces or residences. Anyhow, the VPAs were
capable of coping with the challenges despite the financial difficulties they
experienced and were able to effectively carry out the tasks they have voluntarily
accepted. The PPOs as well were able to deal with the pressures and stresses
because of the commitment of their active supervising VPAs despite their busy hours
and the arduous travels to reach the clients.

City of Taguig 23
Local Studies
Annablon A. (2020), Stated that Correction officers devotedly function as an
important component of Criminal Justice System; however, crimes continue to exist.
Thus, the government conceived one of the major goals which is to establish a better
and more humane type of correctional system that promotes the reformation of
offenders which certainly reduces recidivism. This humane type of correctional
system, non-institutional corrections or the community-based corrections, mainly
refer to the probation services (Puguon, 2005; Gahar, 2012; Storh & Walsh, 2011,
&PD, 968).
Tumitit (2019) To assist the probation and parole officers in community-based
corrections, one must be recruited and motivated to volunteer. However, it is not
clear as to what method one can be effectively recruited and how their interests can
be sustained. Extensive research have been conducted on volunteerism but few
studies have been done focusing on recruitment and motivation of volunteers. This
study, therefore, evaluates the effective methods that can be used for the
recruitment of Volunteer Probation Assistants (VPAs) of DOJ-PPA of Region 2,
Philippines; the significant difference of the respondents when grouped according to
field office; the motivations that sustain their interests; and the significant difference
of the respondents when grouped according to demographic profiles. It is concluded
in this study that individuals are attracted to volunteer when effective methods of
recruitment were used which highlighted personal approach although there are
differences among field offices. Of the motivational factors, the VPAs were sustained
City of Taguig 24
with a sense of fulfillment, recognition, personal growth, and development, as well as
team building. Further, without regard to their demographic profiles, VPAs can be
motivated to volunteer when they feel satisfied with the tasks assigned to them.
Dioses, Et al (2019) Stated that the study aimed to determine the life
experiences of probationers in the Province of Quirino, Philippines. It determined
specifically the life experiences of probationers in the therapeutic community along
with the behavioral management, social and emotional category, intellectual and
spiritual category, and vocational and survival categories. It utilized a qualitative
approach through case study design to understand the nature of a setting and the
experiences others have in this context. Results showed that the life experiences of
probationers focused on awareness training, improving social skills, improving and
maintaining personal hygiene, promoting healthy relationships, counseling, spiritual
awakening, government agencies’ collective effort, and livelihood training programs.
Moreover, their life experiences revolve around personality development trainings
upon undergoing the said program training they display positive behaviors because
they have internalized the program which leads them to have a positive outlook in
life. It is recommended that the parole and probation may consider seeking the
assistance of different agencies to continuously and sustainably facilitate training
needed to promote human and social transformation among its clients and additional
research is recommended to expand the scope of this study, and other researchers
may conduct study not covered by this study

City of Taguig 25
Mariano Et al. (2019). Results showed that the life experiences of
probationers focused on awareness training, improving social skills, improving and
maintaining personal hygiene, promoting healthy relationships, counseling, spiritual
awakening, government agencies’ collective effort, and livelihood training programs.
Moreover, their life experiences revolve around personality development training
upon undergoing the said program training they display positive behaviors because
they have internalized the program which leads them to have a positive outlook in
life.
Yangco C. (2019), The reintegration of offenders into their own community
and society is one of the universally accepted goals of corrections, whether the latter
is carried out in institutions or through non-custodial measures. To ensure that
offenders discharged from detention centers, jails, penal institutions or rehabilitation
centers re-claim their part and role in society, there is a need to assist them in their
reunification with their families and reentry into the community. Thus, it is imperative
to sustain rehabilitation and achieve reintegration through the community-based
treatment of Ex offenders.
The foreign literature provides insights into probation officers' approaches to
enhancing compliance and behavior change, addressing issues such as cognitive
skills, basic needs, and skill acquisition. It also highlights the significance of building
strong relationships and employing evidence-based strategies. On the other hand,
the local literature emphasizes the importance of volunteerism in the probation
system and sheds light on the challenges probation agencies face, such as heavy
City of Taguig 26
workloads and limited resources. It also delves into the experiences and
perspectives of probation officers and probationers in the Philippines, including their
engagement in therapeutic programs, reintegration efforts, and the impact of
government initiatives.
City of Taguig 27

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This section focuses on the information and the procedures on how the
researchers conducted the data used in this study, the research design, and the
sampling technique.
Research Design
The researchers are going to use a phenomenological method to determine
the Lived Experiences of Probation Officers in Taguig City: Input towards proposed
Capability Enhancement. This method will be instrumental in capturing the depth and
richness of their experiences, shedding light on their challenges, motivations, and
the intricacies of their daily work.
The researcher will use a focus group interview to get information from the
participants; they will all be asked the same questions to ascertain what common
observations they can draw from their varied experiences. According to Seville
(2018), interviewing is a flexible method that allows the researcher to explore a
greater depth of meaning than can be obtained with other techniques, interpersonal
skills can be used to facilitate cooperation and elicit more information.

City of Taguig 28
Population and Sampling Technique
The respondents of this study are the Probation officers in Taguig/Pateros.
The total number of participants is 5.
A judgemental or purposive sampling method was used in selecting the
respondents in the qualitative phase. Stephanie (2015) stated that it is a technique
where a researcher selects a sample based on their knowledge about the study and
population.
The study will be conducted within Taguig City. The researchers will get the
information from the Parole and Probation Office. The participants of the study are
supervising and assisting individuals who have been placed on parole or probation
as part of their criminal sentences. They play a crucial role in the rehabilitation and
reintegration process of these clients. The researchers have chosen participants who
are authorized, close by, and willing to participate in the study.

City of Taguig 29
Description of the Respondents
Table 1
The table shows the percentage distribution of the respondents of the study.
Respondents Number of Sample Respondents
Parole and Probation Officer 5

Taguig-Pateros
Description of Respondents
The researcher will give 5 survey questionnaires to the Parole and Probation
Administration office of Taguig-Pateros, during their monthly session with the
probationers. The respondent’s profile is presented in terms of age, gender, civil
status, length of service, location of residence, and their highest educational
attainment.
Data gathering procedures
After the validation of the research instrument, the researchers prepared a
letter of approval to conduct a study about the Live Experienced of Probation
Officers in Taguig City: Input Towards Capability Enhancement because the data
gathering will be conducted through interviews, audio and video recordings, and
transcriptions. Once the request was granted, the researchers proceeded with the
gathering of data. The researcher conducted the study at Taguig City University.
City of Taguig 30
After collecting all the data, the researchers proceeded to transcribe the audio
recordings of the respondents and interpret the data that was gathered. Hopefully,
the result will help the future of the education field.
Instrumentation Validation
This study will contain a focus group interview, and the respondents' personal
responses will be necessary to strengthen our study, which will include
documentation, interviews, audio, and video recordings. An interview was used to
obtain data with their permission.
Statistical Treatment of Data
In the process of finding the answer to the problem in this study, the researched
information was gathered, analyzed, calculated, and interpreted them.
The following was the statistical treatment used in this study:
1. Percentage will be used to find the proportion of respondent variables such as age,
gender, highest educational attainment, and years in service
P= FX100
Where:
P - Percentage
F - Frequency
N - Total Number of respondents
100 - Constant
City of Taguig 31
2. Weighted mean a statistical tool was used to determine the central tendency of the
profile of the respondents in the evaluation of the Lived Experiences of Probation
Officers In Taguig City: Input Towards Proposed Capability Enhancement.
AWM=F x M
Where:
AWM - Average Weighted Mean
F - Frequency
W - Weight
N - Number Of Respondents
4-Point Scale:
Rage of Means: Verbal Interpretation:
4.00 – 3.50 Very Effective
2.50 – 3.49 Effective
1.50 – 2.49 Less Effective
1.00 – 1.49 Not Effective

City of Taguig 32
4.00 – 3.50 Very Serious
2.50 – 3.49 Serious
1.50 – 2.49 Less Serious
1.00 – 1.49 Not Serious
4.00 – 3.50 Highly Recommended
2.50 – 3.49 Recommended
1.50 – 2.49 Less Recommended
1.00 – 1.49 Not Recommended
Chi-square since the data are categorical, the researcher use the non-parametric chi-square
to determine such as age, sex, highest educational attainment, family status, and religious
affiliations.
X2= E (0 – e)2
Where:
X2= chi square o= observe frequency

City of Taguig 33
E= summary symbol e= expected frequency

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Republic of the Philippine

College of Criminal Justice

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

skills and capabilities, such as strong communication skills, knowledge of the

problems encountered by probation office both foreign and local setting

be enhanced. By using qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews

practices that support the professional development of probation officers in the

College of Criminal Justice

continued professionalization of probation officers in the United States and contribute

to positive outcomes for offenders and communities.

Background of the Study

to society. Probation officers are individuals who help supervise probationers as a

Probation Officers provide much-needed support to probationers as they work

towards complying with the conditions of their probation.

is limited research on their lived experiences. Understanding the experiences of

experiences of Probation officers in Taguig City, Philippines.

rewards that Probation officers experience in their roles. Additionally, the

researchers aim to focus the enhancement of Probation officers in performing their

provided to probation officers in Taguig City and the Philippines.

Considering the lack of research on Probation officers in the Philippines, this

study is crucial in providing insights into their lived experiences. By understanding

a more efficient and effective justice system in the Philippines.

Schwalbe, C. S. (2012) claims that the efforts to strengthen probation

perspective of officers who currently supervise delinquent juveniles on probation. A

participated in structured interviews about their probation practices. The results of

participation process model of probation. The participation process model describes

parental support, and motivational processes. The participation process model

provides a framework to guide future research.

the complexity of factors being considered by probation officers in their assessment

criminogenic and non-criminogenic. The constructs presented highlight that some

judgment, not just the risk factors.

College of Criminal Justice

The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, developed by McGrath, is a valuable

components: inputs (resources or stimuli), processes (transformations), and outputs

factors encompass elements such as education and training, available resources,

and organizational support.

competencies in carrying out their duties effectively. Higher education and

comprehensive training programs can enhance their understanding of legal

processes, rehabilitation techniques, and case management.

Available resources: The availability and adequacy of resources, both human

Organizational support: The support and guidance provided by the probation

experiences of probation officers. Effective leadership, clear policies and procedures,

communication channels, and supportive work culture can create an environment

that fosters professional growth and job satisfaction.

The Process entails conducting in-depth interviews with probation officers in

The Output encompasses the proposed capability enhancement strategies

involve the development of training programs, organizational policies, and additional

officers in Taguig City. By implementing these strategies, it is intended to enhance

environment that promotes their overall success in fulfilling their duties.

College of Criminal Justice

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

This includes This includes the lived This includes the

Statement of the Problem

City. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the experiences of Probation officers working with individuals

4. What is the approach used by the probation officers in collaborating with

other professionals to support the probationer?

being a probationer officer?

6. What are the examples of successful cases where probation officers

helped probationers successfully reintegrate into society?

Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research will be to explore the lived experiences of