Microbial Diseases

of the Respiratory
System
GROUP #4
The Respiratory System
-is the network of organs and
tissues that help you breathe.
-brings oxygen into your body and
helps to remove carbon dioxide.
DIVISIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nose ,Throat
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Larynx, Trachea

Bronchial Tubes,Lungs
DISEASES OF UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PHARYNGITIS -SORE THROAT

LARYNGITIS -INFECTION OF THE LARYNX

TONSILLITIS -INFECTION OF THE TONSILS

EPIGLOTTITIS -INFECTION OF THE EPIGLOTTIS

 Diseases of upper respiratory system
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx, Symptoms
which is in the back of the throat. It’s most - sneezing
often referred to simply as “sore throat.” -runny nose
-Pharyngitis is a contagious disease -headache

Viral and bacterial Treatment

agents If a virus is causing your
·
- measles pharyngitis, home care can help
relieve symptoms. Medical
-adenovirus
treatment is necessary for
-group A pharyngitis if it’s caused by a
streptococcus bacterial infection.
 Diseases of upper respiratory system

Chronic laryngitis can be caused by: Laryngitis occurs when your voice box or vocal cords
· frequent exposure to harmful chemicalsbecome inflamed from overuse, irritation, or infection.
or allergens Laryngitis can be acute (short-term), lasting less than
· acid reflux three weeks. Or it can be chronic (long-term), lasting
· frequent sinus infections more than three weeks.
· smoking or being around smokers -Laryngitis are not contagious
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) may be the responsible pathogen. Acute laryngitis can be caused by:
· viral infections
· straining your vocal cords by talking or yelling
-bacteria implicated in acute laryngitis include S.
pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis
 Symptoms
· weakened voice
· loss of voice
· hoarse, dry throat

Treatment
Viruses cause the majority of cases of infectious
acute laryngitis Doctor may prescribe antibiotics in
the rare case that your condition is caused by a
bacterial infection.
For chronic laryngitis is aimed at the underlying
cause and will vary. Your doctor may prescribe an
antihistamine, pain relievers, or a glucocorticosteroid.
 Viral and bacterial agents
Diseases of upper respiratory system Streptococcus bacterium.
Adenoviruses
Tonsilitis Epstein-Barr virus, which causes
infectious mononucleosis
-The most common cause of
Herpes simplex virus
tonsillitis is viral infections.
Cytomegalovirus
- occurs when your tonsils become
Measles virus
infected, and can be caused by
either bacteria or viruses,can
develop in people of all ages. Symptoms Treatment
-Tonsillitis itself is, therefore, not - White or yellow spots of Paracetamol can help and the
contagious.The viruses and bacteria pus on the tonsils person should rest
that cause tonsillitis, however, are -Sore throat .Antibiotics do not help if the
contagious. tonsillitis if caused by a viral
-Swollen lymph glands
infection while tonsillitis that is
under each side of the jaw caused by bacteria, antibiotics are
prescribed.
 Diseases of upper respiratory system
Epiglottitis is characterized by inflammation and
swelling of your epiglottis. It’s a potentially life-
Viral and bacterial agents threatening illness.
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Streptococcus A, B, or C
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Treatment
shingles
chickenpox · intravenous fluids
Symptoms on children · antibiotics if suspected
Symptoms in adults
· a high fever -fever
bacterial infection
· sore throat -difficulty breathing · anti-inflammatory
· a hoarse voice -difficulty swallowing medication, such as
· drooling -a raspy or muffled corticosteroids, to reduce the
voice swelling in your throat
STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS
-A common bacterial infection of the throat and
tonsils , between the ages of 5 and 15

Symptoms Bacterial agent

-sore throat streptococcus pyogenes
-highe temperature
-Cough
Treatment
- coryza,
-Penicillin
-diarrhea common with viral
-Amoxicillin
pharyngitis.
-Erythromycin and first-generation
cephalosporins
Streptococcal throat infection
are caused by any one of several species of
Streptococcus. These gram-positive, sphere-shaped
(coccal) bacteria cause many disorders.

Symptoms Bacterial agent

red and painful -streptococcus pyogenes
swollen tissues bacterium
scabby sores - Streptococcus agalactiae
sore (strep) throat
Treatment
rash depending on the
antibiotics
area affected.
like penicillin and
amoxicillin
DIPTHERIA
is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the
mucous membranes of the nose and throat.

Bacterial agent
Symptoms:
Corneybacterium diptheriae
Fever
Sore throat Treatment
Malaise antibiotics
Swelling of the diphtheria antitoxin
neck
OTITIS MEDIA
MAINLY CAUSED BY THE BACTERIA
STREPTOCOCCUS AND STAPHYLOCCUS

BACTERIA ENTER THE MIDDLE EAR FROM

OROPHARYNX VIA THE SHORT INTERNAL
AUDITORY TUBE

SYMPTOMS:

PAINFUL SWELLING OF EAR DRUM

 COMMON COLD
CAUSED BY A VARIETY OF VIRUSES; RHINOVIRUSES AND CORONAVIRUSES

EXACT ROUTE OF TRANSMISSION IS STILL NOT CLEAR

SYMPTOMS ARE SNEEZING, RUNNY NOSE, AND CONGESTION

VIRUSES PREFER A SLIGHTLY COOLER TEMPERATURE HENCE THE

UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
PERTUSSIS (WHOOPING
COUGH)
CAUSED BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
LOWER RESSPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASE
BACTERIAL TOXIN CAUSES PARALYSIS OF
TRACHEAL CILIA
SEVERE COUGHING

THREE STAGES OF THE DISEASE:

CATARRHAL, PAROXYSMAL, AND
CONVALESCENCE
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is an extremely successful
pathogen that adapts to survive within the host.
During the latency phase of infection, M. tuberculosis employs a
range of effector proteins to be cloud the host immune system and
shapes its lifestyle to reside in granulomas, sophisticated, and
organized structures of immune cells that are established by the
host in response to persistent infection.
While normally being restrained in immunocompetent hosts, M.
tuberculosis within granulomas can cause the recrudescence of TB
when host immunity is compromised.
 BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by certain
bacteria.
If you’re young and healthy, these bacteria can live in your throat
without causing any trouble. But if your immune system become weak,
the bacteria can go down into your lungs
Bacterial Agent Higher risk of getting bacteria pneumonia:
STREPTOCOCCUS PHEUMONIAE 65 or older
Have other conditions like asthma, diabetes, or
SYMPTOMS: heart disease
High Fever Smoker
Chest pain Drinking too much alcohol
Difficulty Breathing Treatment:
Antibiotic
Penicillin
 PATHOGENS

*mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

(MTBC) -
Mycobacterium tuberculosis -
Mycobacterium africanum -
TREATMENT Mycobacterium microti -
Mycobacterium bovis
If you have latent TB, your doctor might
recommend treatment with medication if
you're at high risk of developing active TB.
For active tuberculosis, you must take
antibiotics for at least six to nine months.
 CONTINUATION
The exact drugs and length of treatment depend on your
age, overall health, possible drug resistance and where the
infection is in your body.
If you have latent tuberculosis, you might need to take only one or two
types of TB drugs. Active tuberculosis, particularly if it's a drug-
resistant strain, will require several drugs at once. The most common
medications used to treat tuberculosis include:
Isoniazid Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane) Ethambutol (Myambutol)
Pyrazinamide If you have drug-resistant TB, a combination of antibiotics
called fluoroquinolones and injectable medications, such as amikacin or
capreomycin (Capastat), are generally used for 20 to 30 months. Some
types of TB are developing resistance to these medications as well.
 MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIA
INFECTION
More common in young adults (under 40) and children.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae are bacteria that can cause illness by
damaging the lining of the respiratory system (throat, lungs, windpipe).

Symptom:
Treatment:
Fever
Erythromycin
Cough
Tetracycline
Headache Last for several weeks
Sore throat
Feeling Tired
 LEGIONELLOSIS
(LEGIONNARIES’ DISEASE)
Legionnaires’ disease is a serious type of pneumonia (lung infection)
caused by Legionella bacteria.
People can get sick when they breathe in small droplets of water or
accidently swallow water containing Legionella into the lungs.

Symptoms: Treatment:
Cough Antibiotics
Diarrhea
Fever
Confusion
 INFLUENZA
is known as "Flu"
RNA virus that has
three classes Influenza:
1. INFLUENZA A
2. INFLUENZA B
3. INFLUENZA C
SYMPTOMS
Fever
Aching muscles
Chills and sweats
Headache
Dry, persistent cough
Shortness of breath
Tiredness and weakness
Runny or stuffy nose
Sore throat
Eye pain
Vomiting and diarrhea, but this is more common in children than adults
 Spike
Hemagglutinin spikes
500 per virus
Allows virus to recognize
and attach to body cells
Antibodies made to these
spikes
Spike

Neuraminidase spikes
100 per virus
Help virus separate
from infected host cell
Why do I need to get a new flu shot every year?

Antigenic drift – changes in the structure of

the spikes that allow the virus to evade the
immune system
Occurs on an annual basis
Antigenic shift – major change in the
protein of the spikes that creates a virus
that is “new” to the human population; little
herd immunity; major epidemics
 Coccidiodomycosisp
Coccidiodomycosis Fungal disease of the lungs Coccidiodes
immitis
Endemic to the desert southwest
Causes either no symptoms or mild symptoms, including
chest pain, fever, coughing, and weight loss
Immune suppressed individuals may develop a TB like
disease that can become systemic
Amphotericin B is used to treat the condition
 REFERENCES
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System - ppt video
online download (slideplayer.com)
8 Common Respiratory Diseases (verywellhealth.com)
https://www.bing.com/search?
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144265957e83cd7a41e187&sp=1&qs=EP&pq=respiratory+
&sk=PRES1&sc=10-
12&cvid=f987798479144265957e83cd7a41e187