LEA1

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Law enforcement is an activity of government agencies that act in an organized manner to
enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing persons who violate the
rules and norms governing that society.
However, as society evolves, it is most frequently applied to those who directly engage
in crime prevention, crime control, and maintenance of peace and order, typically carried out
by the police or another law enforcement organization with particular or specific legal
mandates to enforce the law. Hence, law enforcement is usually called the police.
A. ORIGIN AND DEFINITION OF THE WORD “POLICE”
 The word “POLICE” has originated from the Greek word POLIS which means “city-state”
 Another Greek word POLITEIA which means “government of the city”.
 The Roman changed the word slightly to POLITIA which means “condition of the state
or government”.
 It was used by the middle French word PORICE, which means” public order assured by
the state”.
 The French word changed the word to “Police” which means persons who enforced the
law and it was later adopted by the English Language.
OFFICER DELA PAIX- a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term police officer.
B. FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
1. The Continental Theory. In this theory, police officers are considered servants of the
higher authorities, and the people have little or no share at all in their duties, or any
direct connection with them. This theory prevails among continental countries like
France, Italy, and Spain, where governmental structure follows the centralized pattern.
2. The Home Rule Theory. Policemen are considered servants of the Community, who
depend on the effectiveness of their functions upon the express wishes of people. In this
theory, policemen are civil employees whose primary duty is to preserve public peace
and security. This is practiced in England and in the United States of America, where the
governmental structure is a decentralized pattern.

C. CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Old Concept. In this concept, the police are look upon as merely repressive machinery.
This means that placing more people in jail rather than keeping them out of jail.
Punishment is the only instrument of crime control, and the yardstick of the police
efficiency is more on the arrest.
2. Modern Concept. This concept considers the police service as an organ of crime
prevention. Its activity includes certain aspects of social services and have for its
objectives the welfare of the individual and society. The yardstick of police efficiency is
the absence of crime.

D. POLICE OBJECTIVES
1. To make sure there is an order in the community;
2. To protect the lives and limbs of every member of the Community;
3. To protect the citizenry; and
4. To render appropriate assistance to other government offices concerned.
E. BASIC POLICE FUNCTIONS
1. Crime Prevention. It is directed at the elimination or reduction of the desire to commit a
crime. Crime prevention must be coordinated very closely with other agencies such as
the criminal justice system or other sectors of society.
2. Crime Control. Refers to the control or neutralization of criminal activity. The key to
crime control is proper enforcement of the Revised Penal Code and Special Penal Laws
governing criminal acts.
3. Regulations or Control of Non-Criminal Conduct. Done by enforcing rules and
regulations and ordinances all aimed at achieving a desired uniform standard of activity
among members of society.
F. THREE (3) GENERAL CATEGORIES OF POLICE FUNCTIONS
1. Primary, Line or Operation Police Functions. This refer to police activities such as patrol
work, traffic control/management, criminal investigation, and juvenile and vice control.
Sometimes intelligence is classified as a line function. The accomplishment of these
primary tasks should achieve the police objectives.
2. Secondary, Auxiliary, or Service Functions. These take charge of transportation,
communication, property supply, records, laboratory, jail or custody maintenance, and
identification. These tasks shall assist and effectively support the primary tasks in the
accomplishment of the police objectives.
3. Administrative or Managerial Functions. These include personnel, intelligence,
inspection, planning activities, budgeting, training and public relations. These task
should assist and effectively support the primary and secondary police tasks in attaining
police objectives.
 CHAPTER II
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION CONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLES
A. CONCEPT OF ORGANIZIZATION
A consciously coordinated social entity with a relatively identifiable boundary that
functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
B. THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
A graphic view of the organization’s general structure of work and work relationships.

C. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
A mechanical method Indicate the relationship between the various workers,
workgroups, and functions within an organization.

Type of Organizational Structures

1. Line/ Military. It is the oldest, simplest, and clearest form of organizational
Structure. Authority flows from the top to the bottom in a clear and unbroken line
called “scalar chain” where in all operation and functions are included
2. Line and Staff. It refers to the additional of support functions to the line. The line is
supplemented by the staff, which gives advice and assistance to the line in carrying
out its objectives.
3. Functional. This modified line and Staff structure are modified by delegating
management authority to personnel outside the normal span of control.
4. Matrix. It is the process of assigning personnel from functional areas such as patrol,
detectives support services etc., to specific project (task forces), crime specific
problem, and / or internal security.

D. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION APPLICABLE TO LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION

1. Division of Work. According to some logical plan, it is an apportioning of works or
tasks among the various units or groups.
2. Delineation of Responsibility. It refers to the line of authority, and responsibility
should be made as definite and direct as possible so that responsibility may properly
be fixed and duplication avoided.
3. Span of Control. It is the extent of direction, coordination, and control over
immediate subordination. The span of control over personnel or units shall not be
more than what he can effectively direct and coordinate.
4. Unity of Command. Each individual, unit, or situation shall be under the immediate
control of one and only one person.
5. Chain of Command. It refers to a line or chain of superiors from top to bottom.
 6. Delegation of Authority. It is the division of task of command among the officer of
the various units.
7. Integration and Coordination. It is the effort of the different units that must be
coordinated ad integrated to accomplish harmonious progress towards the primary
objectives of the office.
8. Command Responsibility. It means the commander is directly responsible for any
act or omission of his subordinate concerning the performance of their official
duties.
9. Principle of Hierarchy. It requires that a higher level supervises each lower in the
organization.
E. POLICE ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
Definition
Police Administration. It refers to the police organization’s direction or a part of it. Thus
and the use of it resources in such a manner to carry out its functions efficiently. It is the
general managing and organizing that occurs at the highest level of an organization.

Police Management. It is act, art, or manner of administering controlling or conducting

a police unit or organization. The second component within the administration deals
with the administrator, middle managers, and supervisors’ processes to give an
organization direction and influence people to work toward organization goals.

Management consist of activities that are designed to induce cooperation and facilitate
work. Situation necessity often determines what tools the managers will use and how
they will use them.
Police Organization. It is a group of trained personnel in the field of public safety
administration engage in the achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the
maintenance of peace and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the
laws and the prevention of crimes. The organization of the police force commonly
requires the following organizational units;
Functional Units:
1. Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large department.
2. Division- a primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
4. Unit- Functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group within an
organization.
Territorial Units;
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned duty, such as designated
desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for
general guard duty.
2. Route – e length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called Line Beat.
3. Beat – an area assigned for patrol purposes whether foot or motorized.
 4. Sector – An area coming two or more beats, routes, or posts.
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes usually with its own
station.
6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated
districts.
Role of the Police Administration
1. Planning. The process of combining all aspects of the public safety activity and the
realistic anticipation of future problems, the analysis of strategy, and the correlation of
strategy to detail. It is the process of determining what is to be accomplished (goals) and
how it is to be accomplished.
2. Organizing. A process is done in structuring a workgroup into components to establish
workable channels of intra group communication in the performance of an assigned task
or tasks.
3. Staffing. It refers to the bringing in and out of personnel, training and maintaining the
staff in the favorable conditions of work. It is also includes filling in the organization with
the right people in the right job.
4. Directing. It refers to order, commanding, instructing and superintending the
subordinates. The role provides direction to employees in terms of policies and orders.
5. Coordinating. It refers to the process of communicating and harmonizing activities with
other units, including in some cases, agencies outside the police department, and also
interrelating the numerous component units within the organization to ensure the goal
accomplishment.
6. Reporting. Keeping the superior informed of what is going on in the organization
includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records, research, and
inspections.
7. Budgeting. It is the process of fiscal planning, accounting, and control to ensure the
department has the resources necessary to pursue goals and objectives.