The propagation of plane sound waves in narrow and wide circular

tubes, and generalization to uniform tubes of arbitrary cross-

sectional shape
Michael R. Stinson
DivisionofPhysicaNationalResearch
Council,Ottawa,OntarioKIA OR6,Canada

(Received9 May 1990;revised15August1990;accepted5 September1990}

The generalKirchhofftheoryof soundpropagation in a circulartubeis shownto takea
considerably
simplerform in a regimethat includesbothnarrowand widetubes.For tuberadii
greater
thanro,= 10-3cmandsound
frequenciesf
suchthatr•f 3/2< 106cms- 3/2,the
Kirchhoffsolutionreducesto the approximatesolutionsuggested by Zwikker and Kosten.In
thisregime,viscosityand thermalconductivityeffectsare treatedseparately,within complex
densityandcomplexcompressibility functions.The soundpressureis essentially constant
througheachcrosssection,and the excessdensityand soundpressure(when scaledby the
equilibriumdensityand pressureof air, respectively)are comparablein magnitude.Theselast
two observationsare assumedto apply to uniformtubeshavingarbitrarycross-sectional shape,
anda generalized theoryof soundpropagation in narrowandwidetubesis derived.The two-
dimensional waveequationthat resultscanbeusedto describe the variationof eitherparticle
velocityor excesstemperatureovera crosssection.Complexdensityandcompressibility
functions,propagationconstants,andcharacteristic impedances maythenbe calculated.As an
example,thisprocedurehasbeenusedto determinethepropagation characteristicsfor a tube
of rectangularcrosssection.
PACS numbers: 43.20.Mv

INTRODUCTION certainchoicesof tuberadiusand soundfrequency,are ap-

plied.The rangeof valuesof radiusandfrequency thatper-
The propagation of soundin a uniform,circulartubeisa mit this simplificationdelineatesthe regimefor which the
fundamentalproblemthat arisesin manyareasof acoustics. Zwikker and Kostenapproachis valid.
The exactsolution,givenmanyyearsagoby Kirehhoff l The complexdensityandcompressibility functionsgiv-
(also,seeRayleigh 2), accounts for the effects
of bothair en by Zwikker and Kostenhavebeenselectedasour target
viscosityand thermal conductivityin tubesof arbitrary di- approximations because of theexplicitcomparisons, already
ameter.While generallytrue, the equationsobtainedfrom madeby theseauthors,to the Kirchhofftheory.However,
thistheoryare unnecessarily complicatedfor manyapplica- other approximatetreatments,presented in differentfor-
tions.More recently,Zwikker and Kosten3 introduceda mats,havebeendiscussed byvarious authors. Crandall 9 has
simpler,approximatetreatment.The effectsof viscosityand considered the velocitydistributionthrougha crosssection
thermalconductivityaretreatedseparately andsummarized of a cylinderwhenthermalconductivity is assumed negligi-
in termsof complexdensityand compressibility functions. ble;with thisassumption, laminarflowisobtainedandprop-
Many researchers havesinceadoptedthisapproximatetheo- agation characteristicscanbecalculated. Daniels;ø hascon-
ry.4-7 sideredthe thermalconductioninsidecylindricaltubesand
The validity of the Zwikker and Kosten approachwas derived a relationshipbetween temperaturechange and
originally justified only for the extremesof "low" and soundpressure; thisanalysisassumes, though,that thermal
"high"frequencies; 3 an intermediate bandof frequencies gradientsalongthetubeaxismaybeignored.Theseapproxi-
couldnot be treated.Moreover,anotherregimeof behavior mate velocity and thermal conduction aspectsmay be
(at veryhighfrequencyor verylargeradius}wasnotconsid- broughttogether,with thepropagation of soundin cylinders
ered. Tijdeman a has examinedthe applicabilityof the beingdescribedin termsof equivalentseriesimpedances and
Zwikkcr and Kosten approachmore carefully. Propagation shunt admittances.• •-•3
constantsfor a cylindricaltubewereobtainedthrougha nu- The circular tube is a prototypalgeometryfor many
merical implementation of the exact Kirchhoff theory. endeavors,and extensionof the theoryto tubeshavingnon-
Thesecalculatedresultswerecomparedto the Zwikker and circular crosssectionsis desirable.One example is in the
Kostensolutionand foundto be in agreementin the limit of study_of sound propagation in porous materials. 6'•4Pores
small"reducedfrequency." are rarely circular and, in modelingreal materials,micro-
An alternateapproachwill beconsidered in this paper. structuralfactorsrepresentingthe departurefrom a circular
The equationsthat make up the exact Kirchhoff solution cross section must be introduced.
will be usedas a startingpoint. These equationswill be Certain features of the solution for the circular tube will
shownto reduceanalyticallyto the Zwikker and Kosten so- be identifiedas beingapplicableto tubesof arbitrary cross-
lution when simplifyingapproximations,appropriatefor sectionalshape,anda generalprocedurewill bederivedfor

550 J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 89 (2), February1991 0001-4966/91/020550-09500.80 550

thecalculation of theirpropagationcharacteristics.To dem- With theseforms,Eqs. ( 1)-(4) become
onstratetheutilityof theprocedure, thepropagation charac- kOpoV
= -- ?p + • ?(V-v) --/• ?X?Xv, (6)
teristicsof a tubeof rectangularcrosssectionwill bederived.
iro5= -- Po V-v, (7)
I. KIRCHHOFF THEORY FOR THE CIRCULAR TUBE •cV"r = (iroTo/Po) (poC,.p- PoCk5), (8)
The theory presentedby Kirchhoff is outlined here. P-- (Po/poTo)(por+ To5). (9)
This providesa basisfor the discussion
andapproximations The boundaryconditionsrequirethat the velocityand
in the later sections. excesstemperaturebezeroon the tubewall soequationswill
We considera tubeof radiusr•, containingan idealgas bewrittenin termsofv andr. Eliminatingpand5 from these
of viscosity
# andthermalconductivity K.The axialdirection equations,we obtain
• and radial direction? are as indicatedin Fig. 1. Several
quantitiesare involvedin the descriptionof the stateof the
gas:Theseare the pressureP, the temperatureT, the density
iopov--
PøVr+(Pø
•-o xio•+•4 )?(V.v)-/•?xVXv,
(10)
p, and the particlevelocityV. The first-orderrelations
betweenthesevariablesare givenby the linearizedNavier- •cV-'r----
kopoCor+po7•(C
• -- CL.)V-v. (11)
Stokesforceequation(e.g.,Refs.15and 16), the massconti- Introducingthe constantsv and V through
nuityequation,andan equationdescribing thermalconduc-
V=l•/Po, v'=•c/(poC,,), (12)
tionwithinthegas:•
and makinguseof the relation,validfor idealgases,
CaV
Pocat=--'7P
+31tV(V-V)
--/•VXVXV, (1)
C• -- C,,= Po/(poro), (13)
thenEqs. (10) and ( 11) can bewrittenas
Po V-V, (2)
cat
c-'Vr+
kov--
•o (-]-
4v+ioy)V(V-v)
d - vVXVXv
K?2T=Tø
(poCo-•tP--PoC.•t),
Po (3) (14)

wherePo, To, andPo are theequilibriumdensity,tempera- v' V2r= icor+ (y-- l)To V.v. (15)
ture, and pressureof air, CL,is the specificheat (per unit Here,y istheratioCv/Coofspecific
heats,
andtheadiabatic
mass)atconstant
volume,
andCpisthespecific
heatatcon- soundspeedc hasbeenintroducedthrough
stantpressure.As well,for an idealgas,theequationof state
may be written as Poc2= YPo. (16)
Once the velocityand excesstemperaturehave been
caPPo(p
caW-poøCaT
+ ToOp
). (4) computed,the soundpressureand excessdensitymay be
calculatedusingEqs. (7) and (9).
An exp(iwt) time dependence
will be assumedfor all Equations(14) and (15) are general,for ideal gases,
variables,
where• istheangular
frequency
andiis ( -- 1) and could be examinedfor a variety of possibletube cross-
Complex quantities•, •, •, and v, representingthe sound sectionalshapes.In thissection,
though,onlytubesof circu-
pressure,the excessdensity,the excesstemperature,and the lar crosssectionwill be considered.The solution,in this case,
particlevelocity,respectively,
are thenintroducedthrough hasbeengivenby Kirchhoff.
• Let v becomposed
of radial
and axial components,i.e.,
P(t) = Po+
p(t) =Po + v = q?+ uZ (17)
T(t) = To+ Then,traveling
wavesolutions
aregivenby
V(t) = Re{vd•'). ( 5) u= [AQ--A•rn(ico/,•-- v')Qi
-- A•m(io/,•2 -- v')Q•]e'% (18)

q=[--(Po/v)
--m2dr A•-
--v' dr
dr] e , (19)
7'= (y-- I)To(A•Q I + A2Q•)e'", (20)
wherethe functionsQ, Q•, and Q• are givenby
Q = JoJr(rn•-- io/v)
FIG. 1.The cylindricaltubefor whichtheexactKirchhoffsolutionisappli- QI = JoJr(rn•--/l• )l/•], (21)
cable.The axialdirection•.,alongwhichsoundisassumedto propagate,and
the radial direction ? are indicated. Q• = Jo[ r(m•-- g2) l/•],
551 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 89, No. 2, February 1991 Michael Fl. Stinson:Soundwaves in tubes 551
andwheret•1and22 arethesmallandlargerootsof IxlO':

0.5 •
(22) --
The •tor exp(•z) i• •ommon to both •o•ponents o•
lo•ity •nd t•e e•ce• temperature.The p•m•eter • i•
propagationconstant.It is evaluatedby settingu, q, and t
equal
tozero
atthetube
wall.
This
leads
toanexpression
that
canbe solved(numerically) to givem:

2m _ =
(iw
A2 ) dlnO2
•5 - 0. (23) o
Inthisexpression,
thederivatives
aretaken
withrespect
tor • •lo4
and evaluatedat the wall, i.e., at r = r•.
Following
Weston
•7(with
thecorrection
ofasign),
by
settingu = r= 0in Eqs.(18) and (20), theconstantsA,
At,
andA2 are determined,giving --

[--iw•
u=mB o
1xlif e

- (,:ll -
i• t mz
(-- -- V
]
,oQi•Q2 e , (24) --

q=BI'(iw/•• m2 g2 dr 0
lx10'e

0.5 B (el

(25)

I I I 1
r=B(y- 1)ToQ•o( -Q2•oQl +Q,wQ2)e mz, (26) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

wherethe subscriptw indicatesan evaluationof the term Q, Radial position, r/r w

Q•, or Q2 at the tube wall, and where the constantB is
B= -A,/(QwQ2•).
Using Eqs. (7) and (9), the solutiongiven abovemay be
extendedto describeexplicitly the excessdensity,
•5= poBQw
[ ('V'AI/[O-- 1)Q2wQt
-- (v'/[2/œto
-- 1)Q•Q2 ]e'",
and the soundpressure,
p = PoBQ•[ (¾'Al/io -- 7/)Q2wQ1
- (v'A2/ico- Y)Qi•Q2 ] emz,
Equations(24)-(29) havebeenusedto calculatethe
positiondependence of thestatequantitiesp,r, and$, andof
thevelocitycomponents q andu. The keystepof thenumeri-
cal calculationis the determinationof the propagationcon-
stantrnthroughEq. (23). A Newton'smethodwasfoundto
work well for all choicesof frequencyand radius;this itera-
tive calculationwasrelativelyinsensitiveto initial choiceof
m, andan arbitrarystartingvalueof (0.02+ i0.06) cm- •
FIG. 2. Variationof severalpropagationparameters alonga radiusof a
(27) tube,fromthecenter•.axisto thetubewallat r = r,.. Themagnitudes of (a)
axial velocityu; (b) radialvelocityq; (c) excesstemperaturer, relativeto
the ambient To; (d) soundpressurep, relativeto the ambientPo;and (el
excess
density,relativeto the ambientPo areshown.The resultsare for a
tube of radius0.01 cm, at a soundfrequencyof 100 Hz. With a viscous
boundarylayer thicknessof 0.022 cm, this is a "narrow" tube.
(28)
was used in all cases.In Fig. 2, results are shown for a tube
havinga diameterof 0.01 cm, at a soundfrequencyof 100
(29) Hz. Shownin panels(a)-(e) are the magnitudes of u, q,
r/To, P/Po, and •/Po; all fivequantitiesare displayedasa
functionof theradialpositionr. The viscous boundarylayer
thickness, calculatedusingdo = (2v/w)•/2, is0.022cm, so
that thistubemaybeconsidered narrow.In Fig. 3, a similar
set of resultsis shownfor a tube of 0.1-cm diam, for a fre-
quency of 10 kHz. The boundary layer thickness,
do = 0.0022cm, ismuchlessthan thetuberadiussothe tube
may be considered wide.The variationsin axial velocityu,

552 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 89, No. 2, February 1991 Michael R. Stinson:Sound waves in tubes 552
 I I I I In manyapplications,
including
thestudyofporous
ma-
Ix10'2 terials,the detailedvariationof velocity,density,and tem-
(o) perature,
through
a cross
section,
isnotrequired.
Thefinal
desiredresultis the aoerageof the quantityoverthe cross
0.5 section
ofa single
pore,ortube.Hence,
fora quantity
•'(s),
wecalculate
theaverage(•') using

(g)=•r-r•(s)dA, (30)
wheresisa general position
vectorwithinthecross-sectional
planeand,4r isthetotalcross-sectional area.Fora circular
tubeof radiusr,,,,thisaverageis simply

(g) =wr• 2•rg(

r)dr. (31)
For thediscussion
in Sec.II, the vel•ity andexcess
density,
averagedthroughthecrosssection,will berequired.
Inte-
grating
a•ordingto Eq.(31), Eqs.(24) and(28) give

r• • •' (m•--i•/v)m

5x10 '7 (m' -A,

(32)
2.5
(d) • .• W'(m' - ,,1.,
)u2 emz
and

(•5) = po
2BQ•,(.....(rn/l,
t'cor,u 2v'
-- -
A,iro
)•/• QawR,,,,

'•2v'-- io 17•e

)
(m2
_/12
)1/2
Qi 2w/, (33)
wherethefunctions
R, R•, andR2 are Bessel
functions
of
order 1:

0.2 0.4 0-6 0.8 1.0

R = J• [r(m2-- io)/v)l/-•],
Radial position, r/rw
/t, = J, - x, )'"], (34)
FIG. 3. AsinFig.2,butfora tubeofradius
0.1cm,ata sound
frequency
of
10kHz. The viscous
boundarylayerthickness
is0.0022era,sothetubeis R2=J• [r(m•
considered "wide."
withthesubscript
windicating
evaluation
ofthese
functions
at r: r w.
excesstemperaturer, andexcess density6 appearprimarily
withina fewdoof thetubewall.
!1.APPROXIMATE SOLUTION FOR NARROW AND WIDE
Severalfeaturesin Figs.2 and3 areof particularinter-
CIRCULAR TUBES
est.The soundpressure is essentially
constantthroughthe
crosssectionof the tube, for both wide and narrow cases. The Kirchhoffsolutionfor thepropagation of soundin
The only significant variationof pressureis the exp(mz) circulartubesisgenerally true.However,theequationsare
axial dependence,alongthe lengthof the tube.The excess complicated anddifficulttoapply.Simpler,
approximateex-
densityand the soundpressure are comparable in magni- pressionswere proposedbyZwikker andKosten,3butjusti-
tude, whenscaledby Po and Po, respectively. In Fig. 2, ficationof theseexpressions wasgivenonlyfortheextremes
Im/po I isverynearlyequalto lp/to l;fromEq.(9), thissug- of "low"and"high"frequency. Numericalcomparison of
geststhatthesoundpropagation isisothermal,andindeed, the two approaches, though,revealsverygoodagreement
[v/To[isconsiderably In Fig.3, lr/po] issmaller overa widerangeof frequency
smaller. andtuberadius.
s In this
than[P/PoI by a factorA = 1.4overmostof thecrosssee- section,theexactKirchhofftheorywill beexaminedcritical-
tion,but thetwo termsbecomeequalat thetubewall;from ly, and the applicability
of approximate
solutions
deter-
Eq. (8), thepropagationisessentially
adiabatic
in thecen- mined.
tral coreof this "wide" tube. For both tubes,the radial veloc- Weston•: hasstudiedthesolutionpresented
by Kirch-
ity is considerably
smallerthantheaxialvelocity. hoffandidentifiedthreemaintypesof propagation,
distin-

553 J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.89, No.2, February
1991 Michael
R. Stinsom
Sound
wavesintubes 553
guished
by thefollowingtwodiscriminants 108
d4= 2r,,f 4/2, d2= 10-Sr,dc3/2. (35)
106
The narrowtubehasd4,• 1 cm s •/2;the widetubehas
I[m/ul
d4>>1cms- 4/2,andd2,• 1cms- 3/2;andtheverywidetube
hasd2>>1 cms- 3/2.Weston'sclassification
excludesvery 104
narrow tubeswith radii lessthan 10-,3 cm, for which the
radius approachesthe mean-freepath, and frequencies 102
greaterthan108Hz, for whichthewavelength
approaches
the mean-freepath. In this and the followingsections,we 10-4cr•
1
will restrictour attentionto the regimecomposedof both
narrowand wide tubes,i.e., the broadrangeof frequencies
and radii encompassed by lO2
r•f 3/2< 106cmS- 3/2and r•o> 10 3 cm. (36)
10'4
The solutiongivenby Kirchhoffwill beexaminedandshown
to reduceto a muchsimplerform in thisregime. IO-I•
Someapproximations canbe madeat the outset.With 106
v = 0.151 cm2/sandc = 34300cm/s, it is foundthat
cov/c2• 1 ( 37) 108 I I
0.1 1 10 100 1K 10K tOOK 1M
forfrequencies
below108Hz, andsotherootsofEq. (23) are Frequency (Hz)
24 z - w:/c:, A2zico7//V. (38)
FIG. 5. Comparison
of thepropagation
constant
m to threetermsinvolved
For air, 7/= 1.4andv' = 0.30cm2/s,givingA4,<22. in KirchhoWs
theory.Here,Im[2hasbeencalculated
forseveral
values
of
Westonstatesthat the argumentof thefunctionQ•, i.e., tube radius,as a functionof frequency,and plottedas the thick curves.It
maybecompared tothetermsIko/vI, [A•1,andl•2 I, whichareshownasthe
r(m2_A 4)4/2,is smallfor both narrowtubesand wide thinnerlines.Fortuberadiusgreaterthan10 '•cm,m• ismuchsmallerin
tubes.This is confirmedin Fig. 4, in which the argument, magnitudethanito/v andA:.
evaluatedat r = rw, is shownasa functionof frequencyfor
several tube radii. The dashed curve indicates the maximum
extentof the regimebeingconsidered, i.e., r•r3/2= 106 to better than 0.125%. With these approximations,the
cms- 3/2.The argumentof Q4 is lessthan0.1, withinthe soundpressure, in Eq. (29), takesa simpleform
regimethat includesboth narrow and wide tubes.Thus
p• -- PoB7/Q,,Q2•e'" (41)
termsthat involvethisargumentmaybeapproximated.We
have None of the termsin this expression
dependon the radial
variable r. The sound pressure is essentiallyconstant
Q4•.1, (39)
throughthecrosssectionof thetube,aswasobserved
in Figs.
to better than 0.25%, and 2 and 3.
Simplifications
of otherexpressions
arepossible
oncon-
-- -- (rn2--X• )4/2R• sideringthe magnitudeof the propagationconstantm. In
dr
.• -- •l(m2-- A, )r, (40) Fig.5, themagnitude ofm2hasbeenplottedasa function of
frequenc• for varioustuberadius.Thesemaybecompared
with thetermsI,L,I, IA=I, and li,/vl, whichhavebeenplot-
ted on the samegraphasthe thinnerlines.We notethat

10'
[ml<l&l and Im21<1io/¾1, (42)
provided
thattheradius
isgreater
than10 3cm.Thisisthe
regimethat hasbeenassumed in thissection.Thuswe may
ignorem2relativeto both•-2 andiw/v in theexpressions
of
Sec. I.

Applyingtheseapproximations to Eq. (23), a simpler

i0-• expression
is obtainedfor thepropagation
constant
m2= -- (W2/C2){1
-J-2(7/- l)( -- ko7//V)-•/2
10'2 I I I [ I I I
0.1 I I0 I00 1K 1OK lOOK IM 10/,6

Frequency (Hz)
- ior/v)"llrw)
FIG. 4. The magnitude
of the termr.,(m2--.•.•)•/2, whichappears
in X{1 -- 2( -- iw/v)-'/2G[r•( -- iwlv)'/2]/r•}-',
(43)
KirchhoWstheory,for severaltuberadii.The dashedcurveindicatesthe
limit r,,f •/2= 106 cmS 3/2,abovewhichthe tubeapproaches the "very where the function G is definedaccordingto
wide"regime.Belowthislimit curve,for bothnarrowandwidetubes,the
term is small,leadingto significantsimplifications
in the theory. G [• ] = J, (•)/Jo (•)- (44)

554 d. Acoust.Soc. Am.,Vol. 89, No. 2, February1991 MichaelR. Stinson:Soundwavesin tubes 554
It isimportantto notein Eq. (43) thattheeffects
of viscosity ry and found to be the same.However, Zwikker and Kosten
andtheeffects dueto thermalconduction arenowseparate. were not able to demonstrate that their results were consis-
The firsttermenclosed by braces{ } depends onlyon the tent with the exacttheoryat intermediatefrequencies.
The
thermalconductionproperties, throughthe term v', and is work in this section(and the numericalcomparisons per-
independent of viscosity.Conversely, the termenclosed by formedbyTijdeman
8) provides
theverification
for thein-
the secondsetof bracesdependsonly on the air viscosity, termediatefrequencyrangeand explicitlydefinesthe range
throughthe term v. of soundfrequencyandtuberadiusoverwhichthe Zwikker
The sameapproximationscan be appliedto Eqs. (32) and Kostenequationsare applicable,i.e., throughEq. (36).
and (33), giving,for the averagevelocityandtheexcessden-
sity, III. GENERALIZATION TO TUBES OF ARBITRARY
CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE
(u) = (mBc2/iro)O2•,
A generalprocedureisdevelopedherefor the determin-
x[Qw-2(-iro/v) •/•Rw/r,,]e
"•z, (45) ationof thepropagation characteristicsof tubesthatareuni-
= -poBQw[Q2, + 2(r- ]) form alongtheir lengthbut havearbitrarycross-sectional
shape,as indicatedin Fig. 6. The procedureis appropriate
X ( -- iro/V)- mR•,•/r•] e'"5 (46) for tubesin the narrow and wide tuberegimes.
If a complexdensityfunctionp(o•) is definedthrough Equations( 6)- (9) aregeneraland not restrictedto cir-
cular tubes.However,determininga solutionto thesegen-
iop(o){u)
- dp
dz
(47) eral equations,for a tubeof arbitrary cross-sectional shape,
would be a formidablechallenge.In the caseof the circular
then Eqs. (42) and (45) may be broughttogetherto give
tube,the solutionobtainedby Kirchhoff wasexactand thus
p(co)=po{l -- 2( -- ico/v)- valid for narrow, wide, and very wide tubes.We have seen,
though,that considerable simplificationof the Kirchhoffso-
XG [r,,( -- io/v)m]/r•,} '. (48)
lution is obtainedif we restrictour attentionto only narrow
This complexdensityincludesboth inertial and viscouscon- andwidetubes.It is reasonable to supposethat considerable
tributions.It is noted,though,that thermal conductionef- simplificationof the generalequationsmight also be ob-
fectsare not present.In a similar fashion,we definea com- tainedin the sameregimeof narrow and wide tubes.These
plex compressibility
functionC(ro) using simplifiedequationswould then be applicableto tubesof
C(m) = (•)/PoP. (49) arbitrary cross-sectional shape.
Three featuresof the solution for the circular tube, with-
Then, combiningEqs. (42) and (46),
in the narrowandwide regimes,are of particularinterest:
C(o) = ( l/yPo){1 + 2(y - 1) ( - ia•y/v')- ( ! ) As seenin Figs.2 and 3, the soundpressurep(and
XG [r,•( -- icor/v')'/2]/r•,}. (50) hence,dp/dz aswell) doesnotvarysignificantly througha
cross-sectional slice. Calculations confirm that variations
The complexcompressibility
is a functionof thermalcon-
are verysmall,beingproportionalto r•f 3/2andreaching
ductivity, but not of viscosity.
The propagationconstantmay be written in a simple
0.1%onlywhenrudf 3/2isat itsmaximum of 106cms-•/2.
We will assumethat p containsonly the axial exp(mz) de-
form. UsingEqs. (43), (48), and (50), we obtain
pendence,andisconstantthrougheachcrosssectionof non-
m• = -- co•p(o)C(a•). (51) circular tubes.

The main resultsof this analysisare the approximate (2) The excessdensityand the soundpressureare of
expressions obtainedfor the propagationconstant,the com- comparablemagnitudewhen scaledby Po and Po, respec-
plex density,and the complexcompressibility,as givenby tively.As suggested by theexamples of Figs.2 and3, thetwo
Eqs. (43), (48), and (50), respectively.
They representcon- termswill be equalin magnitudefor isothermalconditions
siderablesimplificationover the exactresultsobtainedby andwill differby a factorofy = 1.4for adiabaticconditions.
Kirchhoff,but theyhaveapplicationovera broadrangeof We will assume, then, that
soundfrequenciesand tube radii. Numerical calculations •/Po •P/Po. (52)
confirmthat theseapproximateexpressionsand the com-
pleteKirchhofftheorygivenearlyidenticalresultsfor fre-
quenciesand tube radii in the statedrange.
These approximateexpressionswere presentedby
ZwikkerandKosten
3 previously,
buttheverification
of the
resultswasgivenonly for the extremesof low and high fre-
quency.In theirwork,thevelocityproblemandthe thermal
conductionproblemweretreatedseparately;theexpression
for complexdensitywasobtainedwith thermalconductivity
assumedzeroand the compressibilitycalculatedwith viscos-
ity assumedzero.Approximationsto thesefunctions,in the
FIG. 6. Sketchof a possible
tubegeometryfor whichthegeneralized
theory
low- and high-frequencycases,were comparedwith corre- wouldbeappropriate.The tubecrosssectionisarbitraryin shape,butcon-
spondingapproximatetermsfrom the exactKirchhofftheo- stantalongIre propagalionaxis.

555 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. (t9, No. 2, February 1991 Michael R. Stinson:Soundwaves in tubes 555
 bothnarrowandwide substitute
(3) For theregimethatincludes thisinto Eq. (57), and take V = v'/?, thenwe
circulartubes,thepropagationconstant
m ismuchsmaller obtainthe same equation,Eq.(59), thatwasobtained forthe
thancertainotherterms.In accordance
withEq. (42), it will velocity.
beassumed thatIra21
isnegligible
relative
to lice/v]andto Equation(59) provides thebasisfor calculatingthe
li•oT/v'lfortubeswitharbitrary
cross-sectional
shape. propagation
characteristics
of tubesof arbitrarycross-sec-
Thesethreeassumptions
will beadopted
for tubeshav- tionalshape.
Suppose thata solution
½hasbeenfound,satis-
ingarbitrary
cross-sectional
shape.
It willbenotedthatwe fyingtheboundaryconditionthat½= 0 ontheperimeter of
arenotassuminglaminarflow.Thisassumptionisnotneces- the crosssection.We are interestedin the averageof this
saryfor thedevelopmentof thetheory.Theradialcompo- solutionover the crosssection.Hence, usingEq. (30), an
nentof velocity,though,is considerably
smallerthanthe average (½) maybecalculated.
Thisaverage
quantity
re-
axialcomponent, reachinga maximum of 2% onlywhen tainsa dependence
on•/whichweindicate
symbolically
by
rwf3/2isatitsupper
limitof 106cms- 3/2 introducing
a function
F(•/) through
Consider,first,the generalforceexpression,
Eq. (6).
FO/) = (½). (61)
The• component of thisequation mayberewrittenas
We are then able to obtainseveralnecessary
quantitiesin
--•u• -•V'v . (53) terms of this function:

TheterminvolvingV.visnegligible.To seethis,weuseEqs. (u) = - (mp/icopo)F(v), (62)

(7), (12), and(16), andthegeneralassumptionof Eq. (52) (r) = (v'plTK)F(v'/y), (63)
to obtain
and, usingEq. (9),
-- •3 V.v• •(i•&o )•
{•5)= pop/Po-- (Pov'p/ToTtc)F(
V/7/). (64)
• • (iwvy/c2)p. (54) Thecomplexdensityandcomplex compressibility
functions
Bythegeneralapproximationexpressedby Eq. (37), then, havebeendefined
in Eqs.(47) and(49), respectively.
With
thistermismuchlessthanpandmaybeignored in Eq. ( 53). Eqs.(62)-(64) above,
andwithEq.(13),theymaybeex-
Notingthatbothp anduvarywithz onlyasexp(mz) forthe pressed
in termsof thefunction
F as
assumed
traveling
wavesolution,
andwithIra21
• li•/vl, Eq. p(o) =po/F(v) (65)
(53) becomes
and
V•u - (i•/v)u • (m/•)p, (55)
wheretheV• termisthepartoftheLaplacianoperator V2 C(•o)= (1/TPo)[T- (7/- l)F(v'/?)]. (66)
representing
differentiation
withinthecross
section,
i.e., Thepropagation
constantmaybeevaluated byconsid-
eringtheequation
formasscontinuity,Eq. (7). Averaging
•2
Vz•v •' + • (56) overthecrosssectionandassuming
onlyanaxialcomponent
&2 of velocity,
Thustheforceequation hasbeencastin theformof a two- i(o{•5)= --pom{u). (67)
dimensionalboundaryvalueproblem,with the soundpres-
Thus we have
sureactingasa drivingterm.
A correspondingequationcanbeobtainedfortheexcess m2= --co2p(w)C(o))
temperaturev. Eliminating8 between Eqs.(8) and (9),
makinguseof thedefinitions in Eqs.(12) and(13), and = - (•o2/c2){[?
-- (T- 1)F(v'/T)]/F(v)} (68)
with[m214 li•y/v'[, wefind in accordance
withEq. (51), whichwasobtained
for the
circular tube.
V•v- (i•/v')v = - (i•/•)p. (57)
The characteristic
impedanceof the tubemayalsobe
It is evidentthattheequationsfor thevelocityandfor expressed
in termsofthefunctions
F(r/). Keeping in mind
theexcess temperature havethesameform. Moreover,the thattheassumed exp(mz) dependenceof all quantities
cor-
boundary conditions
arethesame,i.e.,bothu andv mustbe respondstoa wavetraveling
inthe - 2direction,wedefine
identicallyzeroon the perimeterof the two-dimensional the characteristic
specific
impedance as Z=
crosssection.Thus we are ableto consolidatethe two bound-
Then, usingEqs. (47) and (68), we get
aryvalueproblems intoasingle
form.Consideringtheveloc-
ity equationfirst,a generalized
variable• is introduced Z = [p(co)/C(co)]m
through =pocF(v)-•/2[T- (•-- 1)F(v'/T)] 1/2. (69)
u = - (mp/iwpo)•, (58)
with which Eq. (55) becomes IV. APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL PROCEDURE
V•- (•/V)• = - •/V, (59) Section
III provides
a procedure
forthedetermination
wheretheconstant
• isjustv.Thetemperature
equation
can ofthepropagation
characteristics
ofsound
inuniform
tubes
be treated in a similar fashion. If we set ofarbitrary
cross-sectional
shape.
Here,weconsider
twoex-
v = (v'p/y•)•, (60) amplesof theapplication
ofthemethod.

556 d.Acoust.
Sec.Am.,Vol.89,No.2,February
1991 Michael
R.Stinson:
Sound
waves
intubes 556
A. The circular tube
completesetof basisfunctions.The expansion
of Eq. (74) is
The simplestexampleis a tubeof circularcrosssection. substituted
into Eq. (73) to give
The solutionisalreadyknownfor thenarrowandwidetube
regimes,havingbeenpresented in Sec.II. Thegeneralproce-
dureof Sec.III shouldgivethesameresult.
(76)
For a circulargeometry,
withnoangulardependence of
velocityor excesstemperature, Eq. (59) is Thecoe•cientsA•, areevaluat• bymakingu• of theorth-
ogonalityof thecosinefunctions.
Bothsidesof•. (76) are
1 a (rd•_ira•_ ira (70) multipliedby (cosa•.x cos•,.y), then integratedover x
from -- a to + a andovery from -- b to + b, leadingto
This has a solution
i• 4( -- 1)•( -- 1)"
•b(r)= 1- Jo[r( - iaff•l)'/2]/J
o[r•,( - iaff•l),/z], Ak. -- • (77)
(71)
•ab a•,a• + • + i•/•)

which, whenaveragedover the crosssection,gives •e solutionof Eq. (73) is then

F(r/) = 1-- 2( -- io•/•I ) - •/ZG[ r•,( - iaff•1)I/2] /r•,,

(72)
4i•• •_ (--1)•(--1)"cosa•xco
•= qab a•(a• +• +i•/•)
k =On 0

(78)
whereG is asdefinedin Eq. (44).
It is easilyverifiedthat usingthisF(•/) with Eqs. (65), The functionF(•), appropriateto a rectangularcross
(66), and (68) givesthe samecomplexdensity,complex section,
is obtainedby averagingEq. (78) over the cross
compressibility, and propagationconstant,respectively, section
of the tube.With Eqs.(30) and (61), then,
that wereobtainedearlierasEqs.(48), (50), and (43).
F(q)--4i• a•,(a• +fl• +
B. Rectanõular tube (79)
A tube of rectangularcrosssectionis considerednext.
The complexdensityandcomplexcompressibility
functions
Coordinates x andy, in thecross-sectional plane,areintro- follow, usingEqs. (65) and (66):
duced,asindicatedin Fig. 7. The widthof the tube (in thex
direction)is 2a and the height(in they direction)is 2b.
Equation (59) takesthe form P(o)=P0 4•
•8x•• + •8y•• io•
• = _ ira (73)
• • +•
V ]J I} , (80)

We assumefor the solution• an expansionof the form

•(x,y)=• • A•cosa•xcosfl.
y, (74) C(o)
=• 1 v'a•b
•
•0 •0

wherethe constantsa• and• are givenby X••O • •( 2+•,+

a•. 2 iy)]-'}.
a• • (• + •)v/a, (81)

• = (n + •)•/b. (75) •e propagationconstantand characteristicimpedance

maybecalculatedusingEqs. (68) and (69). Resultsequiva-
•ch te• of theexpansion
satisfi• the•undary condition
lent to these,i.e., •s. (73)-(81), havebeenobtained
• = Oonx = • a andony = • b, andtogethertheyforma
centlyby Rohet al.•
The implicationsof theseresultsfor the modelingof
porous,rigid-framedmate•alswill beconsidered in a future
Paper.We will considerhere only one limiting •aSeof th•
theo•, a limit for which resultsexistin the literaiure.
Consider the behavior when a•b, i.e., the narrow slit
extreme.In thislimit,th• • termWithinth• parentheses
Eq. (79) may be dropped.With the definitionsin •. (75),
thissimplification
gives

F(•)• 4i•b
• • o •+•
-• i•b•1• •
(82)
FIG. 7. Rectangulartube, with the coordinatesusedin the analysis.The The two sumsc•n be evaluated,giving
tube hasa width 2a, alongthe x direction,and a height2b, alongthe y
direction. •(•) = I -- (i•b2/•) • I/atanh(i•b2/•)l/• (83)

557 J. Acoust.Sec. Am.,VoL89, No. 2, February1991 MichaelR. Stinson:Soundwavesin tubes 557

forthenarrowslit.Introducing
a dimensionless
parameter
A Theworkpresentedhereisapplicable
tothestudyofthe
as acoustical
properties
of porousmaterials.
Various
theoreti-
cal models
6'•4introduce"shapefactors"to accommodate
A = b(w/v)•/2, (84)
thedepartureof porecrosssections
froma circularshape.
and the Prandtl numberN by Usingtheformalism discussed
in Sec.III, we areableto
N= yv/v', (85) calculate
directlytheacoustical
propertiesof samples
con-
we obtain tainingporeswith specific
cross-sectional
shapes,andap-
propriateshapefactorsmaybeinferred.
p((o)=Po[ 1-- tanh(i•/2A)/(i•/2A)
] t, (86)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
C(•o) = (1/TPo)[1 + (7/- 1)
Xtanh(i•/2N•/2A)/(i•/2N•/2A)]. (87) I wouldlike to thankYvan ChampouxandGillesDai-
glefortheircomments
onthismanuscript.
Discussions
with
Theseequationsare the sameasthe expressions givenby JamesM. Sabatier,W. PatrickArnott, and Heui-SeolRoh
Attenborough
6 for thenarrowslit (aftermakingallowance are alsoappreciated.
for a differencein assumedtime convention).

V. CONCLUDING REMARKS G. Kirchhoff,"UeberdenEinflufsderW//rmeleitung

in einemGaseauf
dieSchallbewegung," Ann. Phys.Chem.134,177-193(1868).
The Zwikkerand Kosten 3 approximationfor sound 2j. W. Strutt (Lord Rayleigh),Theoryof Sound(Dover, New York,
propagation
ina circular
tubehasbeenvalidated
forabroad 1945), 2nd ed. Vol. II, Sec. 348.
rangeof tube radiusand soundfrequency,given by C. ZwikkerandC. W. Kosten,SoundAbsorbing
Materials(Elsevier,Am-
sterdam,1949), Chap. 2.
rw> 10- 3 cmandr•jc3/2
< 106cmS-3/2.Thisregime
in- 4A. S. Iberall,"Attenuationof oscillatorypressures
in instruments,"
J.
cludesboth narrow and wide tubes,accordingto WestoWs Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 45, 85-108 (1950).
classification.
•?This validationwasbasedon a criticalappli- R. E. GoodsonandR. G. Leonard,"A surveyof modelingtechniquesfor
cationoftheexacttheorygivenbyKirchhoff.
• Theeffectsof fluidlinetransients,"
J. BasicEng.Trans.ASME 94 (seriesD), 474•487
(1972).
viscosity
arecontained
solelywithina complexdensityterm,
6K. Attenborough,
"Acousticalcharacteristics
ofrigidfibrous
absorbents
and the effectsof thermalconductivitysolelywithin a com- andgranularmaterials,"
J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 73,785-799(1983).
plexcompressibility term. 7K. Rasmussen,
"A noteon the acousticimpedance
of narrowtubes,"
The theoryhasbeengeneralized to describe
soundprop- Acustica 51, 72-73 (1982).
• H. Tijdeman,
"Onthepropagation
ofsound
waves
incylindrical
tubes,"
J.
agationin uniformtubeshavingcrosssections of arbitrary Sound Vib. 39, 1-33 (1975).
shape.Examination of thesolutionfor thecirculartubere- oI. B. Crandall,Theoryof Vibrating Systems andSound(Van Nostrand,
vealstwo keyfeaturesthat we assume are generallytrue,in New York, 1926), AppendixA.
thenarrowandwidetuberegime.First,thesoundpressure is mF. B. Daniels,"Acousticalimpedance ofenclosures,"
J.Acoust.Soc.Am.
19, 569-571 (1947).
constantthrougheachcrosssection. Second,thesoundpres- x•O.K. Mawardi, "On the propagationof soundwavesin narrowcon-
sureand the excessdensity,whenscaledby the valuesof duits," J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 21, 482486 (1949).
ambient pressure
andtemperature, respectively,
areofcom- • F. B. Daniels,"Onthepropagation of soundwavesin a cylindrical con-
parablemagnitude.Usingthesetwoassumptions, a general duit," J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 22, 563-564 (1950).
k•A. H. Benade,"On thepropagation of soundwavesin a cylindricalcon-
approach for tubesof arbitrarycross-sectional
shapehas duit," J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 44, 616-623 (1968).
beenderived.Separateequations areobtaineddescribing the x4M. A. Biot,"Theoryof propagation of elasticwavesin a fluid-saturated
variation of velocity and excesstemperature over a cross porous
solid.lI. Higherfrequency
range,"
J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.28, 179-
191 (1956).
section.
Bothequations havethesameform,though,andthe
•P. M. MorseandK. U. Ingard,Theoretical Acoustics (McGraw-Hill,
solutionof a singletwo-dimensional
boundaryvalueprob- New York, 1968), Sec. 6.4.
lem [Eq. (59)] allowsbothcomplexdensityand complex •6A. D. Pierce,Acoustics.An Introductionto itsPhysicalPrincil•les
andAp-
compressibilityfunctions
to bedetermined;
thepropagation plications (AcousticalSociety ofAmerica,NewYork, 1989),Chap.10.
constantand characteristic
impedancefor the tube may be •7D. E. Weston,"The theoryof the propagationof planesoundwavesin
tubes,"Proc.Phys.Soc.LondonSec.B 66, 695-709 (1953).
calculatedfrom thesefunctions.As an example,the general •8H.-S. Roh,J. M. Sabatier,R. Rasper,andW. P. Arnott, "Measurement
procedure
hasbeenusedtodetermine
thesoundpropagation andcalculation of acousticpropagationconstantsin arraysof air-filled
characteristics
in tubesof rectangularcrosssection. rectangulartubes,"J. Acoust.Soc.Am. Suppl.I 87, S139(1990).

558 J. Acoust.Soc. Am.,Vol. 89, No. 2, February1991 MichaelR. Stinson:Soundwavesin tubes 558