Pre Ielts

Pre
IELTS
3.0 - 3.5
INDEX
UNIT 1 Language Study: Present Tenses
Pronunciation Focus: IPA Chart Introduction
IELTS Task: Speaking Part 1 - ‘Like’ or ‘Dislike’
UNIT 2 Language Study: Present Tense Practice

Pronunciation Focus: IPA Chart (continue)
IELTS Task: Speaking - Wh/How often questions
UNIT 3 Language Study: Past Tense

IELTS Task: Speaking Part 1 - ‘used to’
UNIT 4 Language Study: Past Tense Practice

Pronunciation Focus: ‘-ed’ sound
IELTS Task: Speaking Part 1 - verb tense
UNIT 5 Language Study: Sentence Type

Pronunciation Focus: Word Stress
IELTS Task: Speaking - compound sentence
UNIT 6 Language Study: Future Tense

Pronunciation Focus: Stress
IELTS Task: Speaking - Predicting Questions (Part 3)
UNIT 7 Language Study: Future Tense Practice

Pronunciation Focus: Intonation
IELTS Task: Sentence Types Practice
IELTS Speaking Practice
UNIT 8 Language Study: Articles, Countable and Uncountable Nouns,

Modal Verbs
IELTS Task: Listening
IELTS Task: Speaking Part 3
UNIT 9 Language Study: Articles, Countable and Uncountable Nouns,

Modal Verbs
UNIT 10 IELTS Task: Speaking - Travelling/ Tourism Topic
Language Study: Prepositional Phrases
IELTS Task: Listening - Form Filing
IELTS Task: Speaking - Friends Topic
UNIT 11 Vocabulary Discovery: Word Order, Collocations
UNIT 12 Vocabulary Discovery: Hometown

IELTS Task: Speaking - Hometown Topic
UNIT 13 IELTS Task: Reading

- Skimming and Scanning Techniques
- Catching Signal words, Eye-catching words
UNIT 14 Vocabulary Discovery: Food

IELTS Task: Speaking Part 1 Practice
UNIT 15 IELTS Task: Reading - Guess main ideas and topic

sentences
UNIT 16 IELTS Task: Reading - Summary/Sentence

Completion question
UNIT 17 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1
UNIT 18 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Using Tenses
UNIT 19 Vocabulary Discovery: Music
UNIT 20 IELTS Task: Writing - Paraphrasing Skill
UNIT 21 IELTS Task: Reading - Speed reading and target para-

graphs
UNIT 22 Vocabulary Discovery: Technology
UNIT 23 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Line graph/ Bar chart
UNIT 24 Vocabulary Discovery: Sport
UNIT 25 IELTS Task: Reading - Short answer questions
UNIT 26 Vocabulary Discovery: Town and Cities
UNIT 27 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Line graph/ Bar chart Practice
UNIT 28 Vocabulary Discovery: Travel and Holidays
UNIT 29 IELTS Task: Reading - Practice Completion and

short answer questions
UNIT 30 Vocabulary Discovery: Business

Pre IELTS Course Book
UNIT 1
Language study: Present Tense
1. Present simple tense
➢ Formula
Verb to be (am/is/are) Verb NOT to be
Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Object Subject + Vs/es + Object
Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Object Subject + don’t/doesn’t + V1+ Object
y
Interrogative Am/Is/Are + Subject + Object? Do/Does + Subject + Object?
ud
St
➢ Usage and Examples
an
● regular or repeated actions/events
Example: It rains heavily in March and April.

ic
permanent situations and general facts

er
Example: Water freezes at

Am
● scheduled events (trains, shops, TV, programmes, etc)
Example: What time does the bank open today?
● state verbs (opinion, preference, feelings, memory, knowledge, state or appearance)
Example: He enjoys traveling.
● narrating fictional stories
Example: Oliver Twist runs away and goes to London.
➢ Adverbs of frequency
never hardly ever seldom sometimes often usually always
1
2. Present continuous tense
➢ Formula
Verb to be (am/is/are)
Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Object
Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Ving + Object
Interrogative Am/Is/Are + Subject + Ving + Object?
➢ Usage and examples
● Things happening at the moment of speaking
y
ud
Example: It isn’t raining at the moment.
● Actions taking place around the present

St
Example: I’m not going to school today.
an
● To talk about temporary actions
Example: What are you doing these days?

ic
● Trends or changing situations

er
Example: The world population is increasing.

Am
● Future arrangements
Example: Ellen’s having lunch with us tomorrow
● To talk about things that happen more often than expected, often to show envy or to criticize with words
like always, constantly, continually, forever
Example: My mom’s always saying I don’t help enough! (complaint)
Example: He’s always visiting exciting places (envy)
2
➢ State verbs
The present continuous is not normally used with state verbs because the meaning of the verb itself is a
general truth rather than something temporary. These verbs describe thoughts, feelings, senses, possession
and description.
Here are some examples of state verbs:
● Thoughts: agree, assume, believe, disagree, forget, hope, know, regret, remember, suppose, think,
understand
● Feelings: adore, despise, dislike, enjoy, feel, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, want
● Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste
● Possession: have, own, belong
● Description: appear, contain, look, look like, mean, resemble, seem, smell, sound, taste, weigh
● Some state verbs can be used in the continuous form when the meaning is temporary:
y
What are you thinking about? (now)
ud
I think you should tell her exactly what happened (my opinion, so not temporary)
St
3. Present perfect simple tense
an
➢ Formula
ic
Verb NOT to be
er
Am
Affirmative Subject + have/has + past participle
Negative Subject + have/has not + past participle
Interrogative Have/has + subject + past participle?
➢ Usage and example
● To talk about a time period that is not finished (e.g. today, this week)
Example: I’ve written a rough plan this morning (it is still morning)
● To show that something happened at some point in the past before now. We don’t state when it happened
Example: I’ve collected plenty of information (at some point before now and I will use it to write my essay)
● To talk about a present situation which started in the past, usually with for/since
Example: I’ve worked really hard for the last two weeks.
3
● To talk about something that happened at an unstated time in the past but is connected to the present
Example: I’ve read all the books on the reading list (I have the notes now)
4. Present perfect continuous tense
➢ Formula
Verb NOT to be
Affirmative Subject + have/has + been + V-ing
Negative Subject + have/has not + been + V-ing
Interrogative Have/has + subject + been + V-ing?
y
ud
Emphasis how long

●
St
Example: I’ve been reading for the past two weeks
an
● Focuses on the activity itself (it does not show whether the activity is completed or not)
Example: I’ve been writing my essay (we don’t know if the essay is finished or not.
ic
er
➢ Exercises
Am
Exercise 1: Supply the correct verb form: The Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous
1. How long ___________ you (study) English? - For 5 years.
2. I ___________ (wait) for 2 hours, but she (not come) yet.
3. They ___________ (live) in Ho Chi Minh city since 1975.
4. She (read) all the books written by Dickens. How many books ___________ you (read)?
5. He (not, be) here since Christmas, I wonder where he ___________ (live) since then.
6. Jack ___________ (go) to Paris for a holiday. He never (be) there.
7. You ___________ (sleep) so far? I (ring) the bell for the last 20 minutes.
8. He ___________ (write) a novel for 2 years, but he ___________ (not finish) it yet.
9. Mary ___________ (lose) her hat and she ___________ (look) for it until now.
10. I ___________ (see) that film several times because I like it.
4
Exercise 2: Underline the correct form of the verbs
Dear Paul,
(1). I’ve just received/ I’ve just been receiving your message to us all about the seminar on Friday. (2). I’ve
worked/I’ve been working on my presentation for the last week, and (3). have now finished/now finished it, so I
am happy to be one of the first to present it. However, (4). I’ve made/I made an appointment to see the
university careers advisor immediately after the seminar, so I will need to leave on time.
I’d like some advice about my presentation. At last week’s lecture (5). you’ve said/you said that we should use
visual aids as much as possible. (6). I haven’t found/ I didn’t find anything to use. Is it essential? (7). I’ve done/ I
did lots of presentations before, and I feel OK about this one. In my last presentation (8). I used/I have been
using the overhead projector, and I want to do this again - does this count as a visual aid?
One last question: (9). I’ve been/ I went to Professor Russell’s lecture yesterday, and (10). have been
learning/learnt quite a lot that is relevant to this course. Is it okay to refer to another course in my
y
ud
presentation? (11). I’ve been wondering/ I wondered about this - maybe it is better to stick to the materials and
references (12). you’ve given/ you’ve been giving us. I hope you can let me know.
St
Thanks for your help.
an
ic
er
Am
5
Pronunciation Focus
IPA Chart Introduction
There are 26 letters in the English alphabet. There are 5 vowel letters and there are 21 consonant letters. But
there are more than 40 vowel and consonant sounds in English. In some words, the number of letters is the
same as the number of sounds.
What is the IPA?
The IPA is a system of phonetic notation created by linguists to be able to represent the different sounds of
languages. When we teach English as a foreign language, we are concerned with the sounds, or phonemes,
which make up the English language. Thus the IPA we deal with has 44 sounds.
How is the IPA organized?
The sounds on the top half of the chart are vowel sounds. This section is divided into monophthongs on the left
and diphthongs on the right.
y
ud
The bottom section shows consonant sounds. The two dots which you can see on certain sounds show that
that particular sound is a long sound.

St
an
ic
er
Am
6
Part 1: Vowels
1. Long and short vowel sounds:
There are five long vowel sounds in English. Listen to the sounds and the words with these sounds. Then listen
again and repeat. 🎧 Audio - Track 1
1. /ɑ:/ bard 4. /ɔ:/ board
2. /i:/ beard 5. /u:/ booed
3. /ɜ:/ bird
There are seven short vowel sounds. Here you have six of them; the other is the schwa /ə/. Listen to the sounds
and the words with these sounds. Then listen again and repeat. 🎧 Audio - Track 2
1. /æ/pat 4. /ɒ/ pot
2. /e/ pet 5. /ʊ/ put
3. /ɪ/ pit 6. /ʌ/ putt
y
ud
2. Diphthongs: St
A diphthong is a vowel sound, representing a single syllable, in which your tongue moves continuously from
one position to another. Study the table below for the usual spellings and example words. Listen and repeat.
an
Add one more example word for each spelling. Check the pronunciation of the words you add in your
ic
dictionary because spelling can be misleading.

er
🎧 Audio - Track 3
Am
Vowel sounds Usual spellings Example words
eɪ a (especially before consonant + same
e) aim
ai day
ay
əʊ o (especially before consonant + home
e) boat
oa
7
aɪ i (especially before consonant time
+e) fly
y night
igh
əʊ ou cloud
ow cow
ɔɪ oi choice
oy boy
ɪə eer peer
ere mere
y
ear hear
eə air
ud pair
St
are stare
an
ic
Exercise 1: Spot the different sound

er
Example: /ə/ /e/ /ʊ/ /eə/ /i/

Am
Answer: The fourth sound is a dipthong. All the others
are short vowels.
1. /əʊ/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ /ə/ /ɔ/
2. /ɔɪ/ /e/ /ɪə/ /ai/ /aʊ/
3. /ɒ/ /i:/ /ɔ:/ /ɑ:/ /ɜ:/
Exercise 2: Match these words with the pictures below
a. the back of the tongue d. the front of the tongue
b. the lips
c. the tip of the tongue
Exercise 3: Match the pictures (1-9) in A with the instructions (a-i) in B
A:
8
y
B:
ud
St
a. Open your mouth
b. Close your mouth

an
c. Put your tongue forward

ic
d. Open your mouth a little. Then open mouth a little more

er
e. Put your tongue back

Am
f. Put your tongue down
g. Put your tongue up
h. Put your tongue forward and up. Practice /i:/: eat, easy, he, she, we
i. Put your tongue down and back. Practise /ɑ:/: ask, are, arm, car
9
➢ Vowels practice: Listen and spot the different sound by underlining
PAIRS SOUND 1 SOUND 2
/i:/ - /i/ /i:/ /i/
Look out for that sheep Look out for that ship
🎧 Audio Stop it leaking! Stop it licking
- Track What a lovely cheeks What lovely chicks
4.1 This peel’s got vitamin C in it This pill’s got vitamin C in it
Throw out that bean Throw out that bin
He’s going to leave He’s going to live
/i/ - /e/ /i/ /e/
y
I need a pin I need a pen
ud
🎧 Audio That’s my bin Where’s the peg?
- Track It’s a big tin It’s a big ten

St
4.2 Where’s the pig? Where’s the peg?
an
There’s the bill There’s the bell

ic
She wants a chick She wants a cheque

er
/e/ - /æ/ /e/ /æ/

Am
Put the “x” here Put the axe here.
🎧 Audio Can I borrow a pen? Can I borrow a pan?
- Track Look at the men Look at the man
4.3 I’m sending the table I’m sanding the table
It’s a lovely gem It’s a lovely jam
We had bread for lunch We had Brad for lunch
/æ/ - /ʌ/ /æ/ /ʌ/
Where’s my cap? Where’s my cup?
🎧 Audio There’s a hat in the garden There’s a hut in the garden
- Track See the tracks on the road See the trucks on the road
4.4 There’s a ban on it There’s a bun on it
10
She’s got a bag She’s got a bug
My ankle injured My uncle was injured
/æ/ - /ɑ:/ /æ/ /ɑ:/
What a lovely cap! What a lovely carp!
🎧 He touched his hat He touched his heart
Audio- It’s a farm cat It’s a farm cart
Track 4.5 There’s a ban on it There’s a barn on it
I’ll pack the car I’ll park the car
/æ/ - /ɒ/ /æ/ /ɒ/
It’s a hat weather It’s a hot weather
🎧 Audio He’s got a white cat Put it in a sock
y
ud
- Track Look for the fax Look for the fox
4.6 Put it in a sack Put it in a sock

St
Turn that tap slowly Turn that top slowly
an
I can see their backs I can see their box

ic
/ɒ/ - /ɔ:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/

er
Is your name Don? Is your name Dawn?

Am
🎧 Audio This cod was in the sea This cord was in the sea?
- Track He was shot He was short
4.7 It’s a small pot It’s a small port
Look for the fox Look for the forks
I don’t like these spots I don’t like these sports
11
/ɒ/ - /ʊ/ /ɒ/ /ʊ/
Pot the plant in the garden Put the plant in the garden
🎧 Audio How do you spell “cod”? How do you spell “could”?
- Track I’ll lock you up I’ll look you up
4.8 The wind blew around the The wind blew around the
rock rook
Give me the box Give me the books
/ʊ/ - /u:/ /ʊ/ /u:/
Look, a new moon! Luke, a new moon!
🎧 The sign said “Pull” The sign said “Pool”
Audio- This isn’t really full proof This isn’t really foolproof
y
Track 4.9 The bird could The bird cooed
ud
“He would, Julie, at the full
St He wooed Julie at the full
moon” moon
an
/ɔ:/ - /ɜ:/ /ɔ:/ /ɜ:/
She’s got four She’s got fur

ic
🎧 Audio It’s a torn sign It’s a turn sign

er
- Track I wouldn’t like warm soup I wouldn’t like worm soup

Am
4.10 He’s a fast walker He’s a fast worker
/ʌ/ - /ɜ:/ /ʌ/ /ɜ:/
🎧 Fabulous fun! Fabulous fern!
Audio - Look at that bun Look at that burn
Track That’s a tiny little bud That’s a tiny little bird
4.11 There’s a gull on the beach There’s a girl on the beach
/e/ - /ei/ /e/ /ei/
🎧 Audio What an awful pen! What an awful pain!
- Track The dog’s in the shed The dog’s in the shade
4.12 It’s a difficult edge It’s a difficult age
12
Just wet Just wait
Test this food Taste this food
That’s too much pepper That’s too much paper
/ɑ:/ - /ai/ /ɑ:/ /ai/
That was a good bar That was a good buy
🎧 Audio What a noisy bark What a noisy bike
- Track He loves his Pa He loves his pie
4.13 It’s got two R’s It’s got two eyes
It’s a cart It’s a kite
Check the heart Check the height
/ɔ:/ - /ɔɪ/ /ɔ:/ /ɔɪ/
y
ud
It’s all there It’s oil there
🎧 Audio It’s a ball on his head It’s a boil on his head

St
- Track Look at that golden corn Look at that golden coin
an
4.14 The paper tore The paper toy
Hear the engine roar Hear the engine, Roy

ic
er
/ɑ:/ - /aʊ/ /ɑ:/ /aʊ/

Am
It’s the best car It’s the best cow
🎧 Audio It was a long bar It was a long bow
- Track Her bra was wrinkled Her brow was wrinkled
4.15 There’s beautiful grass here There’s beautiful grouse here
“Arch!” he said loudly “ouch!” he said loudly
/ɜ:/ - /əʊ/ /ɜ:/ /əʊ/
It’s a large burn It’s a large bone
🎧 Audio It’s a green fern It’s a green phone
- Track That’s my Bert That’s my boat
4.16 I work early I woke early
He likes flirting He likes floating
13
/i:/ - /ɪə/ /i:/ /ɪə/
That E’s too big That ear’s too big
🎧 Audio It’s a small bee It’s a small beer
- Track This tea tastes salty This tear tastes salty
4.17 It’s an old pea It’s an old pier
He has a black bead He has a black beard
/ɪə/ - /eə/ /ɪə/ /eə/
The ear isn’t good The air isn’t good
🎧 Audio It’s a sweet beer It’s a sweet bear
- Track That’s an old pier That’s an old pear
4.18 How do you spell ‘hear’? How do you spell ‘hair’
y
ud
That’s a tear That’s a tear
‘Three cheers!’ he said ‘Three chairs!’ he said

St
an
Exercise 4. Listening to the dialogue, paying attention to the target sound

ic
🎧 Track 5: A pair of hairclips

er
Mary: I’ve lost two small hair clips, Claire. Claire: Hm! Are they square, Mary?
Am
They’re a pair. Mary: Yes. Why?
Claire: Have you looked carefully Claire: Well, you’re wearing one of them in
everywhere? your hair!
Mary: Yes. They’re nowhere here. They just Mary: Oh! Then where’s the other one?
aren’t anywhere! Claire: It’s over there under that chair
Claire: Have you looked upstairs? Mary: Hm!
Mary: (getting impatient) Upstairs!
Downstairs! Everywhere! They just aren’t
there!
14
🎧 Track 6: Snow in October

(Joe Jones is sleeping, but Joanna woke up a few minutes ago)
Joanna: Joe! Joe! JOE! Hello, wake up, Joe! Joanna: Come over to the window, Joe.
Joe: (groans) Oh! What is it, Joanna? Joe: You’re joking, Joanna. There’s no snow.
Joanna: Look out of the window Joanna: OK. I’ll put my coat on and go out
Joe: No. My eyes are closed, and I’m going to and make a snowball and throw it at your
go to sleep again. nose, Joe Jon
Joanna: Oh! Don’t go to sleep, Joe. Look at
the snow!
Joe: Snow? But it’s only October. I know
there’s no snow.
y
🎧 Track 7: At the railway station
ud
(Mr Grey is waiting at the railway station for a train)
Mr. Grey: This train’s late! I’ve been waiting

St
here for ages.
an
Porter: Which train? Mr. Grey: Changed it? May I see the new
ic
Mr. Grey: The 8.18 to Baker Street. timetable? What does it say?
er
Porter: The 8.18? I’m afraid you’ve made a

Am
mistake, sir. Porter: It says: Baker street train - 8.08
Mr. Grey: A mistake? My timetable says: Mr. Grey: Oh no, you’re right. The train isn’t
Baker Street train - 8.18 late. I am.
Porter: Oh no. The Baker Street train leaves
at 8.08.
Mr. Grey: At 8.08?
Porter: They changed the timetable at the
end of April. It’s the first of May today.
15
Exam tip:
In part 1, candidates will be asked basic questions on familiar topics including your background, hobbies,
interest, routines, lifestyle and habits. The examiner will select three topics in Part 1. The range of Part 1
topics is quite extensive.
In general, the first topic in Part 1 deals with your background and there are two possible paths: (1) where
you live (your city, area where you live, street, house). The examiner will select either path 1 or 2 but NOT
both. After this first personal topic, the examiner will select two more topics based on hobbies, interests,
routines, lifestyle and habits.
y
Although the number of different topics and questions in Part 1 is enormous, the number of actual question
ud
types is quite limited. In the following units, we will explore the different question types in Part 1.
★ Question type 1: “Like” or “Dislike”

St
A very common type of question in Part 1 is the “liking” or “disliking” question. Your answer should display
an
some ability to express these functions using a range of appropriate language. “I like” and “I don’t like” do
ic
not display any ability to skillfully or flexibly express these functions.

er
Exam tip:
As a rule, if the examiner asks you if you like something, give a positive answer (yes) even if that answer is
Am
not true. In the same way, if the question is “Is there anything you don’t like about…?”, you should also give a
positive answer (yes).
Speaking positively is much easier than speaking negatively and it is easier to give reasons and examples to
say “why” rather than “why not”.
Type Alternative language
Like ● I’m quite fond of
● I’m fairly/pretty keen on
● I’m really into
● I simply adore
● I’m quite a big fan of
16
● I’m quite enthusiastic about
● I’m quite passionate about
● I’m really looking forward to doing something
● I have a special fondness for something
Dislike ● I’m not really that fond of…
● I’m not much of a fan of…
● I’m not so keen on…
● I really can’t stand (strong dislike)
● I wouldn’t call myself
● I’m fed up with
y
➢ Practice speaking - Topic: Personal information
ud
Speaking Part 1
1. Are you a student or do you work? St

2. Is there anything you don’t like about your school/studies?
an
3. Do you live in a house or a flat?

ic
4. Who do you live with?

er
5. Are there many rooms in your house?

Am
6. Do you have a bike?
7. How often do you use your bike?
8. What is your favorite drink?
9. Is there any food you don’t like?
10. What do you often do in the evenings?
17
Speaking Part 2
Describe the neighbourhood you lived in when you were a child
You should say:
● Where in your town/city the neighborhood was
● What kind of people lived there
● What it was like to live in this neighborhood
● and explain whether you would like to live in this neighborhood in the future
Speaking part 3
Neighbors:
y
● What sort of things can neighbors do to help each other?
ud
● How well do people generally know their neighbors in your country?
Questionnaires in school:
St
How important do you think it is to have good neighbors
an
● Do you think it would be a good idea for schools to ask students their opinions about lessons?
ic
● What would the advantages for schools be if they asked students their opinions?
er
● Would there be any disadvantages in asking students’ opinions?

Am
18
UNIT 2
Language Study: Present Tense Practice
1. Practice Present Tense
Exercise 1: Use the correct form to fill in the blank
● Be quiet! The baby ______ (sleep).
● We seldom ______ (eat) before 6:30.
● Look! A man ______ (run) after the train. He ______ (want) to catch it.
● The sun ______ (set) in the West.
● Daisy ______ (cook) some food in the kitchen at present. She always ______ (cook) in the morning.
y
● I ______ (wait) for 2 hours, but she (not come) yet.
ud
● You (sleep) so far? I ______ (ring) the bell for the last 20 minutes.
How many times have you ______ (see) him since he went to Edinburgh?
●
●
St
Up to the present, we ______ (write) almost every lesson in the book.
an
● I ______ (see) that film several times because I like it.
ic
er
Exercise 2: You are going to ask your classmates and fill in the note below. After that, make sentences
about your friends.

Am
Sample: Jane is from England. She likes reading books and listening to music. She usually wakes up early in
the morning.
Name Hometown/ Nationality Hobbies Daily Routine
1. Jane England Read books Wake up early

Listen to music
2.
3.
19
Exercise 3: Read the information about the daily routine of a student at a UK university. Complete the
text using the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
Dan usually _______ (get up) at 8 am, _______ (have) a shower and _______ (eat) breakfast. After that, he always
_______ (get) his books ready and then _______ (go) to his lectures until midday. He usually _______ (return)
home and _______ (make) lunch for himself at about 12:30 pm. Then, he sometimes _______ (watch) a bit of TV.
At about 3 pm, he often _______ (meet) a friend for coffee. At 3:30 pm, they sometimes _______ (go) to the
library together. Dan always (study) for a few hours and then at around 6:30 pm he _______ (go) home. He
usually _______ (cook) dinner for himself and his flatmates. In the evening, he sometimes (exercise) at the gym
or goes for a run. After that, he relaxes in front of the TV or _______ (see) his friends. He never goes to bed
early, but usually _______ (fall) asleep at around midnight.
y
Exercise 4: Reading
ud
A DAY IN THE LIFE
St
Three college students from around the world tell us about their daily routine
AVA - AUSTRALIA
an
I’m from a small town in Queensland. Most people in Australia live near the coast, but we live on a cattle farm
ic
in the center of the country. I get up at around 7 am and have breakfast. My mum teaches at my college, so I
er
usually go with her in the car instead of taking the bus. College starts at 8:30 am and finishes at 4 pm. When I
Am
get home, I help my dad on the farm for a few hours. In the evenings, I try to watch TV but I’m usually too
tired. I go to bed at about 10 pm.
NINA - NORWAY
I live in a village on Norway’s Atlantic coast. I get up at 7:30 am and walk to college. Classes begin at 8:30 am
and finish at 3 pm. After that, I go to one of the college clubs. These are not very expensive and there are lots
to choose from. I do athletics and football but you can also do things like folk dancing and cross-country
skiing. When my parents come home from work, my dad makes dinner and we all eat together. After that, my
mum takes me out for a driving lesson. I’ve got my test soon and I need to practice!
MICHAEL - BRAZIL
I live in Rio de Janeiro. I get up at 6 am and catch a bus to college at 6:30 am. Lessons start at 7:20 am. We
have a break at 9:50 am and then study at 12:30 pm. I get home at about 1:40 pm. After that, I often go to
the beach with my friends to swim in the ocean or play beach volleyball, but I sometimes also just stay at
20
home to sleep or study. In the evenings, I cook dinner for my family, then we watch TV or listen to the radio
before bed. I switch off my light at about 10 pm.
Questions
1. Who finished studying before 1 pm? - Answer: _____
2. Who works with a member of the family after college? - Answer: _____
3. Who goes out in the car in the evenings? - Answer: _____
4. Who gets a lift in a car to college most mornings? - Answer: _____
5. Who prepares the evening meal for the family? - Answer: _____
6. Who pays to do extra activities in the afternoons? - Answer: _____
7. Who finds it difficult to watch TV in the evenings? - Answer: _____
8. Who lives a long way from the sea? - Answer: ____
y
ud
Exercise 5: Writing exercise
St
Topic: Write about your daily routine and the activities you do everyday (Write a paragraph, including at
least 5 sentences and using adverbs of frequency)
an
Sample: I sometimes get up late, but I never have breakfast.

ic
er
Am
21
Pronunciation Focus: IPA Chart continue
Part 2: Consonants
Consonants are divided into 2 types: voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants require the use of the vocal
cords to produce their signature sounds; voiceless consonants do not. Both types use the breath, lips, teeth,
and upper palate to further modify speech.
y
ud
St
an
ic
➢ Spot different consonants:

er
Use your voice for some consonant sounds: Don’t use your voice for some consonant
Am
b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /w/ /r/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ (ring) /ʤ/ sounds:
jam) /j/ (yes) /ʒ/ (vision) /ð/ (the feather) p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ (shoe) /ʧ/ (cherry) /θ/ (thin)
22
How are English consonant sounds made?
air being stopped, then… air moving between two air coming through the nose:
released suddenly: parts of the mouth (or throat) /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ which are close to each other:
/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /h/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʒ/
stops or plosives fricatives nasals
air being released more air moving between two not air coming round the sides of
slowly: so close parts: the tongue:
/ʧ/ /ʤ/ /w/ /r/ /j/ /l/
affricates approximants lateral
y
ud
➢ Consonants practice:
Exercise 6: Are these consonants voiced or unvoiced? Write (v.) or (unv.)
1. /p/ St 7. /v/
an
2. /t/ 8. /ð/
3. /z/ 9. /θ/
ic
4. /k/ 10. /ŋ/

er
5. /g/ 11. /ʃ/

Am
6. /f/
Exercise 7: Match these words with the numbers in the pictures
a. the nose b. the back of the tongue c. the top teeth
d. the top lip e. the roof of the mouth f. the sides of the tongue
g. the throat h. the front of the tongue i. the tip of the tongue
j. the side teeth k. the bottom teeth l. the bottom lip
23
IELTS Task: Speaking
Exam tip:
When it is appropriate, give a reason for your answer. If you find yourself only answering “yes” or “no”, you
have not said enough. This is especially true of closed questions, which often begin: “Have you…?” and “Do
you…”. Don’t be tempted to give a one-word answer and nothing else. Ask yourself “why” and expand your
answer. This can include examples of what you are talking about to make your answer clearer and more
coherent.
Example
Q: Have you ever learned to play a musical instrument?
A: No, I haven’t. My school didn’t have any classes where children could learn to play a musical instrument.
However, I am thinking about taking a piano class soon because I love the sound of the piano.
★ Question type: “Wh-/How often” Questions
y
ud
This question type is very common in Part 1. The problem with these questions is that many candidates
give very direct “information-focused” responses. It is quite common for candidates to respond to these
St
questions in the following way: Maybe once a week, at the weekends and in the evenings, etc. The key to
an
these questions is to answer the question with 2 or 3 different responses.
Example
ic
Q: How often do you go to the cinema?

er
A: I think I would have to say that it really depends. If I have the money, then it’s quite possible that I
Am
will watch a movie in the cinema, two or three times a month. Whereas in contrast, if I’m broke, it’s
more likely that I’ll watch movies at home on DVD.
Your answer is going to compare two different situations or conditions. These can be quite flexible.
24
Here are some possible ideas to use:
Situation A Situation B
Weekdays Weekends
Summer Winter
Good weather Bad weather
Term time School holidays
If I’m alone… If I’m with friends…
If I’ve got a lot of time… If I’m fairly busy
y
ud
Topic: Studies and Work
Speaking Part 1 St
an
Do you work or are you a student?
(Follow-up questions for those who answer “work”)

ic
Do you miss being a student?

er
● Do you like your job?

Am
● Why did you choose to do that job?
(Follow-up questions for those who answer “study”)
● Do you like your school/subject/major?
● Why did you choose to study that school/subject/major?
● What technology do you use when you study?
● What do you find most difficult in your studies?
● What do you find most interesting in your studies?
● What would you like to do after graduation?
25
Speaking Part 2
Describe an occasion when someone gave you positive advice or suggestions about your work/study
You should say:
● Who the person is
● What he/she said
● How the advice/suggestion affected you
And explain how you felt about the advice/suggestions
Speaking Part 3
1. Which one is more important, salary or job satisfaction?
2. What are the most popular jobs for young people in your country?
3. How have people’s ways of studying changed?
y
4. Is there any difference between study in the past and study now?
ud
5. Should schools teach non-academic courses?
6. Why is learning English very useful nowadays?
7. How important is study for children?

St
an
8. Is it useful for old people to continue to study too?
ic
er
Am
26
UNIT 3
Language Study: Past Tense
1. Past simple tense
➢ Formula
Verb to be (was/were) Verb NOT to be
Affirmative Subject + was + adj Subject + V-ed + object
Negative Subject + was not + adj Subject + did not + Verb + object
Interrogative Was + subject + adj? Did + subject + verb?
y
ud
➢ Irregular verbs
●
St
Many verbs are irregular: went (go), came (come), wrote (write), …
Note the verb “be” is irregular: I/he/she/it was; you/we/they were

an
ic
● Talk about single past completed actions. Often the time is mentioned
er
Example: A few weeks ago a woman called to report a robbery at her house
Am
● To give a series of actions in the order that they happened
Example: The burglar came in through the front door, picked up the woman’s handbag, emptied it
out and stole her purse
● Talk about past repeated actions (used to and would can also be used)
Example: When her son got older, he often went out to visit his friends after school.
● Talk about long-term situations in the past which are no longer true
Example: Bill Murphy worked for the police force for over 17 years.
27
2. Past continuous tense
➢ Formula:
Affirmative Subject + was/were + V-ing
Negative Subject + was/were not + V-ing
Interrogative Was/were + subject + V-ing?
➢ Usage and Example
● Provide the background scene to an action or event (usually in the past simple). We often use words
like when, while and as
Example:
It happened at five in the afternoon while she was watching the news on TV.
y
He was doing his homework in his bedroom when the burglar came into the house.
ud
● When we want to emphasize the activity without focusing on its completion
Example: For a while last year, I was working at the cinema, studying for my degree and writing a
column for the local newspaper.

St
an
3. Past perfect tense
ic
➢ Formula
er
Affirmative Subject + had + past participle

Am
Negative Subject + had not + past participle
Interrogative Had + subject + past participle?
➢ Usage and Example
● When we are talking about the past and want to mention something that happened earlier
Example: His father was a composer and his grandfather had also been a musician (Mozart’s
grandfather was a musician and then later his father became a composer).
● With words like when, as soon as, by the time, after to show the order of events
Example: When Mozart was born, five of his siblings had already died (Mozart’s siblings died first,
then Mozart was born).
28
● Talk about an indefinite time before a particular point in the past, often with words like always,
sometimes, never, before, by + fixed time
Example: His family were richer than they had ever been before.
● Report past events using reporting verbs:
Example: The man told me he had met my father a long time before.
Exercise 1: Use the words given to make sentences.
Do not change the order of the words. Use only the past simple or the past progressive
1. when Don/arrive/we/have/coffee
2. he/sit down/on a chair/while/I/paint/it
3. the students/play/a game/when/professor/arrive
y
→
ud
4. Felix/phone/the fire brigade/when the cooker/catch/fire
5. while/he/walk/in the mountains/Henry/see/a bear

St
an
→
ic
Exercise 2: Put the verbs into the correct form, past progressive or past simple
er
1. When Martin ____________ (arrive) home, Ann ____________ (talk) to someone on the phone.
Am
2. It ____________ (be) cold when we (leave) the house that day, and a light snow ____________ (fall).
3. I ____________ (call) Roger at nine last night, be he (not/be) at home. He ____________ (study) at the
library.
4. I ____________ (see) Sue in town yesterday but she (not/see) me. She ____________ (look) the other way.
5. Flight 2001 ____________ (fly) from London to New York when it suddenly ____________ (encounter)
turbulence and ____________ (drop) 15,000 feet. The plane ____________ (carry) over 300 passengers
and a crew of 17.
29
Exercise 3: Supply the correct verb form
I ____________ (meet) George and Linda yesterday as I ____________ (walk) through the park. They ____________
(be) to the Sports Center where they ____________ (play) tennis. They ____________ (go) to a cafe for a drink
and ____________ (invite) me to join them but I (arrange) to meet a friend and ____________ (not/have) time.
Mary ____________ (have to) go to New York last week, but she almost ____________ (miss) the plane. She
____________ (stand) in the queue at the check-in desk when she suddenly ____________ (realize) that she
____________ (leave) her passport at home. Fortunately, she doesn’t live very far from the airport, so she
(have) time to take a taxi home to get it. She ____________ (get) back to the airport just in time for her flight.
When I got home, Bill ____________ (lie) on the sofa. The television was on but he ____________ (not/watch) it.
He ____________ (fall) asleep and ____________ (snore) loudly. I (turn) the television off and just then he
____________ (wake) up.
y
➢ Part 2: Consonants (Continue):
ud
Exercise 6: Listen and spot the different sounds
PAIRS SOUND 1
St SOUND 2
an
/p/ - /b/ /p/ /b/

ic
🎧 Track 8.1 It’s a useful pin It’s a useful bin

er
Pen, please! Ben, please!

Am
Look at the yellow pear Look at the yellow bear
It’s an old cap It’s an old cab
What a lovely pup! What a lively pub!
Do you like Poppy? Do you like Bobby?
/t/ - /d/ /t/ /d/
🎧 Track 8.2 You too? You do?
You sent the emails? Does this drain smell?
Is the red cart hers? Is the red card hers?
Can he write well? Can he ride well?
Does this train smell? Does this drain smell?
Is there a trunk outside? Is there a drunk outside?
30
/k/ - /g/ /k/ /g/
🎧 Track 8.3 It’s a hairy coat It’s a hairy goat
He’s got a lovely curl He’s got a lovely girl
It’s a brilliant class It’s a brilliant glass
She’s got a strong back She’s got a strong bag
It’s crowing It’s growing
/s/ - /z/ /s/ /z/
🎧 Track 8.4 That Sue was amazing That zoo was amazing
It’s pronounced /si:/ It’s pronounced /zi:/
Sip it slowly Zip it slowly
I heard a bus I want the big peas
y
I want the big piece I want the big peas
ud
What’s the price? What’s the prize?
/ʃ/ - /ʧ/ /ʃ/ St /ʧ/

an
🎧 Track 8.5 We like ships We like chips
This is a sheep farm This is a cheap farm

ic
It’s a sherry trifle It’s a cherry trifle

er
I’ll buy this shop I’ll buy this chop

Am
I couldn’t cash it I couldn’t catch it
He’s washing the television He’s watching the television
/ʧ/ - /ʤ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/
🎧 Track 8.6 It’s a cheap type of car It’s a jeep type of car
Are you choking? Are you joking?
A land full of riches A land full of ridges
Do you like cherries? Do you like Jerry’s?
I want a larch tree I want a large tree
Do I write “H” here? Do I write age here?
31
/p/ - /f/ /p/ /f/
🎧 Track 8.7 It’s a sharp pin It’s a sharp fin
Peel this orange Feel this orange
There’s no pork here There’s no fork here
The sign said “Pull” The sign said “Full”
Snip these flowers Sniff these flowers
He showed me his palm He showed me his farm
/h/ - /f/ /h/ /f/
🎧 Track 8.8 Hold this paper Fold this paper
I like heat on the back I like feet on the back
That sign said “Hill” That sign said “Fill”
y
This feel's different This feels different
ud
This is honey This is funny
It’s got a little hole

St It’s got a little foal
an
/f/ - /v/ /f/ /v/
🎧 Track 8.9 Safe here? Save here?

ic
Fine in the garden? Vine in the garden?

er
It’s a fail? It’s a veil?

Am
This room has a few? This room has a view?
They need a fast ship? They need a vast ship?
Ferry late? Very late?
/b/ - /v/ /b/ /v/
🎧 Track 8.10 They’re good bets They’re good vets
He wore his best He wrote his vest
Can they lift that ban? Can they lift that van?
We need more bolts We need more volts
Jones won the boat Jones won the vote
It’s a berry red color It’s a very red color
32
/v/ - /w/ /v/ /w/
🎧 Track 8.11 V didn’t come before U We didn’t come before you
That’s the vest That’s the west
The dog’s vet The dog’s wet
This is my best vine This is my best wine
It’s a blue veil It’s a blue whale
/ʤ/ - /j/ /ʤ/ /j/
🎧 Track 8.12 That’s a wonderful joke That’s a wonderful yolk
There’s no juice There’s no use
Would you like jam? Would you like yam?
Jess, I love you Yes, I love you
y
He sang over the jeers He sang over the years
ud
/s/ - /θ/ /s/ /θ/
🎧 Track 8.13 What a sweet little mouse!St What a sweet little mouth!
an
Is this sum OK? Is this thumb OK?
It’s very sick It’s very thick

ic
He’s sinking He’s thinking

er
There’s a mountain pass There’s a mountain path

Am
/d/ - /ð/ /d/ /ð/
🎧 Track 8.14 Smith is bigger, Dan Jones Smith is bigger than Jones
Day arrived They arrived
Jim dares his friend Jim there’s his friend
Doze after lunch Those after lunch
I don’t know her sister, Ida I don’t know her sister either
/m/ - /n/ /m/ /n/
The mile is very old The Nile is very old
🎧 Track 8.15 This is mine This is nine
He loves mummy He loves money
33
I want a comb I want a cone
He’s proud of this name He’s proud of this mane
/n/ - /ŋ/ /n/ /ŋ/
🎧 Track 8.16 What a win! What a wing!
Why this thin? Why this thing?
Ban the book Bang the book
They ran for an hour They rang for an hour
She has never run before She has never rung before
Is it Ron? Is it wrong?
/l/ - /r/ /l/ /r/
🎧 Track 8.17 It’s the long road It’s the wrong road
y
ud
Is it light? Is that right?
It’s a long load It’s a long road
Do you like jelly? St Do you like Jerry?

an
I’d like to fly it I’d like to fry it
There’s some glass There’s some grass

ic
er
Am
Exercise 4:
1. Listen to this conversation while reading it silently. Notice that every letter ‘r’ is silent. Then
practise reading the conversation aloud.
In the airport - 🎧 Track 9
Announcer: R.T. Airways flight number four four seven to New York will depart later this afternoon at
16.40 hours
Dr. Darling: Wonderful! I’m going to the bar to order some more German beer.
Mr. Martin: Where’s the bar?
Dr. Darling: It’s upstairs. There’s a bookshop too. And a supermarket. This is a marvelous airport!
Mr. Martin: Oh dear! I wanted to get to New York earlier. Ah! Here’s an air hostess. Excuse me. I don’t
understand. Has there been an emergency?
34
Air hostess: Oh, no, sir. There’s just a storm, and the weather forecast says it will get worse. So the plane
will leave a little later this afternoon.
Mr. Martin: Are you sure?
Air Hostess: Oh, yes, sir. Our departure time is at 4.40 this afternoon.
2. There are nine items to change in the dialogue. First listen to the dialogue, paying attention to
the target sound. Then practise reading the conversation aloud.
Noisy neighbors: (Duncan King is lying in bed trying to sleep. Sharon King is standing near the window
watching the neighbors, Angus and Susan Lang) 🎧 Track 10
Duncan King: (angrily) Bang!Bang!Bang!Sharon! What are the Langs doing at 9 o’clock on Sunday
morning?
Sharon King: Well, Angus Lang is talking, Duncan.
y
Duncan King: Yes, but what’s the banging noise, Sharon?
ud
Sharon King: (looking out of the window) Angus is standing on a ladder and banging some nails into the
St
wall with a hammer. Now he’s hanging some strong string on the nails.
Duncan King: And what’s Susan Lang doing?

an
Sharon King: Susan’s bringing something interesting for Angus to drink. Now she’s putting it under the
ic
ladder, and…Ohh!
er
Duncan King: What’s happening?

Am
Sharon King: The ladder’s going…
Duncan King: What’s Angus doing?
Sharon King: He’s holding the string in his fingers and he’s shouting to Susan.
Duncan King: And is Susan helping him?
Sharon King: No. She’s running to our house. Now she’s ringing our bell.
Bell: Ring! Ring! Ring!
Duncan King: I’m not going to answer it. I’m sleeping.
Exercise 5: Listen and repeat the conversation
The hat in the window: 🎧 Track 11
Miss brothers: I want to buy the hat in the window.
Assistant: There are three hats together in the window, madam. Do you want the one with the feathers?
35
Miss brothers: No. The other one.
Assistant: The small one for three hundred and three euros?
Miss brothers: No. Not that one either. The one over there. The leather one.
Assistant: Ah! The leather one. Now this is another leather hat, madam. It's better than the one in the
window. lt's a smoother leather.
Miss brothers: But l'd rather have the one in the window. lt goes with my clothes.
Assistant: Certainly, madam. But we don't take anything out of the window until three o'clock on Thursday.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
36
Exam tip:
Use ‘used to’, ‘would’, and the simple past to talk about things that you did when you were younger that
you no longer do, or to describe situations that are no longer true.
Sample:
● We always used to…
● I will never forget about the times when we used to…
● He would always…
● I used to live…
Topic: Hobbies
Speaking Part 1
y
1. Do you have any hobbies?
ud
2. What do you like to do in your free time/spare time?
3. What hobbies are popular in your country?
4. How did you become interested in your hobby?

St
an
5. How do you spend your weekends?
ic
6. How do you spend your free time?

er
7. What kinds of things do you like doing when you’re not working?
Am
8. Do you like doing these things with a group of friends or by yourself?
Speaking part 2
Describe a free-time activity that you enjoy doing
You should say:
● What the hobby is
● What you like about it
● Why you started doing it
Whether this hobby is popular in your country
Speaking part 3
1. Is it important to have a hobby?
2. Why do people have hobbies?
3. What hobbies are common in your culture?
37
4. Why is it important for people to have free-time activities?
5. Is it harmful to spend too much time on a hobby?
6. Has modern life limited the time we spend on hobbies?
7. How important is it to encourage children to take up hobbies?
8. How are hobbies now different from hobbies in the past?
9. What free-time activities would you like to try in the future?
10. Do you think men and women tend to have different types of hobbies?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
38
UNIT 4
Language Study: Past Tense Practice
Exercise 1: Put the verbs into the correct form, past progressive or past simple
1. When Martin _________ (arrive) home, Ann _________ (talk) to someone on the phone.
2. It (be) cold when we _________ (leave) the house that day, and a light snow _________(fall)
3. I _________ (call) Roger at nine last night, but he (not/be) at home. He _________ (study) at the library.
4. I _________ (see) Sue in town yesterday but she (not/see) me. She _________ (look) the other way.
5. When I _________ (open) the cupboard door, a pile of books _________ (fall) out.
6. I _________ (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man _________ (step) out into the road in front of me.
y
I _________ (go) quite fast but luckily I _________ (manage) to stop in time and (not/hit) him.
ud
7. Police got a shock when they _________ (stop) a motorist as she _________ (speed) on the highway. While
they _________ (search) the trunk of her car, they _________ (find) three snakes. The driver said she
_________ (take) them to a pet fair.

St
an
8. Last night when we _________ (come) down the hill into town, we _________ (see) a strange object in the
sky. It just suddenly _________ (appear) in front of us.

ic
er
Exercise 2: Complete the questions, using a suitable verb

Am
A: I’m looking for Paul. ____________________ him?
B: Yes, he was here moment ago
A: Why ____________________ to bed so early last night?
B: Because I was feeling very tired.
A: Where ____________________?
B: Just to the postbox. I want to post these letters.
A: ____________________ television every evening?
B: No, only if there’s a good program on.
A: Your house is very beautiful. How long ____________________ here?
B: Nearly ten years
A: How was your holiday? ____________________ a nice time?
B: Yes, thanks. It was great.
39
Exercise 3: Paragraph exercise
A few days ago I (1) _________ (learn) that someone plans to knock down the White Horse Inn. This pub (2)
_________ (be) the center of village life for centuries. It (3) _________ (stand) at our crossroads for 500
years. It (4) _________ (be) famous in the old days, and Shakespeare once (5) _________ (stay) there, they
say. I (6) _________ (live) in Brickfield all my life. The villager (7) _________ (know) about the plans for less
than a week and already there’s a “Save Our Pub” campaign. Last week we (8) _________ (be) happy, but
this week we (9) _________ (be) angry. We (10) _________ (stop) them, you’ll see.
Exercise 4: Reading exercise
The Psychology of Fame
Until the beginning of the 1990s western psychologists had not systematically studied the human desire
to be famous. However, in the few years up to this time the amount of celebrity news in the media had
been increasing dramatically. Scientists at various US universities then started to investigate the reasons
y
why some humans seem to be driven to become famous, while others have no interest in attracting the
ud
limelight. Extensive research with people from different cultures led to the conclusion that people who
St
desire fame are not the same people who want to be rich. The former group may have some desire for
social acceptance based on previous experiences in their lives, it seems that many of these people used
an
to find it difficult to make friends when they were younger or they didn’t use to receive praise or
ic
recognition from their parents. The psychologists believe that it is likely that these people would often
er
demand attention from others as teenagers and this desire has remained in adulthood and is now
Am
expressed as a longing to be famous. Conversely, those who want to be rich are much more focused on
the future than the past; in contrast to the former group, the study found that many of this group had
learned from their parents that success is generated by hard work and that their friends and family had
always encouraged them to strive for the best in life. These conclusions suggest that there is a link
between our upbringing and how we measure our success.
40
Questions
1. What reasons do scientists give to explain why some people may want to be famous?
A. Because they didn’t have many friends when they were children.
B. They want to copy celebrities they see in the media.
C. They did not receive enough attention from their parents in their youth.
D. So that they can be rich in the future.
E. They had a desire to please their parents.
2. What did the scientists do in order to reach their conclusions?
A. They analyzed the increase in celebrity news in the media,
B. They surveyed culturally diverse sections of the population.
C. They investigated different universities,
D. They interviewed psychologists.
y
3. In the study, how were the people who want to be rich different from those who want to be
ud
famous?
A.
B.
Their parents helped them to be successful,
People close to them had urged them to do well,

St
an
C. They measured their success by focusing on the future,
ic
D. Their parents taught them about business.

er
Exercise 5: Writing
Am
Topic: Describe the best vacation as you were a child
Guidance
Students should write:
● Where you went
● What this place was like
● What you did
Explain why it was the best vacation
41
Pronunciation Focus
➢ Past simple verbs and “-ed”
The -ed ending is pronounced in three different ways. Listen to the different sounds and the past simple
verbs in the table below. 🎧 Audio - Track 12
/t/ /d/ /id/
danced stayed hated
watched traveled visited
Exercise 6: Listen to six past simple verbs and add them to the table above. 🎧 Audio - Track 13
/t/ /d/ /id/
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
Exercise 7: Write each of these verbs in the correct column of the table below, according to how -ed
is pronounced
appeared asked ended enjoyed
hoped improved invented liked
needed occurred played remembered
started wanted watched wished
looked finished
42
/t/ /d/ /id/
ex: appeared
Exercise 8: Work in pairs. Take turns to read these sentences aloud. Then say if they are true or false
for you. If they are false, make a sentence about the topic which is true
1. I never watched television when I was a child
2. My parents wanted me to study medicine
y
3. I started studying English when I was 11
ud
4. I usually enjoyed myself at school
St
5. I never worked hard for exams when I was a child. I just studied a little the night before.
6. At school, when I got high marks, I was surprised.

an
7. When I couldn't do homework, I asked my parents to help me.
ic
er
Am
43
Verb tense: You may be asked to talk about something that you experienced in the past, or about
something that is still true now. When you describe something that happened in the past, you can use
certain words to show the sequence of events.
Useful words
first/second next then
after before until
by the time finally at last
as soon as when later
y
Topic: Hometown
ud
Speaking part 1:
1. Where is your hometown? St

an
2. What is your hometown like?
3. What do you like about your hometown?

ic
4. Is there anything you don’t like about your hometown?

er
5. Would you like to move to another city in the future?

Am
6. What is the oldest place in your hometown?
7. Do you usually visit your hometown?
8. Is there good public transportation in your hometown?
Speaking part 2:
Topic: Describe your hometown
You should say:
● Where is it?
● How has it changed since you were a child?
● What can people see and do there?
● Why do you love it?
44
Speaking part 3:
1. Why do people have a very strong bond with their hometown?
2. In what ways can you improve your hometown?
3. Some people want to live in their hometowns for the rest of their lives. Why?
4. Which affects a person’s personality more, the hometown or the current city? Why
5. Do people with the same hometown have a similar thinking? Why?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
45
UNIT 5
Language Study: Sentence Type
Sentence type Formula Example
Simple sentence one independent clause: The children cried.
Subject + Verb + Object
Compound sentence two or more independent The streets are congested during rush
clauses linked by a coordinating hour, so many commuters ride the
conjunction. train.
y
ud
Complex sentence one independent clause and one I use public transportation because I
or more dependent clauses

St don’t like driving.
an
Compound - Complex two or more independent Many people have quit smoking, but
sentence clauses and one or more others continue the habit even though
ic
subordinate clauses the dangers are well-known.

er
Am
Exercise 1: Identify the sentence type of each sentence
1. There are good preschools everywhere, but many families don’t take advantage of them because
they prefer to keep their children at home.
2. Telecommuting has become more common in recent years.
3. I learned to drive when I was 16, and I have been driving ever since then.
4. Modern technology has improved our lives in many ways.
5. Some companies encourage telecommuting since it saves the company money.
6. The waiter was very polite and efficient, so we gave him a large tip.
7. 70% of the students enrolled in science classes, but only 30% enrolled in language classes.
8. Children learn to speak a foreign language fluently when they study them in primary school.
46
Exercise 2: Combine each set of sentences into one sentence using the conjunctions provided
Compound sentences
1. Some neighborhoods are noisy and crowded. Others are quiet and clean. (but)
2. I enjoy water sports. I always water sports. I always spend my vacation at the beach. (so)
3. You can have dinner alone. I can cook for you. (or)
Complex sentences
1. I will move to a new apartment. I can find one closer to my job. (if)
2. This neighborhood was quiet and peaceful. They built a large shopping mall nearby. (before).
3. I usually eat at restaurants. I don’t like to cook. (because)
Compound - complex sentences
1. People like living in this city. Rents are high. Crime is a growing problem. (even though, and)
2. Life in a small town is peaceful and quiet. Many young people move away. They can’t find jobs.
y
ud
Pronunciation Focus: Word Stress
★ Word stress
Rules – Example:
St
an
➢
● In words with more than one syllable, we stress one syllable more than the others
ic
● We can only stress vowels, not consonants

er
● Stress on first syllable:

Am
➔ Most 2-syllable nouns: PREsent, EXport
➔ Most 2-syllable adjectives: CLEver, HAPpy
● Stress on last syllable verbs:
➔ Most 2-syllable verbs: preSENT, deCIDE
● Stress on penultimate syllable: (penultimate = second from end)
➔ Words ending in -ic: GRAPHic, geoGRAPHIC
➔ Words ending in -sion and -tion: teleVIsion, reveLAtion
● Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)
➔ Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy: deMOcracy, phoTOgraphy, geOlogy
➔ Words ending in -al: CRItical, geoLOgical
47
● Compound words (words with two parts):
➔ For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part: BLACKbird, GREENhouse
➔ For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part: bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned
➔ For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part: underSTAND, overFLOW
Exercise 6: In each item, tick the one word that is different from the others
items column number alone
nowhere birthday mistake toilet
guitar eighteen today machine
away brother breakfast frightened
y
comfortable vegetables photograph lemonade
ud
telephoning supermarket conversation exercises
Exercise 7: Read these sentences and conversation

St
an
1. Tim lives at number fifteen
ic
2. I really enjoyed my secondary-school education

er
3. It’s important to read the newspaper every day

Am
4. Chatting online is more interesting than discussing something face to face
5. I prefer reading magazines to books
6. My parents bought me my first computer
Conversation:
A: The dentist is at seventeen Mill Street
B: Seventy?
A: No, not seventy - seventeen
48
Exam tip
The more you say, the more you can show your ability to use a variety of grammar and vocabulary. Try
not to answer a question with a simple yes or no. Use a mixed variety of simple, compound and complex
sentences to avoid short answers.
➢ Making compound sentence
Conjunction Use Example
and adds information Cars are convenient, and people like to drive them.
but shows a contradiction or Cars are expensive, but many people own them.
contrast
y
ud
or shows a choice You can drive your car, or you can take a bus.
yet shows a contradiction or
contrast
St
Sam is a vocal supporter of public transportation,
yet he never rides the subway.

an
so shows a result Cars are expensive, so I don’t own one.

ic
er
for shows a cause We decided not to sell the car, for no buyers could
Am
be found.
49
Example: Below are some possible answers to some Part 1 questions. For each question, decide which
you think is the best. Identify where the candidate is using compound sentences.
Note: the English is correct in all the answers
1. Do you work or are you a student?
A. I work
B. I’m currently studying history at Moscow State University and I’m in my second year.
C. I work as a dentist in Budapest. It’s a very rewarding job and I earn good money. We get vast
numbers of foreigners coming to get dental treatment in Hungary because it’s far cheaper here
than in many other countries. As well as being cheap, we offer high quality dental care and our
patients are always happy with our work. I had to study for many years to be a dentist but it was
worth it. People generally respect you for being a dentist as it’s considered to be a good job,
although perhaps it isn’t as prestigious as being a doctor. I could have chosen to be a doctor and in
y
fact, this is what my father wanted me to do. However, I have some friends who are doctors and
ud
they say they work very long hours and can’t spend enough time with their families. I think I made
the right career choice.
2. Why did you choose that course or job?

St
an
A. I didn’t choose it
ic
B. I chose it because French was always my best subject at school and I enjoy meeting new people. I
er
thought interpreting would suit me, therefore, as you have to be a good communicator and of
Am
course skilled in foreign languages.
Topic: Weather
Speaking Part 1
1. Do you pay attention to weather forecasts?
2. What type of weather do you enjoy most? Why?
3. What types of activities do you like doing in this weather?
4. What type of weather do you dislike?
5. What’s the weather like where you live?
6. What do you do when the weather is bad?
7. What type of weather do you like best?
50
Speaking Part 2
Describe your favorite type of weather
You should say:
● What the type of weather is
● Why you do during this type of weather
● Why it is your favorite
Whether people often talk about the weather in your country
Speaking Part 3:
1. What do people wear in different weather?
2. How does the weather influence people’s lives?
3. How do different seasons affect the way people feel?
y
4. What are people’s opinions on weather forecasts?
ud
5. Are there any festivals about the season?
St
6. How does the climate of a place affect the kind of buildings that are built there?
7. Do you think fighting global climate change is a governmental responsibility or the responsibility of
an
individuals?
ic
er
Am
51
UNIT 6
Language Study: Future Tense
1. Future simple tense
➢ Formula
Affirmative Subject + will + V
Negative Subject + will not + V
Interrogative Will + subject + V?
y
ud
● Make predictions, usually based on our opinions or our past experience:
Example: I think it will be extremely hot there
● Talk about future events we haven’t arranged yet

St
an
Example: We’ll probably stay in some sort of mountain lodge there
ic
● Talk about future events or facts that are not personal

er
Example: The best player on the tour will get a special trophy
Am
● Talk about something we decide to do at the time of speaking
Example: Tell me all about it and I will pass on the information to the rest of the team
● We often use will to make offers, promises or suggestions
Example: Don’t worry, I’ll let everyone know (a promise)
52
2. Future continuous tense
➢ Formula
Affirmative Subject + will be + V-ing
Negative Subject + will not be + V-ing
Interrogative Will + subject + be + V-ing?
● To describe or predict events or situations continuing at a particular point in the future or over a
period of time in the future
Example: I’ll be working on the report all next week
y
● To talk about events that are planned or already decided (this use is similar to the present
ud
continuous for future arrangements)
Example: I’ll be seeing Sarah at lunch

St
an
3. Future perfect tense
ic
➢ Formula
er
Affirmative Subject + will have + past participle

Am
Negative Subject + will not have + past participle
Interrogative Will + subject + have + past participle?
● Talk about a future event that will finish before a specified time in the future, often with before, by +
fixed time, or in + amount of time
Example: By the end of the year, I will have given the same talk at 6 conferences!
Example: I’ll have finished it by next Friday
➢ Exercises
Exercise 1: In six of these sentences there is a verb in the wrong tense. Underline each mistake and
write the correction
53
1. When I’ll find the answer, I’ll let you know: ___________________
2. My exams finish on 27th June: ___________________
3. I’ll be fine in the interview as long as they won’t ask me technical questions: ___________________
4. What time is your meeting about to start tomorrow: ___________________
5. I’ll hand in my notice for this job after I’ll get the contract for my new one: -
6. I’ll text you before we set off: ___________________
7. The bus doesn’t arrive until 7.30 in the evening: ___________________
8. I’ve got my schedule for the Japan trip. We’re about to fly to Tokyo at 10am on Monday, and then
travel by train to Kyoto for one night: ___________________
9. The moment I’ll receive my results I’ll phone you: ___________________
Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with a future form and the verbs in brackets
Teacher: What (1). ________ (you/do) this time next year?
y
Student 1: Well, that’s difficult to say but I hope that I (2). ________ (travel) around the world. Before then
ud
I (3). ________ (hopefully/save up) enough money for the ticket. I plan to end up in Australia when I (4).
St
________ (get) there I’ll get a job and earn some money. So, in a year’s time I (5). ________ (probably/travel)
for a few months already. I hope that I (6). ________ (visit) quite a lot of different countries by then too.
an
Teacher: What do you plan to do when you graduate?
ic
Student 2: Well, my plans have changed a bit. I (7). ________ (do) a journalism course, but I didn’t get
er
accepted. So I’ve sorted something else out and I (8). ________ (start) a hospitality course tomorrow,
Am
actually. It’s for 6 months, so I (9). ________ (not/finish) in time to go traveling next spring, unfortunately.
However, as soon as I (10). ________ (find out) if I’ve passed the course, I can apply for a job in a hotel in
Australia.
Exercise 3: Read the following projections about the future population of Australia
Population projections
According to the latest available projections (which are based on several combinations of
assumptions reflecting past trends in births, deaths and migration), the total population of
Australia is likely to have increased to between 22.3 and 23.3 million by 2021.
The projected population will increase at a declining rate. The average annual growth rate is
predicted to be between 0.5 and 0.8 during 2011-2021. Without overseas migration, the projected
total population should peak at about 23.3 million in 2041, and then start to decline marginally.
54
Age distribution
The projected population will age progressively due to the increasing proportion of the elderly
(aged 65 years or more) and the decreasing proportion of children (aged under 15 years). In brief,
the number of persons aged under 15 is projected to be between 3.7 and 4.1 million in 2031; the
population of working age (15-64 years) is projected to increase to between 14.4 and 15.0 million in
2031; and the number of persons aged 65 years or more is projected to increase to between 2.94
and 2.98 million in 2031. The projections also show significant increases in the number of persons
aged 80 years or more
Write the verbs in brackets in the future perfect tense. Then choose the correct ending for each
sentence
y
1. By the year 2021 the population of Australia A. by the early 2040s
ud
________ (reach). B. to almost 2.98 million
2. The population of Australia ________ (peak).
3. By the year 2031 the number of children aged

St C. a maximum of 23.3 million
D. to between 3.7 and 4.1 million

an
under 15 ________ (rise). E. significantly
ic
4. By 2031 the number of people of working age F. to around 15 million

er
in Australia ________ (grow).

Am
5. By 2031 the number of people aged 65 and
over ________ (go up).
6. By the year 2031 the number of people aged
over 80 ________ (increase).
55
Pronunciation Focus: Stress
➢ Sentence stress
Sentence stress gives English its rhythm. When a native speaker speaks English, they do not pronounce
all words with equal stress. Important words are stressed and less important words are unstressed and
are fitted in the spaces between the stressed words.
In most neutral sentences, content words, which carry meaning, are stressed and function words, like
prepositions, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs are unstressed.
Content words Function words
go, spoke, invented

main verbs pronouns I, you, she, they
scientist, radio
nouns prepositions at, under, with
y
ud
interesting, clever
adjectives articles a, the, some
adverbs
quickly, properly
St conjunctions and, but, so
an
can’t, don’t, aren’t
negative auxiliary verbs auxiliary verbs can, should, must
ic
this, that, these

demonstratives verb be is, am, was
er
who, which, where

question words
Am
➢ Exercises
Exercise 4: Listen to the recording and identify which words are stressed in sentences 1-4. Underline
the stressed words
1. It’s a piece of equipment
2. The latest trend is for green technology
3. Do you know the price of this?
4. We can’t speak English fluently. Can you?
Note that we sometimes stress function words, for example when they are at the end of a sentence,
when a contrast is being expressed, or when the word is being said on its own.
In the four sentences above, only one function word is stressed. What is it and why is it stressed?
56
Exercise 5: Underline the words you think Hanan and Kwan should stress in their answers
Examiner: Can you tell me what you do, Hanan? Do you work, or are you a student?
Hanan: Yes, I’m a student. I’m studying medicine because I want to be a doctor.
Examiner: And where do you come from?
Hanan: I come from Muttrah in Oman
Examiner: Can you tell me what you do, Kwan? Do you work, or are you a student?
Kwan: I’m a student. I’m studying economics at Chonju University at the moment.
Examiner: And where do you come from, Kwan?
Kwan: I come from a small village near Chonju in Korea.
Now 🎧 listen - track 15 and check your answers
IELTS Task: Speaking - Predicting Questions Practice (Part 3)
y
ud
There is almost an infinite number of possible questions for Part 3 of the exam. It is therefore
St
useful for you to be able to predict questions based on topical issues you may encounter, for
an
example in the news. The following exercises will guide you in generating possible questions and
allow you to train on any topic.

ic
er
Part 3 questions often ask you to:

Am
● compare the present with the past
● predict how things will change in the future
● speculate about and analyze issues
Useful future structure:
● … I guess that we might begin to see…
● … I’m sure that in years to come there will be a number of major changes related to this.
● … To begin with, I’d predict that we will most likely have …
● … I imagine it’s quite likely that we will soon have …
57
Exercise 6: Practice talking about the future with a friend. Below are some ideas for topics
● your plans for the weekend and for New Year/Christmas/your birthday
● the future plans of people you know
● the weather tomorrow/next week
● some current news/sports stories (predict how they will develop)
Exercise 7: Use the following phrases to make some predictions about things that will have
happened or been completed by a certain point in the future
● By this time next year…
● By the time I retire…
● By the year 2050…
● By the next millennium…
Exercise 8: Practice ask and answer the following questions
y
1. What will schools be like in the future?
ud
2. What will restaurants be like in the future?
St
3. What types of people will become famous in the future?
4. What will public transport be like in the future?

an
5. What types of hobbies will become popular in the future?
ic
6. What kinds of skills will become important in the future?

er
7. What environmental problems will we see in the future?

Am
8. Do you think we will read books in different ways in the future?
9. Do you think we will get news in different ways in the future?
10. What types of trips/holidays will people take in the future?
Topic: Dreams
Speaking Part 1
1. Can you remember the dreams you had?
2. Do you share your dreams with others?
3. Are you interested in others’ dreams?
4. Do you think dreams have special meanings?
5. Do you want to make your dreams come true?
58
Speaking Part 2
Topic: Describe a dream you have had
You should say:
● When you had this dream
● What you saw in the dream
● What you did or said in the dream
And explain why you had a dream like that
Speaking Part 3
1. Do you think we can learn anything from dreams? Why?
2. Do people in your country talk about their dreams? Why?
3. Do you think that dreams can come true?
y
ud
4. Can dreams affect someone’s health? How?
5. Can dreams be explained scientifically?
6. Can dreams really make people do things? St

an
ic
er
Am
59
UNIT 7
Language Study: Future Tense Practice
Exercise 1: Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb.
● I’m sure they ________ (complete) the new road by June.
● He (wait) for you when you ________ (get) back tomorrow.
● At this same time tomorrow, we ________ (drive) through Pennsylvania.
● We ________ (see) you next Monday.
● In two years from now, the contract ________ (come) to an end.
● You ________ (finish) your work by 9 tonight .
y
● I ________ (give) him your message when I (see) him.
ud
● Don’t call him at 2:30 pm. He ________ (interview) job applicants at that time.
The teacher hopes we ________ (pass) our exams.

●
●
St
By this time next week, he ________ (write) his novel for 6 months.
an
Exercise 2: Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use ‘will’ or ’be going to’.
1. It’s your day off. You have the intention to look round the museum.
ic
Your friend: Do you have any plans for this afternoon?

er
You: Yes, I __________ (look round) the museum.

Am
2. You hate dogs. Dogs always attack you if they get a chance.
Your friend: That dog doesn’t look very friendly.
You: It’s coming towards us. It __________ (attack) us.

3. The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim.
Caller: Hello. Can I speak to Jim, please?
You: Just a moment. I __________ (get) him.

4. It’s a nice day. You’ve decided to sit in the garden. Before going outside, you tell your friend.
You: The weather’s too nice to stay indoors. I __________ (sit) in the garden.
Your friend: That’s a good idea. I think I __________ (join) you.
60
Exercise 3: Underline the most suitable form of the verbs
Dear Paul and Claire,
We’re having a wonderful time here in France. The weather is beautiful and we’ve got lots of plans for
how to spend the next couple of weeks. Tomorrow 1. we’re going out/we will go out on a
glass-bottomed boat to look at the wonderful sea life, and then on Wednesday we think 2. we’re
taking/we’ll take a tour of the old town. Ollie’s aunt lives quite close, so 3. we’re visiting/we’re going to
visit her too if we have time.

The hotel is lovely and lively and has lots of good night life. Tonight 4. they’re holding/they’ll hold an
international evening, with lots of food from different countries.
As you know, we’re here with our friends, John and Wendy, but 5. they aren’t staying/they won’t stay
as long as us, so 6. we’re probably doing/we’ll probably do the really “touristy” things with them, and
be lazy in our second week. You can hire small sailing boats for the day, so we think 7. we’re
y
doing/we’re going to do that next week, and 8. we’re also going to try/we’re also trying to have time
ud
to do some shopping!
St
I hope you are ready for your big trip. 9. You’re loving/You’ll love Australia. In fact 10. you’re going to
probably end up/you’ll probably end up staying there much longer than you’ve planned.
an
Have a great time, and 11. we’re going to see/we’ll see you when you get back.
ic
Love Kath and Ollie.

er
Am
61
How to choose a university course
How do I choose a course?
You’ve decided you want to do a course. Whether you would like a career change, a better job or
simply to learn something new, it’s a good idea to think carefully first. Here’s a guide to help you.
Qualifications - why do I need them?
Qualification proves you’ve acquired knowledge or developed skills. For some careers like medicine
and law, it’s essential you have specific qualifications. For others, such as journalism, it helps to have
a particular qualification.
Most universities set entry requirements for degree courses. Mature entrants don’t always need
formal qualifications, but need evidence of recent study, relevant work experience or professional
qualifications. Professional bodies may grant you membership if you have certain qualifications. It’s
y
not always essential to have a qualification. Working knowledge, such as being able to use computer
ud
software, can be just as important.
What type of course should I do?

St
Your motives will help you choose the best course for your aims and goals. If you are career-driven,
an
you’ll need a course relevant to your profession. If you are interested in self-development and
ic
meeting people, you should find out who else will be on the course. There are work-related
er
(vocational) and academic courses. Further education colleges offer academic courses and
Am
work-related courses. Universities offer higher education qualifications, such as academic first
degrees and higher degrees and vocational diplomas.
For a career in plumbing, a vocational course is essential. For teaching, you need a degree. However,
for many jobs, you have a choice between academic and vocational courses. A vocational course is
better if you like doing things with your hands and working manually. You might prefer an academic
course if you like researching, analyzing and presenting arguments.
Which type of study would suit me best?
Do you prefer on-the-job training, or do you prefer to research and gather facts? Do you like working
in a group covering the same topics and working towards the same goal? If you prefer to work on
your own, at your own pace, an open or distance learning course might suit you. You study from
home, with the help of tuition packs, computers and tutor support via telephone or email. You can
speed through the course or take your time. But you do need self-discipline and motivation.
62
What about my personal circumstances?
You might prefer an open or distance learning course if:
● you’re working and you don’t know how much time a week you can commit to
● you work irregular hours
● you’re at home looking after pre-school children.
Many colleges and training centers now offer flexible open-learning courses, where you can study at
your own pace
How do I know if it’s a good course?
You’ve decided which subject and type of course you want, and how to study it. You now need to
choose between different course titles and providers. There are many courses and they aren't of
equal value. The only way to assess the quality and value of a course is by research. Read
prospectuses (course guides) carefully and note if a course is accredited or validated by a recognised
y
body (this might be an awarding body or a professional body). This can add extra weight to your
ud
qualification.
St
Don’t take everything you read at face value; check out the facts about each course yourself. Ask
course tutors as many questions as you want.

an
How can I be sure I’m making the right choice?
ic
Be clear of your goal. If you’ve decided on a particular job, get an idea of what the job’s about and if
er
you’ll like it. Read careers information, buy trade magazines, and speak to people currently working
Am
in the job. This research is well worth it. It’s better to take your time rather than do a course that
leads to a job you might not really want. You’ll ensure that you don’t waste any time or money.
What am I going to do after the course?
Plan for when you finish. If you’re aiming for a particular job, do voluntary work while studying. If you
are doing an English course and want to be a journalist, you could write for the student newspaper or
work on the radio. Having a plan will help you make the most of the opportunities that come your
way when you’re on the course.
63
Questions
1. Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F from the box below
Write the correct letter A-F next to the questions below
1. Students who want to do law
2. Mature students
3. Students who are motivated by self-development
4. Students who have young children
5. Students who choose a career in journalism
A. will not need any experience to start a course
B. will benefit from open-learning courses
C. could get relevant work experience while they study
D. can be accepted onto a course without qualifications
y
ud
E. should enquire about the other students on their course
F. must have certain qualifications
St
an
2. Classify the following statements as applying to
A. Academic courses
ic
er
B. Vocational courses
C. Both academic and vocational courses

Am
Write the correct letter A - C next to Statements from 6 - 9
6. These courses are available through further education colleges.
7. You must take this kind of course if you wish to have a career in plumbing.
8. You will learn research methods on this type of course.
9. You will learn practical skills on this course.
Exercise 5: Writing exercise
Topic: Describe a language that you are planning to study, other than your native language
Guidance:
● Students should write a paragraph including at least 5 sentences, using going to and future tenses
● Students should mention: what the language is, how long they are going to study the language for,
and explain why they want to learn this language.
64
Pronunciation Focus: Intonation
Introduction to Intonation
● Intonation is the voice going up or down on the strongest syllable of the most important word in a
phrase or sentence.
● Intonation statements usually goes down at the end
● Intonation in WH questions (Who? What? Why? When? Where? How?) usually goes down at the end
● Intonation in Yes/No questions usually goes up at the end
Listen to this example: 🎧 Audio - Track 16
//you’ll arRIVE ↗// at CENtral STAtion ↘// when you get OFF the TRAIN ↗//turn LEFT along the PLATform
↘// at the END of the platform ↗// there’s an EScalator ↘// go UP it ↗// and you’ll be in the MAIN SQUARE
↘// there’s a FOUNtain ↘// in the SQUARE ↗//and I’ll be WAITing for you THERE ↘//
➢ Exercises
y
ud
Exercise 6: Listen and repeat - 🎧 Audio - Ex 6
WH question: How did you spend your holiday?

●
● Statement: I went to America St

an
● Yes/No question: Was it expensive?
Statement: Yes. Very

ic
No. Not very.

er
Exercise 7: Practice the conversation below

Am
A: How did you spend your holiday?
B: I went to…
A: Was it expensive?
B: Yes/No…
Exercise 8: Listen and decide whether the speech units in the B parts have a rising tone (put ↗ in the
box) or a falling tone (↘) 🎧 Audio - Track 17
Example: A: Where on earth did you find that?
B: //I came across it ↗// in an antique shop ↘//
1. A: What time shall we leave?
B: //We could go now ___ // as you’re ready ___ //
65
2. A: What time did David get back?
B: //I heard him come in ___ // at about three ___ //
3. A: I’m not sure his plan would work very well
B: //I thought his suggestion ___ // was ridiculous ___ //
4. A: The hall was packed, wasn’t it?
B: //I hate it ___ // when it’s crowded ___ //
5. A: Do you want a drink?
B: //I wouldn’t mind some orange juice ___ // if you’ve got any ___ //
6. A: When did they tell you it would get here?
B: //They said it would be delivered ___ // by yesterday ___ //
7. A: Have you heard Trio Gitano play before?
B: //I first saw them perform ___ // a couple of years ago ___ //
y
8. A: I could move that easily
ud
B: //well why don’t you try ___ // if you think you’re so strong ___ //
St
an
ic
er
Am
66
IELTS Task: Sentence Types Practice (Speaking Part 3)
Exam tip:
Make sure your answers in Part 3 contain a range of different sentence types, but most importantly, be
sure to include complex sentences in your answers.
A complex sentence is an independent clause combined with one or more dependent clauses and
always contains a subordinating conjunction (which is shown in the table below).
Two types of complex sentences suitable for Part 3 answers are:
● Conditional sentences (if…)
● Sentences which contain a relative clause
Remember, you need to demonstrate your competency in formulating complex sentences to get a good
band score
y
ud
Conjunction Use Example
because, as, since show cause

St I use public transportation because I
don’t like driving.

an
although, even though, shows a contradiction Sam bought an expensive car even
ic
though, while or contrast though he doesn’t have much money.

er
Am
after, as, before, since, until, show time or sequence When I got on the bus, I paid the fare.
when, while
if, unless show condition I will catch the early bus if I leave the
house on time.
Exercise 9: Join these two sentences using conjunction
1. Snow is beautiful to look at. It makes it difficult to get to work
2. It rains so much in my country. We spend a lot of our time indoors.
67
Exercise 10: Complete these sentences using your own ideas. The words in italics are adverbial
subordinating conjunctions
1. Although it was windy, …
2. … while the snow is falling
3. Because I want to help to protect the environment, …
4. Whenever the sun shines, …
5. Whatever the weather, …
6. Rather than driving to work, …
7. … as soon as it stops raining
IELTS Speaking: Practice
Topic: Movies and Music
y
ud
Speaking Part 1
1. How often do you go to the cinema?
2. Which type of movies do you enjoy most? Why? St

an
3. Do you prefer to watch movies at home or at the cinema? Why?
4. When do you listen to music? Why?

ic
5. Which type of music do you mainly listen to? Why?

er
6. Which music style is popular in your country currently?

Am
Speaking Part 2
Topic 1: Describe a film that you enjoyed watching
You should say:
● What type of film it was
● When you saw it
● Why you enjoyed it
● Whether this film was popular in your country
68
Topic 2: Describe a singer or musician that you admire
You should say:
● Who the person is
● What type of music songs he/she plays
● Why you admire this person
● Whether this person is popular in your country
Topic 3: Describe a character from a story/film/TV programme
You should say:
● Who the character is
● When you first saw or heard this story/film/TV programme
● What kind of person this character is
● Why you like this character
y
ud
Topic 4: Describe a song or piece of music that you like
You should say:
● What the song or piece of music is St

an
● When you first heard it
Why you like it

ic
Whether it is popular in your country

er
Speaking Part 3
Am
1. What kind of music do people like at different ages?
2. What kind of music is popular in your country now and what kind will be in the future?
3. Do parents in your country require their children to learn and to play musical instruments?
4. Why do some people like to listen to live music while others prefer CDs?
5. Do you think the cinema has increased or decreased in popularity in recent years?
6. In your opinion, will this trend continue in the future?
7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of making films or real-life events?
8. How important do you think it is for a filmmaker to remain true to the original story?
9. Should films and television be censored or should we be free to choose what we see?
69
UNIT 8
Language Study: Articles, Countable or Uncountable Nouns, Modal Verbs
1. Articles (a/an/the)
➢ Rules and example
a. A/An
● to refer to something for the first time:
Example: I’d like to talk to you today about an exciting development
● to refer to any one from a group of several:
Example: Climate protection is a challenge for our entire society (one of many challenges)
y
● to classify people or things as belonging to a group:
ud
Example: Envisat is a fully-equipped observation satellite
● to say what job somebody does:
Example: My brother is an engineer

St
an
b. The
ic
● when the listener/reader knows which thing we mean (it may have been mentioned before)
er
Example: Envisat is a fully-equipped observation satellite…The satellite was launched in 2002

Am
● when there is only one of this thing
Example: The earth, the sun, the twentieth century
● for superlatives
Example: She is the best student in my class
● to talk about playing a musical instrument
Example: He plays the piano and she plays the guitar
● with certain proper nouns: nationalities (the British), rivers (the Thames), island groups (the
Maldives), mountain ranges (the Himalayas), seas and oceans, country names that represent a
group, many famous/historical buildings, noun phrases with of (the Great Wall of China)
70
c. No article
● with plural or uncountable nouns to talk generally about things
Example: It will deliver information about our changing environment
● with certain proper nouns: continents (Europe), countries (China), states or counties (Michigan),
towns and cities (Tokyo), mountains (Everest), lakes (Lake Superior), companies (Apple), buildings
and places with the name of a town (Heathrow Airport)
● with mealtimes
Example: I have lunch at 12.30
● in common expressions after prepositions
Example: to/at school/university; to/in class
➢ Exercises
Exercise 1: Put in a/an where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave an empty space
y
1. What’s wrong with you? Have you got __________ headache?
ud
2. I know a lot of people. Most of them are __________ students.
3. When I was __________ child, I used to be very shy.
4. Would you like to be __________ actor?

St
an
5. I don’t like __________ violence.
ic
6. Do you collect __________ stamps?

er
7. I don’t feel very well this morning. I’ve got __________ sore throat.
Am
8. I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got __________ sore feet.
9. Jack is __________ engineer. His parents were __________ engineers too.
10. I don’t believe him. He’s __________ liar. He’s always telling __________ lies.
11. What __________ beautiful garden!
12. Do you know him? He’s __________ MP, isn’t he?
13. I clean my teeth with __________ toothpaste. I use __________ toothbrush to clean my teeth.
71
Exercise 2: Complete this story. Use ‘a/an’ or ‘the’ to fill in the blank.
(1). ____ man decided to rob (2). ____ bank in the town where he lived. He walked into (3). ____ bank and
handed (4). ____ note to one of (5). ____ cashiers. (6). ____ cashier read (7). ____ note, which told her to
give (8). ____ man some money. Afraid that he might have (9). ____ gun, she did as she was told. (10). ____
man then walked out of (11). ____ building, leaving (12). ____ note behind. However, he had no time to
spend (13). ____ money because he was arrested (14). ____ same day. He had made (15). ____ mistake. He
had written (16). ____ note on (17). ____ back of (18). ____ envelope. And on (19). ____ other side of (20).
____ envelope was his name and address. This clue was quite enough for (21). ____ detectives on the
case.
Exercise 3: Complete these sentences. Put in the words and decide if you need ‘the’
1. Have you ever been to _____ (British Museum)?
2. The train to Paris leaves from _____ (Waterloo Station).
y
3. You can take a trip by boat along _____ (Thames)
ud
4. _____ (Grand Hotel) is in _____ (Baker Street).
5.
6.
St
If you are looking for a good clothes shop, I would recommend _____ (Harrison’s)
The Serpentine is a lake in _____ (Hyde Park)

an
7. John works for _____ (IBM) now. He used to work for _____ (British Telecom)
ic
8. From there you get a view of _____ (Houses of Parliament).

er
9. The Queen lives at _____ (Buckingham Palace)

Am
10. _____ (Everest) is the highest mountain in the world.
2. Countable/Uncountable Nouns
➢ Rules and example
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
● Objects, ideas and people that can be ● Abstract ideas (happy, sorrow), qualities
counted and materials cannot be counted
● We can use articles and numbers ● We cannot use the indefinite article or
with countable nouns numbers with uncountable nouns
● They can be singular or plural ● They are usually
72
Exceptions
● Making uncountable nouns countable. By using a countable quantifying expression we can
change a noun from uncountable to countable: tea - a pot of tea, advice - a bit of advice, rice - a
bowl of rice, coffee - a cup of coffee
● When a noun has two meanings. Some nouns have an uncountable and a countable meaning
Example: The restaurant walls are made entirely of glass/ Could I have a glass of water please
● Plural uncountable nouns. Some uncountable nouns only have a plural form and take a plural
verb, e.g. goods, clothes, trousers, stairs.
Example: My trousers were completely ruined after I sat on the chewing gum.
➢ Exercises
Exercise 4: Fill in the gaps with a word from the box below in the correct form. If the word is
countable, you may need to change it to a plural form
y
advice cake challenge electricity information situation size
ud
1. I’ve faced many ______ in my life, but none as difficult as this
St
2. Some of the best - I heard while I was a student was to take a regular breaks when studying so that
you don’t lose concentration

an
3. A dictionary is a wonderful source of -
ic
4. I’ve made some little - for Claire’s birthday party

er
5. One hundred years ago cars all looked the same but these days they come in lots of different
Am
shapes and -
6. My job as a journalist means I can find myself in difficult - at times, but at least it’s never boring
7. There was no ______ in the remote cottage, so they had to cook over the fire.
Exercise 5: Speaking Practice
Topic: Describe a traditional dish from your country.
● What it is made from
● How to cook it
● When people eat it
73
3. Modal Verbs
Can Could Be able to
● Ability to do sth
● Past of can ● Ability to do sth in the
● Sth is possible or
● General ability specific situation
allowed
● Permission to do sth
● Can’t: sth is not
● Possible action in now or
possible
future
● Could is less sure than can
● Action that is not realistic
● Ex: I could sleep for a week. I
y
could eat a horse
ud
● Could have: abt the past
● Couldn’t (it isn’t possible) #
St
may not/might not (perhaps)
an
ic
Must May Might

er
Am
● Believe something ● Sth is possible ● Sth is possible
is certain ● Similar to could ● Similar to could
● Ex: You have been ● Possible actions or ● Possible actions or
traveling all day. happenings in the happenings in the future
You must be tired. future ● Sth is not real
● To give your ● Might as well = should do it

opinion, what you because there is no better
think is necessary alternative
or to recommend
someone to do
something
● Ex: I must do my
74
homework
● Used in written
rules and
instructions:
● Ex: Students must
not use phone
Have to Must Need
● I have to do sth = it ● Similar to have to ● You needn’t do/don’t need
is necessary to do ● Used in written rules to do sth = it’s not
y
it, I am obliged to and instructions necessary to do it (but you
ud
do it ● Cannot use must to talk can if you like)
Give your own about the past Needn’t have done

●
opinion, what you ● You mustn’t do

St ●
something = he/she did it,

an
think is necessary something = it is but now we know that it
ic
or to recommend necessary that you do was not necessary

er
someone to do sth not do it (so don’t do it)
To say what
Am
someone is obliged
to do. The speaker
is not giving his or
her own opinion
● Can be used to talk
about the past
75
➢ Exercises
Exercise 6: Complete the sentences using the words in brackets
1. Don’t phone them now
They ________________________________ lunch (might/have)
2. I’ve eaten too much. Now I feel sick
I ________________________________ so much (shouldn’t/eat)
3. I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me
He ________________________________ (must/forget)
4. Why did you go home so early?
You ________________________________ home so early (needn’t/go)
y
ud
5. You’ve signed the contract
It ________________________________ now (can’t/change)
6. “What’s Linda doing? “I’m not sure”

St
an
She ________________________________ TV (may/watch)
ic
7. Laura was standing outside the cinema

er
She ________________________________ for somebody (must/wait)

Am
8. He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed
He ________________________________ it (couldn’t/do)
9. Why weren’t you here earlier?
You ________________________________ here earlier (ought/be)
10. Why didn’t you ask me to help you?
I ________________________________ you (would/help)
76
Exercise 7: Complete the sentences with must (not) or (do not) have to (in the correct form).
Sometimes it’s possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.
1. I ________ go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.
2. It’s too late. I ________ go now.
3. You ________ lock the door when you go out. There have been a lot of break-ins recently.
4. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He ________ go home early.
5. I’ve already finished all my work, so I ________ study tonight.
6. Students ________ wear uniforms when they go to school.
7. You really ________ hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late.
8. I don’t want anyone to know. You ________ tell anymore.
9. When you come to London again, you ________ come and see us.
10. A person ________ become rich and famous in order to live a successful life.
y
ud
Exercise 8: Complete the sentences with can(not), could(not) or be (not) able to. Sometimes it’s
possible to use either.
1. Natasha ________ play the piano when she was four.

St
an
2. George has traveled a lot. He ________ speak four languages.
ic
3. I used to ________ to stand on my head but I can’t do it now.

er
4. I’m afraid I ________ come to the party tonight.
5. The computer went wrong, but luckily Emma ________ put it right again.
Am
6. Ask Catherine about your problem. She might ________ help you.
7. I learned to read music as a child. I ________ read it when I was five.
8. Suddenly all the lights went out. We ________ see a thing.
9. The drivers ________ stop before they crashed into each other.
10. I’m sorry I haven’t ________ come and see you before. I’m OK, thanks. I ________ walk around
now. The doctor says I ________ go back to work soon.
77
Exercise 9: You are going to hear the information officer saying where things are in the zoo. Listen
and write the correct letter (A-G), next to these questions (1-3)
1. gift shop: ____________
2. restaurant: ____________
3. picnic area: ____________
y
ud
St
Exercise 10: Listen and complete the table above. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER
for each answer

an
ic
er
Animal World - today’s events

Am
Name of event Location Type of event Time
The World of the 1. ______ 2. _______ 11 a.m
Ants
The 3. ________ 4. ______ film 12 noon
Encouraging Exhibition Room demonstration 2.30
5. _______ p.m
Birds of Prey the lawn 6. _______ 7. ______
p.m
78
Exam tip: How to use news articles to improve your answers
The Part 3 topics do not require specialist knowledge and you will not be marked on your opinions.
However, you may find it difficult to think of enough to say and your answers may lack depth. For this
reason, you should regularly read news articles to build up an awareness of current affairs and develop
your opinions on a wide range of topics, such as the ones in this book.
Read the following excerpt from a newspaper article
We will need a second earth
A new report reveals that if we fail to reduce our rates of consumption, we will soon need a new earth
to meet our needs. The report, issued by conservation groups, warns that our demands on natural
resources are unsustainable and that if they continue to rise at the same rate, by the mid-2030s we
y
ud
will require a second planet to maintain our lifestyles.
A spokesperson for one group said, “Our reckless consumption is destroying the planet. In addition,
St
there are economic repercussions - with the unprecedented depletion of natural resources, food,
an
water and energy costs are set to soar”. The US and China are the worst offenders, together
accounting for 40% of the global ecological footprint.

ic
er
● What do you think about the article?
Do you find the report worrying?

Am
● What is your country doing to reduce its footprint?
● What are the environmental consequences of the lifestyles that the people in your country lead?
● Do some research, make some notes, and then discuss the topic with someone. How do your views
differ?
79
Topic: Clothes
Speaking Part 1
1. What types of clothes do you like to wear?
2. What is your favorite color for clothes?
3. Are there any clothes that you don’t like?
4. Do you enjoy buying clothes?
5. What’s the worst thing about shopping?
6. Do you think the brand of clothing is important?
7. Do your friends wear the same kinds of clothes as you?
8. Do you wear different styles of clothes now compared to 10 years ago?
9. Have you ever worn a uniform?
10. Do you think the clothes we wear say something about who we are?
y
ud
Speaking Part 2
Describe the type of clothes you like wearing
You should say: St

an
● What kind of clothes you usually like to wear
● Why you like these clothes

ic
● Where you buy them

er
● Whether these clothes are popular in your country

Am
Speaking Part 3
1. Do men and women have different ideas about fashion?
2. Why do teenagers like to follow fashion?
3. What are the disadvantages of following fashion?
4. Why do some companies prefer their staff to wear uniforms?
5. Have you ever given clothes to others?
6. Why do people dress casually in everyday life but dress formally at work and school?
7. Why do people from different countries wear different clothing?
8. What factors do you think affect the clothes we choose to wear
80
UNIT 9
Language Study: Articles, Countable or Uncountable Nouns, Modal Verbs
Exercise 1: Underline the most suitable words
Report on holiday survey
(1). This/That survey aimed to find out about (2). people’s/the people’s ideal holidays. We used (3). the
interviews/interviews and (4). the questionnaires/questionnaires to collect (5). our/their data. (6).
Both/All of (7). those/these methods of data collection were quick and simple to carry out and (8).
neither/none of them were too demanding of the public. (9). Our findings/findings show that many
people like to take their holidays in the summer. (10). This/The view was reinforced by the destinations
y
ud
suggested by (11). the people/people involved in (12). a survey/the survey. (13). The beach holidays/
Beach holidays were the most popular, particularly in (14). the Spain/Spain or (15). the France/France.
St
(16). Most/Both people in the survey said they looked forward to their holiday. (17). Each/All person we
an
interviewed agreed that it was important to have at least one holiday (18). every/all year. (19). The price
of the holiday/the holiday’s price was important to most people, with general agreement that value for
ic
money was a primary consideration.

er
Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps with ‘a/an’ or ‘the’ or put a cross (x) if no article is needed
Am
Borneo born and bred
(1).________ Local legends say that (2). ________ Borneo’s few thousand wild elephants are descendants
from those brought to (3).________ island from India and Malaysia as (4). ________ gift to (5). ________ sultan
in (6). ________ eighteenth century. Biologists from (7).________ Columbia University’s Centre for
Environmental Research and Conservation compared DNA samples from Borneo elephants with Asian
elephants in Sumatra, India and elsewhere. (8).________ findings confirmed their suspicions: Borneo’s
elephants are genetically different. In fact (9).________DNA differencé are so great between them and
their closest relatives (elephants in Peninsular Malaysia) that (10). ________ populations may have
separated up to 300,000 years ago, say (11). ________ scientists. The animals became isolated when (12).
________ island became totally cut off from the mainland due to (13). ________ rise in sea level. Bomeo’s
elephants are, therefore, (14). ________important, separate population.
81
Exercise 3: Fill in the gaps with ‘amount’, ‘number’, ‘few’, ‘little’, ‘many’ or ‘much’
How much sleep do we need?
The (1).________ of sleep each person needs depends on (2). ________factors, including age. Infants
generally require about 16 hours a day. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to be the
ideal (3).________of sleep, although a (4).________ people may need as (5). ________ as give hours’ sleep or
as (6). ________as ten hours’ sleep each day. Getting too (7). ________ sleep creates a sleep debt, and
eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid.
A large (8). ________of people over 65 have frequent sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep
stages in (9). ________elderly people often become very short or stop completely. Microsleep, or very brief
episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In (10).
________cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing microsleeps. The widespread practice of
y
burning the candle at both ends in western industrialized societies has created so (11).________ sleep
ud
deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.
Exercise 4: Make sentences from the words in brackets

St
an
Example
Don’t phone Ann now (she might/have lunch)

ic
→ She might be having lunch

er
I ate too much. Now I feel sick (I shouldn’t/eat/so much)

→ I shouldn’t have eaten so much
Am
1. Why did you go home early? (you needn’t/go/home early)
2. I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me (he must/forget)
3. You’ve signed the contract (it/can’t/change/now)
4. What’s Linda doing? ~ I’m not sure (she may/watch/television)
5. Ann was standing outside the cinema (she must/wait/for somebody)
6. Why weren’t you here earlier (you ought/be/here earlier)
82
7. Why didn’t you ask me to help you? (I would/help/you)
8. I’m surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous (you/should/warn)
Exercise 5: Listen to a conversation between a guest and a hotel receptionist. Complete the table
below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND A NUMBER for each answer. The recording is played
once only.
y
SPLENDOR HOTEL GUEST NOTES
ud
Guest’s name John Smith
Type of room required

St
1. __________ and 2. __________
an
ic
Breakfast preferred 3. ____________

er
The guest would like to do three tennis, squash, and 4. __________

Am
sports
Guest is arriving at the hotel 5. __________
(time)
Guest is leaving the hotel 6. __________ (day), 7. __________ (time)
The guest would like the following 8. __________
extra facilities
9. __________
83
Exercise 6: Listen and label the diagram. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
y
ud
Topic: Traveling/ Tourism
Warm-up activity:
St
an
Write words and phrases in the table below to talk about what makes an exciting holiday and boring
ic
holiday
er
Exciting holiday Boring holiday

Am
Location
Scenery
Food
Hotel
Traveling
People
Weather
84
Speaking Part 1
1. Do you like traveling?
2. How often do you travel and why?
3. What kinds of places are you most interested in and why?
4. What places have you enjoyed visiting and why?
5. What do you normally do when you are in a new place?
6. Which do you prefer: traveling by yourself or with friends, and why?
7. What does traveling mean to you?
Speaking Part 2
Topic 1: Describe a place you visited on holiday
y
You should say:
ud
● Where the place is
●
What type of place it is
What you did there

St
an
And explain why you enjoyed visiting it
ic
Topic 2: Describe a journey you enjoyed

er
You should say:
Where you traveled

Am
● How you traveled there
● How long the journey took
And explain why you enjoyed it
85
Speaking Part 3
1. Why do you think tourism is so popular and still increasing in popularity?
2. What do people want from a holiday?
3. Do you think people always get what they were hoping for on holiday?
4. Why is tourism so important to come economies?
5. What environmental problems can be caused by tourism?
6. What can be done to reduce these environmental problems?
7. Why do some people prefer to travel abroad rather than in their own country?
8. Do you think traveling to another country can change the way people think?
9. Do you think it is good for children to experience life in a foreign country?
10. How have holidays changed over the past few decades?
11. Do you think it is safer to travel now than in the past?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
86
UNIT 10
Language Study: Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases
➢ Formula
● A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of
the preposition, and any modifiers of the object
● A preposition sits in front of its object
● Preposition + (determiner, an adjective) + noun
Example:
y
● There are two dogs in the garden
ud
● After several minutes we located the key for the door
Exercise 1: Identify the prepositional phrase
● The third little pig built a house of bricks

St
an
● The explorers entered the cave with determination
Ryo sang with glee during his solo at the recital

ic
●
er
● The monster under the bed is actually friendly
The grass beneath the swings is turning brown

Am
● The five frogs on the lily pads are catching dragonflies
● I am leaving you this note regarding your dog
● He has dug my petunias out of the garden
● I found him this morning running around my backyard
● He left his shoes in the cupboard
87
Exercise 2: Put in the verbs and add a preposition if necessary
Mark and Sarah had accepted an invitation to Mike and Harriet’s party. Sarah had to stay late at work to
see to (see) one or two things. Her boss really (1) _____________ (relies) her. It’s usually Sarah who (2)
_____________ (deals) all the little problems. Sarah didn’t really (3) _____________ (feel) going to a party but
thought she ought to keep Mark company.
She decided to go straight to the party instead of going home first. She (4) _____________ (reached) the
house just after nine. Mark was sitting in his car outside waiting for her. He was (5) _____________
(listening) the radio. Sarah (6) _____________ (apologized) being late. At the party Mark talked to a
strange woman who (7) _____________ (believed) ghosts. Sarah met a man who kept (8) _____________
(laughing) his own jokes.
She managed to get away from him but couldn’t avoid a woman who wanted to (9) _____________
(discuss) house prices. Mark and Sarah (10) _____________ (left) the party early and drove home feeling
y
ud
exhausted.
St
an
ic
er
Am
88
Exercise 3: Listen to a conversation between a customer and a customer service clerk. Complete
the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. The
recording is played once only
INTERCITY FLOWERS ORDER FORM
Name Brian 1. __________________
Customer number 2. __________________
Address 3. __________________ Road, Bragton
y
ud
Phone number 4. __________________
E-mail address
St
5. __________________
an
If nobody is at home, leave the 6. __________________
flowers
ic
er
Price 7. __________________
Am
Exercise 4: Christian and Brenda are in the office. Listen to their conversation and answer
questions 1-7. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. The
recording is played once only.
1. What time did Christian stop drinking?
2. What was Christian celebrating last night?
3. What has Christian been drinking today?
4. What is Christian doing at the Christmas party?
5. Which park is the Holeton Hotel close to?
6. Which pub will they go to when they leave the office?
7. What time will everyone finish work today
89
Topic: Friends
Exam tip: Talking about people (characteristic and appearance)
Describing appearance Describing personal character
Vocabulary Hair: absent-minded, aggressive,
wavy, curly, straight, dyed, broad-minded, calm, cheerful,
shaved head, crew, cut, considerate, courteous, creative,
bald, long, short, critical, depressed, easy-going,
medium-length, black, energetic, extroverted,
blonde, brown, red, gray, introverted, friendly, generous,
y
white, a ponytail, pigtails, gentle, happy-go-lucky,
ud
a beard, a mustache, high-spirited, independent,
clean-shaven, thick intelligent, nervous, open-minded,
eyebrows, thin eyebrows St outgoing, overbearing, patient,

an
Face: pessimistic, optimistic, proud,
round, oval, broad, long, quick-tempered, quiet, sensitive,

ic
er
high cheekbones, pointed serious, shy, smart, stubborn,
chin, double chin, talented, warm-hearted

Am
wrinkles, dimple(s),
freckles, fair-skinned, pale
complexion, suntanned,
high/low/broad forehead
Eyes:
brown, blue, green, dark,
gray, big, small, round,
slanted, cross-eyed, long
eyelashes, bags under the
eyes
90
Sentence ● He/she + is + adj ● He/she is very + adj
structure ● He/she + has + ● He/she seems to be + adj
noun phrase + with + ● He/she comes across as
noun phrase being + adj
● He/she has got + ● He/she gives impression
noun phrase of being + adj
● He/she resembles
somebody/noun in noun clause
Warm-up activity: Describe the appearances and clothes of each person in the picture
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Speaking part 1
Am
1. Do you like friends?
2. What kind of people can be your friends?
3. How do you make friends?
4. How much time do you spend with friends?
5. What do you normally do with your friends?
6. Do you prefer to spend more time with friends or with family?
7. Would you rather have one close friend or many common friends?
8. How important is friendship to you?
9. When you have trouble, do you turn to friends or family?
10. What is a true friend to you?
91
Speaking part 2
Topic: Describe a close friend of yours
You should say:
● Who he/she is
● How you got to know each other
● What activities you do together
And explain why you feel close to him/her
Speaking part 3
1. Why are people friendly with the person they don’t like?
2. What are some qualities of a good friendship?
3. Is it important for people to have a good friendship with their colleagues?
y
ud
4. Are friends or family more important to people your age?
5. How do people in your country usually make friends?
6. St
Who do people tend to speak to about their personal problems?
an
7. What do you think of making friends on the Internet?
8. Do you think that friendship is important for people to be happy?

ic
9. Do you think teachers should try to be a friend to their students, or should they keep a distance?
er
10. Do you think you will have more friends or less friends as you get older?
Am
92
UNIT 11
Vocabulary Discovery: Word Order, Collocations
1. Word order
➢ Basic sentence patterns
● Subject + Verb ● Subject + Verb + Indirect Object (IO)
+ Direct Object (DO)

Example: She laughed.
● Subject + Verb + Adjunct Example: She has just sent him a letter.
Subject + Verb + Object + Object

Example: He came home.
●
Complement (OC)
Subject + Verb + Subject complement
y
●
ud
Example: They named their son Tony.
Example: Her sister looks beautiful.
Subject + Verb + Preposition +
Subject + Verb + Object
●
●
Example: Tom can speak English.

St Prepositional Object
an
Example: He fell into the stream.
Subject + Verb + Object + Adjunct

ic
●
er
Example: We took a taxi to Ben Thanh Market.

Am
➢ Exercises
Exercise 1: Write sentences, put these words into the correct order. Do not add or omit any words
1. Helen/giving/some cassettes/Jack/is/on his birthday.
2. some new jeans/recently/bought/I.
3. doesn’t/this climate/me/suit.
4. Diana/beautiful/these days/is becoming/more and more.
5. a bright yellow/have painted/they/their front door!.
6. my purse/under the bed/I/found.
7. sold/yesterday/to our next door neighbor/the old Renault/Dad.
8. our friend/ some tulips/us/by express mail/sent .
93
Exercise 2: Rearrange words in sentences
1. Would like you to go sailing? →
2. Do youtube a student here? →
3. How many cakes you have eaten? →
4. I’m too impatient, am I? →
5. Enjoy you your trip? →
6. Where have gone your friends? →
7. Does Peter play tennis? →
8. Don’t drop those plates, do you? →
9. It’s hardly rained at all this summer, hasn’t it? →
10. What has it happened? →
y
ud
Exercise 3: Choose a,b,c or d that best completes the sentence
1. Mary is _______________.
a. a young beautiful girl St c. beautiful a young girl

an
b. a beautiful young girl d. beautiful young a girl
ic
2. Look at the man who is wearing _______________ .

er
a. a tie dirty old cotton c. an old cotton dirty tie

Am
b. a cotton dirty old tie d. a dirty old cotton tie
3. Peter has just come back from Japan. He gave me _______________ .
a. a small Japanese serving bowl c. a serving small Japanese bowl
b. a Japanese small serving bowl d. a Japanese serving small bow
4. Mary has just bought _______________ .
a. a big red hat c. big red a hat
b. a red big hat d. a hat big red
94
5. The concert was performed by _______________ .
a. an exciting new band French c. an exciting new French band
b. a new French exciting band d. a French exciting new ban
6. There was _______________ in the middle of the room.
a. a square wooden old table c. an old square wooden table
b. an old table square wooden d. a wooden old square table
7. The sculptor needs _______________.
a. a carving steel new knife c. a steel carving new knife
y
b. a carving new steel knife d. a new steel carving knife
ud
St
8. On the way to Toronto, I met _______________, who became one of my best friends later.
an
a. a thin small Canadian lady c. a small thin Canadian lady
b. a Canadian small thin lady d. a small Canadian thin lady

ic
er
Am
9. He usually meets his friends _______________ .
a. at the pub after dinner c. after the pub at dinner
b. after dinner at the pub d. the pub after at dinner
10. Beach erosion is _______________ that is destroying or removing sand from a beach
a. the act either or a human of weather c. the act of either a human or weather
factor factor
b. either a human or weather factor of d. the act of or a human either weather
the act factor
11. Juan made an appointment to see his doctor _______________ .
95
a. on the first at two o’clock of Thursday, July next summer
b. at two o’clock on the first Thursday of next July summer
c. at two o’clock on the first Thursday of July next summer
d. on the first Thursday of July at two o’clock next summer
12. She does not earn _______________ .
a. money enough to support her family c. to support her family enough money
b. enough money to support her family d. to support her family money enough
13. We _______________ .
a. have never visited London before c. have never before visited London
y
ud
b. have visited London never before d. never have visited London before
14. Mr. Pike walks _______________ to get a newspaper.

St
an
a. before supper into town every c. into town every afternoon patiently
ic
afternoon patiently before supper

er
b. patiently into town every afternoon d. before supper every afternoon into
Am
before supper town patiently
15. _______________ were invaded by beetles this summer.
a. the neighborhood in all the gardens c. All the gardens in the neighborhood
b. In the gardens all the neighborhood d. the gardens in all the neighborhood
96
2. Collocations
➢ What is a collocation?
A collocation is a pair or group of words that are often used together. These combinations sound natural
to native speakers, but students of English have to make a special effort to learn them because they are
often difficult to guess. Some combinations just sound “wrong” to native speakers of English.
➢ Types of collocation
● Nouns and verbs ● Adjectives & Nouns
Ex: The economy boomed in the 1990s. Ex: Emma always wears red or yellow or
● Verbs & Adverbs some other bright color.
Ex: She pulled steadily on the rope and ● Noun & Noun
helped him to safety. Ex: As Max read the lies about him, he felt a
● Adverb & adjectives surge of anger.
y
ud
Ex: I am fully aware that there are serious
problems.
St
an
Exercise 4: Make ten collocations from the words in the box
ic
an effort ancient bitterly make breakfast cold dark engine forbidden mistakes
er
have make meal monument pitch powerful strictly substantial TV watch

Am
Exercise 5: Underline the collocations in this text
When I left university I made a decision to take up a profession in which I could be creative. I could play
the guitar, but I’d never written any songs. Nonetheless, I decided to become a singer-songwriter. I made
some recordings but I had a rather heavy cold, so they didn’t sound good. I made some more, and sent
them to a record company and waited for them to reply.
So, while I was waiting to become famous, I got a job in a fast-food restaurant. That was five years ago.
I’m still doing the same job.
97
Exercise 6: Put the expressions from the box into the correct category in the table below
make a mistake a storm in a tea cup live music key ring checkpoint
pull somebody’s leg heavy snow valid passport bitterly disappointed teapot
compound collocation idiom
y
Exercise 7: Correct the eight collocation errors in this text. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary
ud
In the morning I made some work in the garden, then I spent a rest for about an hour before going
St
out to have some shopping in town. It was my sister’s birthday and I wanted to do a special effort to
an
cook a nice meal for her. I gave a look at a new Thai cookery book in the bookshop and decided to buy
it. It has some totally easy recipes and I managed to do a good impression with my very first Thai
ic
meal. I think my sister utterly enjoyed her birthday.

er
Am
Exercise 8: Choose the correct feeling from the box to complete each sentence
Anger Horror Tears Nostalgia Pride Pride
1. Most older people feel a slight pang of _______ as they think back on their schooldays.
2. Grace’s father was filled with _______ when he saw that she had dyed her beautiful black hair
blonde.
3. When Daniel saw how harshly the poor were treated by the wealthy landowners he felt a surge
of _______.
4. Swelling with _______, Jack watched his daughter pick up her violin and play.
5. When she saw her exam results, Kate burst into.
6. If people have a sense of _______ in their town, they are more likely to behave well there.
98
Exercise 9: Complete each sentence with suitable collocation
bright color brief chat major problem key issue
1. Come to my office ten minutes before the meeting so we can have ______
2. With her lovely dark hair Ella looks best when she wears ______
3. In your essay on the influence of TV, don’t forget to discuss these ______
4. There is some crime in our town but it isn’t ______
Exercise 10: Put the expressions from the box into the correct category in the table below
to alleviate pain to cause pain to complain of pain
to ease pain to experience pain to inflict pain
to lessen pain to feel pain to relieve pain
y
to soothe pain to be racked with pain to suffer pain
ud
pain subsidies
St
an
making others the experience of being making pain go
ic
experience pain in pain away

er
Am
99
UNIT 12
Vocabulary Discovery: Hometown
➢ New words
1. architecture n. /ˈɑː.kɪ.tek.tʃər/: the style in which buildings are made - kiến trúc
→ architectural adj. thuộc về kiến trúc
Example:
Framed architectural drawings hung on the walls of his office.
There's some nice, German-style architecture in my home town.
2. city center n. /ˌsɪt.i ˈsen.tər/: the central part of a city - vùng trung tâm
Example:
y
ud
I live just within the city center.
It's impossible to park in the city center.
St
3. coast adj. /ˈkəʊ.stəl/ : positioned on, or relating to the coast
an
→ a coastal city n. thành phố biển
→ a coastal town n. thị xã gần biển
ic
Example:
er
Accumulations of sand can be formed by the action of waves on coastal beaches.

Am
My home town is a coastal city.

4. countryside n. /ˈkʌn·triˌsɑɪd/: land not in towns, cities, or industrial areas, that is either used
for farming or left in its natural condition - vùng nông thôn
Example:
The surrounding countryside is very beautiful.
Every summer thousands of people flock to the countryside.
5. crowded adj. /ˈkrɑʊ·dɪd/: full of people - đông đúc
Example:
One drawback of my home town is that it's quite crowded.
It’s a popular and often crowded place.
6. fresh air n. /freʃ /eər/: clean and cool - không khí trong lành
Example:
I really miss the fresh air there.
I went outside to get some fresh air.
100
7. grassland n. /ˈɡrɑːs.lænd/: a large area of land covered with grass

Example: Near my home town you can visit many grasslands.
8. high-rise building n. /ˈhaɪ.raɪz: ˈbɪl.dɪŋ/: a tall modern building with many floors
Example:
There are a lot of new high-rise buildings in my home town.
She lives in a high-rise overlooking the river.
9. historical site n. /hɪˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl/: used to describe past prices or values - khu lịch sử
→ history n. lịch sử
→ historic adj. thuộc về lịch sử
→ historically adv.
Example: There are a lot of famous historical sites in my hometown.
10. hospitable adj. /hɒsˈpɪt.ə.bəl/: friendly and welcoming to guests and visitors - thân thiện
→ hospitably adj.
y
→ hospitality n.
ud
Example: The people in my home town are always very hospitable.
St
11. industrial adj./ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/ : in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and
factories - công nghiệp
an
→ industry n.
→ industrial estate n.
ic
→ industrial zone n.
er
Example: My home town is an industrial city with lots of pollution.

Am
12. lively adj./ˈlaɪv.li/: full of energy and enthusiasm; interesting and exciting - sống động
Example: My home town becomes very lively in the evening.
13. make a living (phrs): kiếm sống
Example: It is a little difficult to make a living in my hometown.
14. market n. /ˈmɑː.kɪt/: khu chợ
Example: The markets are all very colorful.
15. medium-sized adj. kích thước tầm trung
Example: My home town is a medium-sized city.
16. modern adj. /ˈmɒd.ən/: hiện đại
→ modernize (v): hiện đại hóa
→ modernization n. sự hiện đại hóa
Example: There are a lot of modern buildings in my hometown.
101
17. open-minded adj. /ˌəʊ.pənˈmaɪn.dɪd/: willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or
different to your own - cởi mở
Example: Usually the people in my home town are very open-minded.
18. opportunity n. /ˌɒp.əˈtʃuː.nə.ti/: an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do
something that you want to do or have to do - cơ hội
Example: There are not many good job opportunities in my hometown.
19. pace of life (phrs): nhịp sống
Example: The pace of life is fast in big cities.
20. population n. /ˌpɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/: dân số
→ population explosion n. bùng nổ dân số
→ population control n. kiểm soát dân số
Example:
The country is facing a population explosion.
y
The population of my home town is rather small.
ud
21. prosperous adj. /ˈprɒs.pər.əs/: rich and successful - giàu có
→ prosperity n. sự phồn hoa, giàu có
St
Example: My home town has been getting more prosperous recently.
an
22. traditional adj. /trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/: thuộc truyền thống
→ tradition n. sự truyền thống
ic
→ traditionally adv.: một cách truyền thống

er
Example: Rural people are still very traditional compared with urban people.
Am
23. valley n. thung lũng

Example: My home town is situated in a big valley.
24. botanic garden n. /bəˌtæn.ɪk ˈɡɑː.dən/: vườn bách thảo
25. on skid row (idm): poor, without a job or a place to live, and often drinking too much alcohol
102
➢ Collocations
From my room I look out over the surrounding countryside. It’s very different from the familiar
landscape I see from the windows at home. At home it’s a gentle landscape with open fields. Here it’s a
bleak landscape with rocky mountains in the distance.
● gentle landscape: a landscape with nothing extreme or threatening about it
● open fields: fields uninterrupted by woods or houses
Yesterday we followed a path down to the lake. As we turned a corner, we caught a glimpse of a
kingfisher standing in the water. John tried to take a picture of it but it caught sight of us and flew off. a
little further on we rounded a bend and St John’s Abbey came into view. The Abbey fell into ruin about
three hundred years ago. Although it lies in ruins, it is well worth seeing as it stands in a dramatic
setting on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with mountains towering above it.
catch a glimpse of: saw a moment
y
●
ud
● round a bend: turn a corner
fall into ruin: become a ruin

●
● mountains towering: mountains rising dramatically St

an
The cottage is in some wonderful unspoilt countryside on the edge of a dense forest. Unfortunately the
ic
trees block the view of the snow-covered mountains. It has a little garden with a stream at the end of it.
er
The stream winds through the forest. They wanted to build a timber factory here but the local people said
that it would destroy the countryside and, fortunately, their campaign to protect the environment
Am
succeeded.
● unspoilt countryside: countryside that has not been changed by industry or modern buildings
● dense forest: thick forest
● stream winds: makes lots of bends, doesn’t flow in a straight line
103
➢ Phrasal verbs
Example Meaning
We stayed in a lovely hotel which was in a quiet or hidden place
was tucked away in a little valley. that not many people see or go to
(from be tucked away)
Our room opened onto a balcony opened in the direction of the
with lovely views of the countryside. countryside or had a view of it
(from open onto sth)
Fields and woods stretched away continued over a long distance
to the horizon. (from stretch away)
y
ud
Example
St Meaning
an
We could see a few farmhouses were in different parts of an area
which were dotted around the and not close together (from be
ic
landscape. dotted around)

er
Am
We felt we were completely cut off very far away from other places
from the busy modern world and people (from be cut off)
104
Speaking part 1
1. Where is your hometown?
2. Is that a big city or a small place?
3. How long have you been living there?
4. Do you like your hometown?
5. Is there anything you dislike about it?
6. How often do you visit your hometown?
7. What is the oldest part of your hometown?
Speaking part 2
Topic: Describe your hometown
You should say:
y
ud
● Describe the place
● What is special about it?
● Compare it to other cities? St

an
Speaking part 3
1. Most people in this world do not live in their hometowns. Why

ic
2. What is the main reason for liking a hometown other than the fact that you were born there?
er
3. Writing:
Am
4. Some people leave their hometown to work in other places. Why is this the case?
105
Exercise 1: Question: Write True or False:
1. There is a cold wind from the mountains. ____
2. There are many different types of restaurants in San Diego. ____
3. All of San Diego is very modern. ____
4. Chester is an old Roman city. ____
5. You can see the Roman walls in Chester today. ____
6. The speaker thinks Chester is too small. He prefers London. ____
7. There is a river in Paris. ____
8. The speaker says she likes the food in Paris. ____
9. Not many people use the Paris Metro. ____
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
106
The world’s friendliest city
A team of social psychologists from California has spent six years studying the reactions of people in
cities around the world to different situations. The results show that cities where people have less
money generally have friendlier populations. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for its
crime, comes out top, and the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third.
But what makes one city friendlier than another? The psychologists from California State University
say it has got more to do with environment than culture or nationality.
They carried out a study into the way locals treated strangers in 23 cities around the world. The team
conducted their research through a series of tests, where they dropped pens or pretended they were
blind and needed help crossing the street.
y
ud
The study concludes that people are more helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of life such as Rio.
While they were there, researchers received help in 93 percent of cases, and the percentage in Lilongwe
St
was only a little lower. However, richer cities such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the least
an
friendly. Inhabitants of Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 percent of cases and in New York just
44 percent. The psychologists found that, in these cities, people tend to be short of time, so they hurry
ic
and often ignore strangers.

er
Am
107
Questions 1-5: Complete the table
City Positive aspects Negative aspects % of help received
Rio de Janeiro ● friendly ● People 93%
inhabitants don’t have so
● more 1. much 2. _____
____ lifestyle ● Has a
reputation for
3. _____
Amsterdam ● richer ● People Amsterdam
and New York _____ : 53%
y
● have New York:
ud
little 4. ______ 44%
don’t
St
●
pay attention to
an
5. ______
ic
er
Am
108
UNIT 13
IELTS Task: Reading
Introduction to IELTS Reading
★ The test lasts 60 minutes. Within that time, you must complete 3 separate sections with a total of 40
questions. You must also transfer your answer onto a separate answer sheet (there is no extra time
given for this).
★ The Reading paper has 3 separate sections. Each section is a little more difficult than the one before
and lectures authentic reading passages. The Academic module contains 3 long texts of an
academic nature.
y
★ You will be asked 40 questions. In order to assess how much of the reading passages you
ud
understand, the questions will usually paraphrase (use different words with the same meaning) the
words that are in the text. The questions test a variety of reading skills including your ability to do
the following
St
an
● Identify the writer’s overall purpose
ic
● Follow key arguments in a text

er
● Identify opinions and attitudes

Am
● Locate specific information
● Distinguish main ideas from supporting details
● Extract information from a text to complete a diagram, summary, table
or set of notes
109
★ There are 12-13 questions in each section, and you will be asked 1-3 different types of questions in
any section. There are several possible types of questions. For some tasks, you need to write words
or numbers from the reading passage. You may also need to decide if sentences are True/False/Not
Given or Yes/No/Not Given, based on the information that you read.
● Multiple choice
● Matching information
● Matching headings
● Matching features
● Matching sentence endings
● Summary completion
y
Exam Skill: Skimming and Scanning Techniques
ud
➔ Timing is an important part of the Reading test. Try to finish each section in less than 20 minutes.
➔ Reading the passage as quickly as possible (up to 3 minutes). Look at the questions to see what
St
type of information you need to find (up to one minute).
an
➔ Spend 12-13 minutes reading the passage in detail and answering the questions. If a question is
taking too long, move on. Use your last 3-4 minutes to transfer your answers, checking and filling in
ic
er
any gaps in your answers.
➔ Skimming a passage means reading it quickly (concentrating on content words, like nouns and
Am
verbs) to find the main points. It is not reading for detail. Skimming a text will also give you a
general idea of how the information is organized, which can help you locate information more
easily later on. In your own language, you can probably read 100 words in 20 seconds. In the exam,
you should aim to skim read 100 words in 30 seconds.
110
Practice: Quickly read the text below and underline words associated with celebrity and the media
In the past, a person had to do something exceptional to be known as a famous figure: climb a
mountain, row single-handedly around the world or fight bravely in a war. But nowadays it is
quite easy for a very ordinary person to become a superstar. We only need to upload a
remarkable video to the Internet, take part in a reality TV show, or make a controversial
comment on a social media website for our names to be instantly recognized worldwide.
Exam tip: When you skim a text to find the main topic, it will help you to identify words that are
repeated or to find their synonyms. For example, in the passage above, person is repeated twice and the
word figure has a similar meaning.
y
Exam skill: Circling signal words, eye-catching words
ud
Exam tip:
★ While reading a passage, you should circle any signal words to clearly see the direction of what
St
the writer is writing. You may draw your attention to some signal words and their usage listed below:
1. Contrast: but, however, in fact, etc.
an
2. Listing: firstly, next, then, secondly, thirdly, finally, etc.

ic
3. Similarly: too, also, another, similarly, likewise, etc.

er
4. Addition: in addition to, additionally, furthermore, etc.

Am
★ While reading a passage, you should also circle any eye-catching words so that you can later find
out the information you need more rapidly.
111
Practice: Read the following passage and circle all the eye-catching words
When a volcano erupts, it will sometimes eject material such as rock fragments into the
atmosphere. This material is known as tephra. The largest pieces of tephra (greater than 64mm)
are called blocks and bombs. Blocks and bombs are normally shot ballistically from the volcano.
Blocks and bombs as large as 8-30 tons have fallen as farr away as 1 km from their source
(Bryant, 1991). Small blocks and bombs have been known to travel as far away as 20-80 km
(Scott, 1989). Some of these blocks and bombs can have velocities of 75-200m/s (Bryant, 1991).
Smaller ejecta such as lapilli (2-64mm) and ash (< 2mm) which are convicted upward by the heat
of the eruption will fall out farther from the volcano. Most particles greater than a millimeter in
size will fall out within 30 minutes of the time they are erupted (W.I. Rose personal
communication). The smallest particles which are less than .01mm can stay in the atmosphere or
2 or 3 years after a volcanic eruption. Sometimes these particles produce fantastic sunsets such
y
ud
as was seen after the eruptions of Krakatau in 1883 and Pinatubo in 1991. Some scientists
believe that these particles may contribute to global warming
St
an
Exam skill: Scanning for detail
1. Spend one minute skim reading the following passage to get a sense of the overall meaning.
ic
er
What is the main topic?
A. new discoveries in chemistry

Am
B. the discovery of ancient objects
C. how international scientific teams work
Ochre find reveals ancient knowledge of chemistry
The oldest ochre-processing toolkits and workshop ever found have been unearthed,
indicating that as far back as 100,000 years ago, humans had an understanding of chemistry.
South Africa’s Blombos Cave lies within a limestone cliff on the southern Cape coast, 300 km
east of Cape Town. It’s known for its 75,000-year-old rich deposits of artifacts such as beads,
bone tools and ochre engravings. Some engravings date as far back as 100,000 years.
Archaeologist Christopher S. Henshilwood from the University of Witwatersrand in
Johannesburg and University of Bergen, Norway has been excavating at the site since 1992,
112
and has reported the discovery of a mixture, rich in ochre, stored in two abalone shells. It
dates back to the Middle Stone Age - 100,000 years ago. Ochre is a term used to describe a
piece of earth or rock containing red or yellow oxides or hydroxides of iron. It can be used to
make pigments, or paints, ranging from golden-yellow and light yellow-brown to a rich red. Its
use spans the history of humans - from those living more than 200,000 years ago, to modern
indigenous communities.
Made from an array of materials, this mixture, which could have functioned as wall, object and
skin decoration or skin protection (acting in a similar way to modern-day sunscreen),
indicates the early developments that occurred in the people who originally used the site.
“[Judging from] the complexity of the material that has been collected from different parts of
the landscape and brought to the site, they [the people] must have had an elementary
knowledge of chemistry to be able to combine these materials to produce this form. It’s not a
y
ud
straightforward process.” said Henshilwood.
St
2. Scanning involves searching a text quickly for a specific piece of information. Practice scanning
an
the passage for the words/numbers in the box.
ic
er
75,000 100,000 200,000 artifacts ochre

Am
113
UNIT 14
Vocabulary Discovery: Food
➢ New words
1. baked adj. nướng
I like baked potatoes.
2. bitter adj. đắng
Some herbs are very bitter.
3. boiled adj. được đun sôi
Westerners like to eat boiled potatoes.
4. chopsticks n. đôi đũa
y
I learned how to use chopsticks when I was four years old.
ud
5. delicious n. ngon
St
I like my mother's cooking because it is always so delicious.
6. dumpling n. bánh bao nhân thịt
an
People in this area like to eat dumplings.
ic
7. fresh adj. tươi

er
The fish is fresh.

8. helping n. suất thức ăn
Am
The helpings are large in that restaurant.

9. herb n. thảo dược
More and more people are talking about herbs as an alternative to western medicine.
10. high in fat: giàu chất béo
McDonald's foods are high in fat.
11. hygienic adj. sạch sẽ
I prefer home-cooked meals because they are more hygienic than those of the restaurant.
12. lamb n. cừu non
Most of the lambs come from Inner Mongolia.
13. mixed adj. trộn
I like to eat mixed vegetables.
14. nutritious adj. thuộc về dinh dưỡng
It is important to eat nutritious food.
114
15. salty adj. có vị mặn

I can't eat salty food at all.
16. smell n. mùi
I like dishes that have a nice smell.
17. snack n. bữa ăn vặt
I'm not used to having snacks between meals.
18. spicy adj. cay
The food is so spicy that it numbs my tongue.
19. steam v. đun
Since the fish is so fresh, we'd better steam it.
20. sweet adj. ngọt
This food is quite sweet.
21. unique taste n. vị đặc biệt
y
I love Indian food because it has a unique taste.
ud
22. variety n. sự đa dạng
St
I prefer to have a variety of dishes when I go to a restaurant.
23. mineral n. chất khoáng
an
We need to eat about seven bars of chocolate to get minerals
ic
24. filling n. nhân bánh

er
The filling was super creamy and tasted superb

25. antioxidant n. chất chống lão hóa
Am
Cocoa contains antioxidants called polyphenols
115
➢ Collocation
Talking about types of food
Tom: Kids eat tô much junk food.
Lucy: Yeah, but it’s hard to get them to eat nourishing meals. They think they’re boring.
(nourishing meals: meals which make you healthy and strong)
Sergio: Have you tried the new supermarket yet?
Jim: Yes. The fresh produce is excellent, and they have a big organic food section.
(fresh produce: foods produced from farming, e.g. diary produce, agricultural produce
Sergio: Mm, yes. I actually think their ready meals are good too.
(ready meals: meals already prepared or which just need to be heated quickly before eating)
y
ud
Liam: I can’t believe food additives are good for our long-term health.
(food additives: substances added to food to improve its taste or appearance or to preserve it)
St
Ryan: No, and I think processed foods in general are probably bad for us, not to mention GM foods!
an
(processed foods: foods which are changed or treated as part of an industrial operation
ic
GM foods: genetically modified foods)

er
Stella: The restaurant was leaving perishable food lying around outside the fridge, and some people got
Am
food poisoning, so the authorities closed it down.
(perishable food: foods which goes bad quickly)
Jaxon: Oh dear.
116
Eating and drinking
Eva and Leo are in the Old Port restaurant are looking for somewhere to eat
Eva: Let’s find a cafe and have a quick Look, this restaurant looks good and the
snack. And I could really do with a set menu is reasonably priced. Let’s go in.
refreshing drink.
Leo: I’m dying of hunger! I need a decent
meal.
Eva: I know you have a healthy appetite,
but you had a hearty breakfast only three
hours ago! Well, how about having a soft
drink and a bag of crisps now, and a proper
y
lunch later?
ud
Leo: Crisps will only spoil your appetite.
➢ Practice
St
an
Exercise 1: Match the words on the left with their collocations in the right
ic
er
1. set a. additives
2. food b. food
Am
3. junk c. produce
4. ready d. menu
5. fresh e. meals
117
Exercise 2: Replace the underlined words with suitable collocations from the opposite page
1. Foods which are changed or treated as part of an industrial operation may damage our health in
the long term.
2. Some people always have three full, satisfying meals a day, but I prefer a large breakfast and then a
small meal around midday and a more sizable meal in the evening.
3. There are some overpriced restaurants in the city center, but down at the beach, there are some
nice, not too expensively priced ones.
4. On my birthday my parents took me out for a big, good meal. They wanted to go for a very high
quality meal but I said I’d prefer something more ordinary.
5. Iced tea is a drink that cools you and makes you feel less tired on a hot day, and is probably better
for you than non-alcoholic drinks such as cola or lemonade.
6. Let me take you out to dinner on your birthday. Or would you prefer a meal prepared at home? I
y
ud
could make dinner for you at my place.
Exercise 3:
St
Skim read these headings for a passage about chocolate quickly and answer question 1 below
an
List of headings
ic
0 Chocolate could boost concentration

er
1 Chocolate makes us feel better

Am
2 Chocolate is good for stress
3 Chocolate does not give you spots
4 Chocolate makes you live longer
5 Chocolate is nutritious
6 Chocolate boosts the appetite
7 Chocolate helps us digest milk
8 Chocolate can make you more alert
118
1. The purpose of the article is to
A. present a problem and a solution
B. present one side of an argument
C. describe cause and effect
D. describe both sides of an argument
2. Read the passage quickly and match the headings (1-8) with the paragraphs in the passage (A-I)
Why eating chocolate is good for you
It’s many people’s favorite vice, but if the latest evidence is to be believed, the last thing you should feel
when you secretly tuck into a hunk of chocolate is guilty. Scientists have revealed that eating chocolate, in
reasonable amounts, makes you feel emotionally better and so improves the smooth running of your
body’s endorphins. It even protects against heart disease.
[A]
y
Researchers at Harvard University in the u.s. studied 8,000 men and found that those who ate modest
ud
amounts of chocolate up to three times a month lived almost a year longer than those who didn’t eat any.
St
They concluded that this is likely to be due to the fact that cocoa contains antioxidants called polyphenols,
also found in red wine, which prevent the oxidation of harmful cholesterol. Antioxidants are also known to
an
protect against cancer.
ic
[B]
er
This is thought to be because it contains valeric acid, which is a relaxant and tranquilizer. Also, the sugar in
Am
chocolate may reduce stress – sugar has been shown to have a calming and pain-relieving effect on babies
and animals because sweet tastes activate the opiate-like substances in our brain.
[C]
There are a number of scientific reasons for this. The smell of chocolate has been found to slow down brain
waves, making us feel calm. Most of the time our brains are dominated by beta waves, the normal waking
frequency. When our brain activity slows to alpha waves, we experience a pleasant feeling of calm but alert
relaxation. Also, because most of us find eating chocolate so pleasurable, we release endorphins in the
brain. These have similar pharmacological actions to morphine, acting as pain-relievers and giving us a
sense of well-being.
119
[D]
Although many teenagers blame chocolate for their acne, there’s no scientific data to confirm this link.
Scientists at Missouri University even gave spot-prone subjects chocolate to eat and observed their skin for
the next week, with no effect. Chocolate could boost concentration
[E] Chocolate could boost concentration
This can occur, for example, if you eat it mid-afternoon, when blood sugar levels get a bit low. Chocolate
has a reasonably low glycaemic index (Gl), which means it gives long-lasting energy because it doesn’t raise
blood sugar too quickly. For example, a typical bar of chocolate has a GI of 70, compared with 73 for a bowl
of cornflakes. This means a chocolate bar will keep you going for longer. Also, chocolate is a good source of
chromium, which helps control blood sugar because it is involved in making glucose available in the body.
[F]
y
ud
This means it is good for those who are lactose-intolerant. Researchers at Rhode Island University have
shown that cocoa stimulates activity of the enzyme lactase in the intestine. We need this to digest lactose,
St
the sugar found in milk. Lactose-intolerant patients showed a reduction in bloating, cramping and diarrhea
an
when one-and-a-half teaspoons of cocoa were added to a cup of milk.
[G]
ic
er
This could be because it contains cannabinoid-like substances that are known to affect the hypothalamus,
the part of the brain that controls hunger. This isn’t ideal if you’re on a diet but, for those who need to put
Am
on weight or who are convalescing, chocolate could be just what you need to help you get your appetite
back.
[H]
It contains a stimulant called theobromine, a caffeine-like substance that is thought to make us more alert.
But theobromine doesn’t have the side-effect of making us nervous, like caffeine, and chocolate contains
only minute amounts of caffeine – a mug of coffee has about 85 mg compared with just 1 mg in three
squares of chocolate.
[I]
120
A 50g bar of plain chocolate contains 1.2mg of iron, and 45 mg of magnesium. Milk chocolate is a
reasonable source of calcium – a 50g bar contains 110mg. However, we’d need to eat about seven bars to
get the recommended daily allowances of these minerals.
3. Answer questions 1-6. Complete the table. Choose no more than TWO WORDS from the passage for
your answer
Substance found in Chocolate Effect on health
Polyphenols Prevent oxygen mixing with 1. ______________
Valeric acid Causes a lowering of 2. ______________
3. ______________ Eases pain
y
Chromium Regulates 4. ______________
ud
5. ______________ Aids digestion of lactose
6. ______________
St
Increases levels of anxiety
an
ic
er
4. Read the text again and answer these questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer

Am
Questions 7-11
7. Which antioxidants are found in both chocolate and red wine?
8. What is the glycaemic index of a bar of chocolate?
9. Which three symptoms of indigestion are mentioned in the passage?
10. Which part of the brain affects appetite?
11. What three minerals can be found in chocolate?
121
Exercise 4: Work in pairs and answer the following questions
1. What’s your favorite food?
2. Are there any foods you dislike?
3. What are some traditional foods in your country?
4. Do you have a healthy diet?
5. Who does the cooking in your family? Why?
6. Did you learn how to cook when you were younger?
7. Do you think Vietnamese people’s diet is healthy?
8. Do you like tasting new food?
9. What time do you usually eat dinner?
10. Do you like to cook?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
122
UNIT 15
IELTS Task: Reading
Exam Skill: Guess main ideas by reading Titles and Topics sentences
A. Making predictions before scanning for details
Exam tip:
Most reading passages will have a heading and a subheading. The subheading is used to give you the
context to the passage.
Example 1:
Matching headings A-D from four Reading passages with subheadings 1-5. There is one extra
y
subheading that you do not need.
ud
A. Alpine Glacial Lakes 1. Researchers disagree about whether social
B.
C.
Clean Dream
Virtual Connections
St
media is making us more isolated.
2. Climatologists are assessing the impact of

an
D. Creating Young Scientists climate change on high-altitude bodies of
ic
water.
er
3. James Clegg identifies 2 current trends that are

Am
expanding the role of science in high schools.
4. Alan Parker outlines a recent breakthrough in
technology.
5. In the 19th century, a schoolgirl and a former
traveling salesman helped turn the humble
soap bar into an $18 billion industry.
Exam tip:
Read the title and skim the questions first. Understanding the context can help you to predict the type
of information contained in the Reading passage. Making predictions about what you are going to read
can help you to understand the text more quickly when you read it.
123
Example 2: Match the types of information 1-6 to Reading headings A-D. You will need to use the
information in the subheadings to help you and you may use any letter more than once
1. arguments put forward by several different experts
2. a description of a project in mountainous areas
3. a discussion about the impact of technology on society
4. research linked to trends in weather patterns
5. a historical look at a successful business venture
6. an argument presented from one expert’s point of view
Example 3: The passage below contains several explanations and definitions. Read the passage and
match items (1-5) with meanings A-F
1. tannin A. a taste similar to a lemon
y
ud
2. astringent B. a chemical found in certain plants
3. alkaline C. able to dissolve in liquid
4. oak gall St
D. the opposite of acidic
an
5. soluble E. becoming cloudy
F. a problem found on a type of tree

ic
er
Am
HEALTH-TEA
Sid Cowans looks at the health properties of a favorite drink
If you are a tea drinker you have probably heard of tannins, which are plant based chemicals found in
tea. They are responsible for the astringent bitter taste sometimes associated with tea. When you
drink a cup of tea, it usually dissolves and remains clear unless the water is too cold or too alkaline.
Tannins occur in many different types of plants and food, but are especially present in oak galls, which
have been used for centuries in Chinese medicine due to their health-giving properties. Tannins are
often present in drinks and medicine because they are soluble in water, but how much they dissolve
depends on factors like temperature and the chemical makeup of the liquid.
* In chemistry, an alkali is the opposite of an acid
* Abnormal growths on oak trees
124
B. Passage Organization
Exam tip:
Good pieces of writing are always well-organized. You can understand the general idea of a passage
without having to read every single sentence in it. This part will show you how to identify a thesis
statement to rapidly grasp the global idea of reading passage as well as topic sentences to know the
main ideas of its paragraphs
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
125
Example 4: Identify the thesis statements of the following paragraphs
1. The computer is assumed to have widened our horizons with a bombard of information.
When we consider our children’s knowledge, they can get more information and more
ways of entertainment than they could without access to a computer. However, allowing
their name to be dominated by computers has progressively eroded children’s
independent thinking ability. Children have lost much of their motivation to explore a
question on their own but to depend on the information available online. In recent
surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood
experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities to
reflect on a question and discuss it with peers, compared with their own children today.
2. I don’t know where I’m gonna go when the volcano blows - these words, suggested in a
y
song by Jimmy Buffet in his 1979 Volcano album, probably reflect the concerns of many
ud
people living near active volcanoes. Volcanoes are beneficial to humans living on or
St
near them. They produce fertile soil and provide valuable minerals, water reservoirs,
geothermal resources, and scenic beauty. But volcanoes can be very dangerous. Where
an
can a person go to be safe from an erupting volcano? What types of volcanic hazards
ic
might they face? These questions are difficult to answer because there are many types
er
of volcanic eruptions which produce different types of volcanic hazards.

Am
3. Our research shows that no company can succeed today by trying to be all things to all
people. It must instead find the unique value that it alone can deliver to a chosen
market. We have identified three distinct value disciplines, so called because each
discipline produces a different kind of customer value. Choosing one discipline to
master does not mean that a company abandons the other two, only that it picks a
dimension of value on which to stake its market reputation over the long term.
4. Undoubtedly, the desire for food has been, and still is, one of the main causes of great
political events. But man differs from other animals in one very important respect, and
that is that he has desires which are, so to speak, infinite, which can never be fully
gratified and which would keep him restless even in Paradise. When the Arabs, who had
been used to living sparingly on a few dates, acquired the riches of the Eastern Roman
Empire and dwelt in palaces of almost unbelievable luxury, they did not, on that
126
account, become inactive. Hunger could no longer be a motive, for Greek slaves
supplied them with exquisite viands at the slightest nod. But other desires kept them
active: four in particular, which we can label acquisitiveness, rivalry, vanity, and love of
power
Adapted from On Human Nature and Politics by Bertrand Russell
Example 5: Identify the topic sentences of the following paragraphs
1. Read a poem more than once. A good poem will no more yield its full meaning on a
single reading than will a Beethoven symphony on a single hearing. One does not listen
to a good piece of music once and forget it; one does not look at a good painting once
and throw it away; a poem is not like a newspaper to be hastily read and cast into a
wastebasket. It is to be hung on the wall of one’s mind.
y
ud
2. Companies pursuing product leadership continually push products into the realm of the
unknown, the untried, or the highly desirable. Reaching that goal requires that they
St
challenge themselves in three ways. First, they must be creative. More than anything
an
else, being creative means recognising and embracing ideas that may originate
anywhere - inside the company or out. Second, they must commercialize their ideas
ic
quickly. To do so, all their business and management processes are engineered for
er
speed. Third and most important, they must relentlessly pursue ways to leapfrog their
Am
own latest product or service. If anyone is going to render their technology obsolete,
they prefer to do it themselves. Product leaders do not stop for self-congratulation. They
are too busy raising the bar.
3. The value of snobbery in general, its humanistic “point”, consists in its power to stimulate
activity. A society with plenty of snobberies is like a dog with plenty of fleas: it is not likely
to become comatose. Every snobbery demands of its devotees unceasing efforts, a
succession of sacrifices. The society-snob must be perpetually lion-hunting; the
modernity-snob can never rest from trying to be up to date. Swiss doctors and the Best
that has been thought or said must be the daily and nightly preoccupation of all the
snobs respectively of disease and culture.

Excerpted from Selected Snobbery by Aldous Huxley
127
Type: Summary/ Sentence Completion
➢ Summary completion
The summary completion task often appears in the IELTS Academic Reading test. It assesses your ability
to understand details within the text and to identify the main idea and will usually be on one part of the
text rather than the whole text. In this question type, you will see an incomplete summary presented
with missing words. There are two variations of this question task type where you either select words
directly from the text, or where you select words from a list of answers.
If you select words directly from the text, the instructions will make it clear how many words or numbers
you should use in your answer.
If you select words from a list, these words can be synonyms (words of similar meaning) or antonyms
(words that have opposite meaning) of the words that appear in the text, or they can be taken directly
from the text. Therefore, it is essential to prepare for IELTS Reading by increasing your vocabulary range
y
ud
and by learning how to identify word groups.
Exercise 1: Read the passage below quickly

St
an
A. When did Rubik start working on his Cube?
ic
B. When did it become a success?

er
Exercise 2: Underline these words (1-6) in the passage. Then decide what type of word each is and
Am
match them with their definitions from (A-F)
1. preliminary A. break into pieces
2. fall apart B. build something by joining parts together
3. attempt C. done or happening in order to prepare for the main event or
4. assemble activity
5. experiment D. the purpose of something
6. object E. try something in order to discover what it is like
F. try to do something, especially something difficult
128
RUBIK’S CUBE
How the puzzle achieved success
Erno Rubik first studied sculpture and then later architecture in Budapest, where he went
on to become a teacher of interior design. It was while he was working as a teacher that
he began the preliminary work on an invention that he called the ‘Magic Cube'.
Rubik was inspired by geometric puzzles such as the Chinese tangram, a puzzle consisting
of various triangles, a square and a parallelogram which can be combined to create
different shapes and figures. However, unlike the tangram, which is two- dimensional,
Rubik was more interested in investigating how three-dimensional forms, such as the
cube, could be moved and combined to produce other forms.
His design consisted of a cube made up of layers of individual smaller cubes, and each
smaller cube could be turned in any direction except diagonally. To ensure that the cubes
y
could move independently, without falling apart, Rubik first attempted to join them
ud
together using elastic bands. However, this proved to be impossible, so Rubik then solved
St
the problem by assembling them using a rounded interior. This permitted them to move
smoothly and easily. He experimented with different ways of marking the smaller cubes,
an
but ended up with the simple solution of giving a different color to each side. The object
ic
was to twist the layers of small cubes so that each side of the large cube was an identical
er
color.
Am
Rubik took out a patent for the Cube in 1977 and started manufacturing it in the same
year. The Cube came to the attention of a Hungarian businessman, Tibor Laczi, who then
demonstrated it at the Nuremberg Toy Fair. When British toy expert Tom Kremer saw it, he
thought it was amazing and he persuaded a manufacturer, Ideal Toys, to produce 1 million
of them in 1979. Ideal Toys renamed the Cube after the toy’s inventor, and in 1980, Rubik’s
Cube was shown at toy fairs all over the world. It won that year’s prize in Germany for Best
Puzzle. Rubik’s Cube is believed to be the world’s best-selling puzzle; since its invention,
more than 300 million Cubes have been sold worldwide.
Exercise 3: Look at the summary below. Read around the gaps and decide what type of word and
what information you might need for each gap. Now complete the summary. Choose NO MORE
129
THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Rubik’s Cube
Originally named the 1. _____________ Rubik’s Cube consists of a number of smaller cubes organized in 2.
_____________ The smaller cubes can be twisted in almost any way, though not 3. _____________The Cube’s
4. _____________is shaped in a way that allows the smaller cubes to move smoothly. Each side of the
smaller cubes has a different color, and the aim of the puzzle is to organize the cubes so that the colors
on the sides of the large cube are 5. _____________The manufacturers of the puzzle changed the name of
the Cube to the name of its 6 _____________ it has now sold more than any other 7. _____________ in the
world.
➢ Sentence completion
Sentence completion questions test your ability to find specific details or information in the passage.
y
You must fill in the gaps in the sentences with appropriate words from the passage. The sentences will
ud
paraphrase the words and ideas. They also contain details that help you find the part you need to read
in detail.
Exam tip:
St
an
● Underline the key idea in each question
ic
● Decide what type of information you need to complete the sentences

er
● Read the section of the passage which deals with they key idea and choose your answer
Am
● Read the completed sentence to make sure it is grammatically correct
Exercise 4: Underline these words (1-7) in the passage. Then decide what type of word each is and
match them with their definitions (a-g)
1. diet A. group of bỉds
2. prey B. home built by birds for their eggs
3. breed C. animal that kills and eats other animals
4. flock D. produce a young animal
5. migration E. journey from one place to another at the same time each year
6. predator F. the type of food that a person or animal usually eats
7. nest G. an animal that is hunted and killed by another animal
130
The life of the European bee-eater

A brilliant movement of color as it catches its food in the air, the European bee-eater moves between
three continents.
True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees (though their diet includes just about any flying insect). When
the bird catches a bee, it returns to its tree to get rid of the bee's poison, which it does very efficiently.
It hits the insect's head on one side of the branch, then rubs its body on the other. The rubbing makes
its prey harmless.
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring and summer across an
area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan. Farmland and river valleys provide huge numbers of
insects. Flocks of bee-eaters follow tractors as they work fields. When the birds come upon a beehive,
they eat well - a researcher once found a hundred bees in the stomach of a bee-eater near a hive.
European bees pass the winter by sleeping in their hives, which cuts off the bee-eater's main source
y
ud
of food. So, in late summer, bee-eaters begin a long, dangerous journey. Massive flocks from Spain,
France and northern Italy cross the Sahara desert to their wintering grounds in West Africa.
St
Bee-eaters from Hungary and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean Sea
an
and Arabian Desert to winter in southern Africa. 'It's an extremely risky stratagem, this migration,'
says C. Hilary Fry, a British ornithologist who has studied European bee-eaters for more than 45
ic
years. 'At least 30 percent of the birds will be killed by predators before they make it back to Europe
er
the following spring.' In April, they return to Europe. Birds build nests by digging tunnels in
Am
riverbanks. They work for up to 20 days. By the end of the job, they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of soil -
more than 80 times their weight.
The nesting season is a time when families help each other, and sons or uncles help feed their
father's or brother's chicks as soon as they come out of their eggs. The helpers benefit, too: parents
with helpers can provide more food for chicks to continue the family line.
It's a short, spectacular life. European bee-eaters live for five to six years. The difficulties of migration
and avoiding predators along the way affect every bird. Bee-eaters today also find it harder to find
food, as there are fewer insects around as a result of pesticides. Breeding sites are also disappearing,
as rivers are turned into concrete-walled canals.
Exercise 5: Read questions 1-8 (Exercise 6) below
131
1. Underline the key ideas
2. Decide what type of information you need for each gap
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
132
Exercise 6: Now complete Questions 1-8. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
each answer.
1. Bee-eaters’ prey are bees and other .....................
2. Bee-eaters need to remove the ..................... from bees before eating them
3. There is plenty of food for bee-eaters on agricultural land and in ....................
4. Bee-eaters migrate to spend the winter in different parts of .....................
5. Because of ....................., almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive migration.
6. Bee-eaters make nests in ....................., which they build themselves.
7. When nesting, the ..................... receive food from different family members.
8. One problem for bee-eaters is ....................., which have reduced the amount of food available.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
133
UNIT 16
IELTS Task: Reading (Summary/ Sentence completion questions)
➢ Practice 1
MARCEL BICH
The man who turned a luxury item into an everyday object
Marcel Bich, a French manufacturer of traditional ink pens, was the man who turned the
ballpoint pen into an item that today almost anyone can afford. Bich was appalled at the
poor quality of the ballpoint pens that were available, and was also shocked at their high
cost. However, he recognised that the ballpoint was a firmly established invention, and he
y
decided to design a cheap pen that worked well and would be commercially successful.
ud
Bich went to the Biro brothers and asked them if he could use the design of their original
St
invention in one of his own pens. In return, he offered to pay them every time he sold a
pen. Then, for two years, Bich studied the detailed construction of every ballpoint pen that
an
was being sold, often working with a microscope.
ic
By 1950, he was ready to introduce his new wonder: a plastic pen with a clear barrel that
er
wrote smoothly, did not leak and only cost a few cents. He called it the 'Bic Cristal'. The
Am
ballpoint pen had finally become a practical writing instrument. The public liked it
immediately, and today it is as common as the pencil. In Britain, they are still called Biros,
and many Bic models also say 'Biro' on the side of the pen, to remind people of their
original inventors.
Bich became extremely wealthy thanks to his invention, which had worldwide appeal. Over
the next 60 years his company, Societe Bic, opened factories all over the world and
expanded its range of inexpensive products. Today, Bic is as famous for its lighters and
razors as it is for its pens, and you can even buy a Bic mobile phone
134
Look at the summary of the passage above. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage
for each answer
It is thanks to Marcel Bich that most people today are able to 1. __________ a ballpoint pen. It
was of bad quality and 2. __________ of the pens which were available at the time that inspired
him to design a 3. __________ ballpoint pen that would be both inexpensive and reliable. After
getting permission from the Biro brothers to base his pen on their 4. __________, he carefully 5.
__________ other ballpoints that were sold in the shops, and in 1950 introduced his own
version, the “Bic Cristal”. It was popular with 6. __________, and Bich became very rich. His
company, BIC, now makes a variety of cheap 7. __________, such as lighters and razors.
➢ Practice 2
The honey badger
y
ud
It looks harmless and vulnerable. But the honey badger is afraid of nothing… and will attack
and eat almost anything.

St
The honey badger (Mellivora capensis), is an African and south- Asian mammal that has a
an
reputation for being one of the world’s most fearless animals, despite its small size. And in
spite of its gentle-sounding name, it is also one of its most aggressive. Honey badgers have
ic
been known to attack lions, buffalo, and snakes three times their size. Even humans are not
er
safe from a honey badger if it thinks the human will attack or harm it. They are also extremely
Am
tough creatures, and can recover quickly from injuries that would kill most other animals.
At first glance, honey badgers look like the common European badger. They are usually
between 75 cm and 1 meter long, although males are about twice the size of females. They are
instantly recognizable by gray and white stripes that extend from the top of the head to the
tail. Closer inspection, which is probably not a wise thing to do, reveals pointed teeth, and
sharp front claws which can be four centimeters in length.
Honey badgers are meat-eating animals with an extremely varied diet. They mainly eat a range
of small creatures like beetles, lizards and birds, but will also catch larger reptiles like snakes
and small crocodiles. Some mammals, such as foxes, antelope and wild cats also form part of
their diet.
135
Complete sentence. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
1. Although they are not big animals, honey badgers are fearless, _________ and tough.
2. Honey badgers will attack ____________ if they need to protect themselves.
3. The pattern and colors on the honey badger’s back make it ___________
4. The food they eat is meat-based and ____________
5. ____________ form the biggest part of a honey badger’s diet.
➢ Practice 3
HEARST CASTLE
A.
William Randolph Hearst was a successful American newspaper publisher who received over
1,000 km2 of land when his mother died in 1919. Initially, he had planned to build just a
small bungalow, so he hired Julia Morgan, the first female architect in California. Together,
y
ud
however, they designed a magnificent castle which cost 10 million dollars and took 28 years
to build. The property, named La Cuesta Encantada (The Enchanted Mountain), has 56
St
bedrooms, 61 bathrooms, 19 sitting rooms and about 52,000 m2 of garden.
an
B.
Hearst loved traveling to Europe when he was a child and we can see this in the overall
ic
design of the house. He even included cathedral ceilings and Roman columns in his home.
er
Hearst was also a keen art collector and, during his lifetime, spent $3.5 million on his
Am
collection, which is displayed in the rooms at Hearst Castle. Today, his collection is worth
much more, with one piece alone valued at $10 million.
C.
One of the highlights of the estate is the Neptune Pool. It took 15 years to build and
includes the front of an ancient Roman temple. It is on top of a hill and has wonderful views
of the mountains, ocean and main house. The pool was rebuilt three times until he was
satisfied.
D.
Although the inside of the house is very European, the outside is very Californian, with palm
trees and water. Hearst loved trees and 70,000 were planted on the property during his
lifetime. The castle was also home to the world’s largest private zoo, holding animals from
every continent. Although the zoo is now closed, zebras can still be seen on the hillside.
136
E.
As well as the Casa Grande (the main house), there are also three guest houses on the
property: Casa Del Monte, Casa Del Sol and Casa Del Mar. Hearst entertained a great
number of Hollywood stars and political leaders at the castle and many used his private
airfield. Guests had to attend formal dinners every evening, but were free to do what they
liked during the day. They were invited to stay as long as they wanted, but the longer they
stayed, the further away they sat from Hearst at the dinner table.
F.
When Hearst died in 1951, his family learnt how expensive maintenance would be, and the
mansion was donated to the State of California. Since then, it has been open for public tours
and the site attracts millions of tourists every year. However, the Hearst family is still allowed
to use it when they wish. The castle was never completed and remains unfinished. HEARST
y
ud
CASTLE HOME ABOUT PHOTOS BOOKING and remains.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer
1. What job did William Hearst do? →

St
an
2. Who helped Hearst design the Castle? →
3. How much did Hearst spend on art during his lifetime? →

ic
er
4. How many times was the Neptune pool rebuilt before Hearst was happy with it? →
5. What were visitors to the Castle required to do every evening? →

Am
6. Who owns the mansion now? Complete the sentences. →
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer
1. As a child, Hearst enjoyed his holidays to ___________
2. Hearst inherited the land from his ___________
3. Builders spent creating the magnificent Neptune Pool ___________
4. Hearst took animals from for his private zoo ___________
5. Although the zoo is now closed, still walk about the hillside ___________
6. The family donated the property because of ___________
137
UNIT 17
IELTS Task: Writing Task 1
General introduction to Writing task 1 (Time, No. of tasks, Types of writing questions)
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
Time
You will have 60 minutes to complete the writing part of the test. You should allow 20 minutes for Task 1.
Divide your time as follows
Total time 20 minutes
Step 1 Plan: 5 minutes
Step 2 Write: 12 minutes
Step 3 Revise: 3 minutes
138
Length: You must write at least 150 words. You can write more.
TIPS:
● Use only the information provided in the task. Do not include outside information
or your own opinion
● Ask yourself questions to focus on the task:
➔ What is this graphic about?
➔ Which are the most important details?
Score: To receive a good score
● address all parts of the task
● accurately summarize the information
y
● make meaningful comparisons
ud
● end with a brief overview of the information
use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation

●
● write in complete sentences

St
an
● use your own words, do not copy exact sentences from the task
ic
er
How the Writing paper is assessed

Am
Task Criteria What do these criteria mean?
Writing task 1 Task Achievement Did you answer the question fully and write 150 words?
Writing task 2 Task Response ● Did your answer address all of the points in the
question?
● Did you provide a balanced argument and
support your ideas with evidence and examples?
● Were all your ideas relevant to the question?
● Did you write 250 words?
Both tasks Coherence and ● Is your writing easy to understand?
Cohesion ● Are your ideas well organized and clearly linked?
139
Lexical Resource Did you use a wide range of vocabulary accurately and
effectively?
Grammatical Did you use a wide range of grammatical structures
Range and accurately and effectively?
Accuracy
Note: Writing task 2 is worth more marks than writing task 1. The assessor will combine your two
scores to obtain one final score!
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
140
UNIT 18
IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Using Tenses
Exercise 1
Extract A Extract B
y
ud
St
an
The sun heats the ground. This is warming

ic
From the graphs, we are seeing that the

the air nearby and the warm air rises into
er
number of employees employed by this firm

the sky. As the air is rising, it becomes cooler
increases each year and the number of
Am
and the water vapor inside it changes into

employees leaving after less than five years
droplets of water. These join together to
decreases.
form a cloud.
1. ________
1. can see
2. ________
2. ________
3. ________
3. ________
141
Exercise 2: Look at the chart and fill in the gaps with the past simple or present perfect simple of
the verbs in brackets to make true sentences.
y
ud
1. The chart shows the percentage of British adults who have used (use) the Internet since 1995.
2. The number of women who have ever used the Internet _____ (increase) by more than 60% since
1995. St
an
3. The percentage of men who have accessed the Internet _____ (rise) to 60% in 2005.
4. The number of women who have accessed the Internet _____ (rise) each year.
ic
5. The percentage of men who used the Internet _____ (be) greater than the percentage of women
er
from 1995 to 2005.

Am
6. However, British women _____ (overtake) British men in Internet usage since 2005.
7. The total number of people accessing the Internet _____ (grow) each year although the most
significant rise _____ (occur) between 1995 and 2000.
142
Exercise 3: Complete the report with the past simple or past perfect simple of the verbs in brackets
y
The chart shows the percentage of people aged 65 and over in the United States between 1900 and
ud
2000. In the year 1900 just over 4% of the population (1). was (be) aged over 65. However, by 1960 this
figure (2). ______(double). St

The number of people aged between 75 and 84 (3). ______ (remain) fairly steady between 1900 and 1930,
an
making up only 1-3% of the population. The figure (4). ______ (begin) to rise more significantly in 1940
ic
and by 1970 it (5). ______ (triple) to reach 3% of the population.

er
Although there (6). ______ (be) no change in the number of people aged 65-74 between 1960 and 1970,
Am
the number of people aged 75 and over (7). ______ (increase) during this time. By the year 2000, 12.4% of
the US population (8). ______ (reach) the age of 65 or more, although this was slightly lower than in 1990
when it (9). ______ (peak) at 12.6%.
The chart shows that today people in the United States can expect to live longer than in 1900. By the
year 2000, more than 12% of the population (10). ______ (manage) to live to the age of 65 and over
compared to only 4.1% in 1900.
143
UNIT 19
Vocabulary Discovery: Music
➢ New words
1. band n. nhóm nhạc
These people formed a band and played in the pub.
2. classical adj. cổ điển
I enjoy classical music the most.
3. concert n. buổi hòa nhạc
I have never been to a concert.
4. dance to the beat n. nhảy theo nhạc
y
When the music starts, my daughter will dance to the beat.
ud
5. folk n. dân gian
I always enjoy watching folk dance by ethnic people.
6. hum along n. hòa theo
St
an
I am not good at singing but I like to hum along when I listen to a song.
ic
7. instrument n. nhạc cụ
er
Children should learn a musical instrument at school.

8. love song n. nhạc tình yêu
Am
There are too many love songs nowadays.

9. lyrics n. lời bài hát
I like to study the lyrics of songs. They are usually very meaningful.
10. meaningful adj. ý nghĩa
The lyrics of this song are very meaningful.
11. melody n. giai điệu
I like singing along to the melody.
12. relax adj. thư giãn
When I am free, I like to listen to music to help me relax.
13. rock n. nhạc rock
I prefer rock to other kinds of music.
14. sad song n. nhạc buồn
Sad songs make me feel moody.
144
15. stimulate v. kích thích

→ stimulation n. sự kích thích
I like this kind of music because it stimulates me.
16. voice n. tiếng nói
I like listening to the voices of these singers.
17. well-known adj. nổi tiếng
I mainly listen to well-known songs.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
145
➢ Collocations
The Year In Review: Music
Bloom Music from the Center of the Earth (Palm Records 234655)
New arrival on the rock music scene, Bloom is already making a big impact. If you’re looking for
background music, then this is not for you, but if you want music to blast out from your hifi and
annoy the neighbors, the Bloom’s debut album, with tracks from their live performance at the
Delays Stadium, maybe just what you want.
Johnny MacRoy Songs we loved (Kase Phonograph 488792)
For fans of easy listening and catchy tunes, this is all you need. In fact it’s so relaxing you might just
fall asleep. MacRoy gives a sentimental performance of these old love songs. At 47, he’s not exactly a
pop idol but his adoring fans will love it.
The Divide Amphibian (Fono Corp 3321978)
y
ud
This is a rock symphony, an extraordinary piece of music. After their massive hit in 2015 with
Megalith, their record company released this album hoping for another big hit. The band themselves
St
wrote the music. They have a huge following and are due to go on tour later this year.
an
The Oxbridge Symphonia British classics old and new (Rotor Records 775537)
Haunting melodies and the occasional virtuoso performance from its two soloists mark this
ic
collection of popular British classical music, which aims to capture a wider audience for the classics
er
and to promote Britain’s musical heritage. Roger Crow conducts the orchestra. Crow himself
Am
composed two of the pieces, hence the title. Good birthday present for your uncle and aunt. But if
you’re a real classical music lover, save your money.
Bust-out with Jola V - Blaze Mama (Presto 58843)
Bust-out’s new double album features Jola V, a young rap artist from Miami. Jola used to be with
Chicago hip-hop band Frenzy but went solo in 2015. The band has remixed four tracks from earlier
albums and Jola’s up-tempo numbers just add to the excitement.
146
Exercise 1: Match highlight words with phrases from 1-9 which has same meanings
1. sound extremely loud 6. includes as an important part
2. presented to the public for the first 7. rock music in which rhymed lyrics are
time spoken over rhythm tracks
3. music that is not serious or difficult 8. made a new version of a musical
4. pleasant and easy to remember track
5. extremely skillful 9. played at a fast beat
Exercise 2: Correct the 8 collocation errors in this paragraph. The first one is done for you
For all folk music likers, Johnny Coppin’s 1. lovers
new album, The Long Harvest, published 2. …
last week, will be a great addition to their 3. …
y
ud
collection. Johny recently got a solo after 4. …
five years with the folk band Blue 5. …
Mountain. He is proud of the musical St 6. …

an
inheritance of his native Kentucky. Tracks 3 7. …
and 7 comprise his old friend Wiz Carter on 8. …

ic
guitar. With this album Coppin says he

er
hopes to control a wider audience for folk

Am
music. His excellent living performance at
the recent Lockwood Folk Festival suggests
he has a good chance of succeeding. He is
going on a tour next month. Don’t miss
him.
147
Exercise 3: Complete these sentences with suitable collocations
1. Hundreds of ______________ fans were waiting for Shamira to come out of the concert hall.
2. The orchestra gave a wonderful ______________. of some popular classics.
3. It was a very ______________ tune; you only had to hear it once and you were singing it.
4. I’d love to ______________ ______________ a musical instrument but I don’t have time.
5. It is one of those ______________ melodies which you never forget, so beautiful, yet so sad.
6. There’s a lot of musical ______________ in the family; all the children play an instrument.
Exercise 4: Practice speaking
1. Do you often (like to) listen to music? Or do you like listening to music?
2. When do you listen to music?
3. How much time do you spend listening to music every day?
y
ud
4. What kinds of music do you like to listen to? Or What’s your favorite kind of music?
5. Have you ever been to a concert before? Or Have you ever been to a musical performance?
6. Do you like to listen to live music? St

an
7. When did you start listening to this type of music?
8. Where do you listen to it?

ic
9. How do you feel when you listen to this music?

er
10. Have you ever learned to play a musical instrument?

Am
11. Is music an important subject at school in your country?
12. Did you often listen to music when you were a child? If yes give details
148
UNIT 20
IELTS Task: Writing - Paraphrasing Skill
Paraphrasing means using different words to express the same meaning. When you paraphrase, you
express an idea that you have heard or read, but you say or write it in your own words. Because you are
including all of the information when you paraphrase, the paraphrase is usually about the same length as
the original. Paraphrasing is a very important academic skill for success in college or university classes as
well. Using someone else’s words is called plagiarizing. Plagiarizing is a very serious offense and can result
in your being expelled from school.
There are three problems that you will confront when you are paraphrasing.
y
1. there is a natural tendency to repeat the same words instead of paraphrasing them. This means you
ud
need to write for meaning instead of focusing on individual words and grammatical structures.
St
2. reference materials such as a thesaurus are not allowed on the IELTS. This means that you have to
know synonyms for words and phrases

an
How to paraphrase in writing task 2:
ic
➢ Choose synonyms for words and phrases

er
Strategies to use:
Am
a. Substitute multiple synonyms: You must substitute more than one word or phrase. Paraphrases
with synonyms must be restatements. Substituting only one vocabulary word in a sentence is not a
restatement. It is so close to the original that it is not an acceptable paraphrase.
Example:
Original statement: The hardest woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe.
Unacceptable paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument to learn is the oboe.
Acceptable paraphrase: The most difficult woodwind instrument to master is the oboe.
Excellent paraphrase: The oboe is the most difficult woodwind instrument to master.
➔ Why is the first paraphrase unacceptable?
➔ Why is the second paraphrase acceptable?
➔ Why is this paraphrase considered excellent?
149
b. Use phrases:
There is a tendency to try to find one word to paraphrase, but phrases can be a useful alternative.
Here are the list of some of the phrasal verbs that are common to academic language:
Bring about cause
Carry on transact; continue
Carry out complete; accomplish
Clear up clarify
Come about happen
Come across find
Come by find accidentally
Come out with publish; produce
y
ud
Come up with create
Cut down on reduce
Fall through St fail

an
Figure out understand
Find out discover

ic
Give off emit

er
Go after follow
Am
Go back return
Go before precede
Go down decrease
Go on continue; happen
Go over review
Go through experience; penetrate
Go up increase
Keep on continue
Keep up remain current
Leave out exclude; omit
Look for seek
Look into investigate
150
Look like resemble
Look over examine
Look up locate information
Look up to respect
Make out understand with difficulty
Make up invent; compose
Pick out select
Point out show; indicate
Put off postpone
Put up with tolerate
Rule out eliminate
Run across find accidentally
y
ud
Run into meet by accident
Set up arrange
Show up St
appear unexpectedly
an
Spell out state in detail
Stand for represent

ic
Stick out protrude

er
Take into account consider

Am
Take over assume control
Take place occur
Think through reason
Throw away discard
Touch on mention briefly
Try out test
Turn into transform
Turn out conclude
Turn up discover
Wind up finish
Work out active
Write up report
151
c. Make an explanation:
Sometimes even native speakers cannot retrieve a word from memory when they are paraphrasing,
especially when they are speaking. When this happens to you, there are several ways to compensate for the
word that has slipped your mind. Make an explanation.
If it is an adjective, you can use an opposite adjective with the word not. For example, if a synonym for the
adjective large slips your mind, you can say, not small. The sum was not small. If it is a verb, you can use a
general verb instead of a specific synonym. For example, if you forget the synonym for the verb rely on, you
can say, use, which is a very general verb that includes many meanings. Early traders used barter instead of
money to exchange goods. If it is a noun, you can describe the noun with a descriptive phrase or clause. For
example, if you forget the synonym for the noun farmer or if the word farmer slips your mind, you can
describe it by saying, the person who engages in agriculture.
y
ud
➢ Use alternative grammatical structures
St
Study the examples of restatements in each of the categories below. Learn to make restatements
using alternative structures. When you can use both synonyms and alternative structures,
an
you will be able to paraphrase appropriately. For now, focus on alternative structures
ic
er
Chronology before/after/during
Am
Coordination not only-but also/neither-nor/not-but/both-and/as well as
Cause because/because of/since/as a result
Comparison similar/like/the same/differ/different/more/less
Concession although/even though/despite/in spite of/but/whereas
Negatives not + un-/not once/not one/very rarely/very seldom
Passives BE + past participle
Chronology
Original:
After the Missouri Compromise was abandoned by Congress, the Republican party was formed in 1854,
partly in opposition to the spread of slavery in the United States.

Restatement:
Before the Republican party was formed in 1854, in part to oppose the spread of slavery in the United States,
the Missouri Compromise had already been abandoned by Congress.
152
Coordination
Original:
Byzantine art consisted not only of oriental style but also of Greek ideas that maintained its popularity for
more than eleven centuries.

Restatement:
Popular for more than eleven hundred years, Byzantine art consisted of both oriental style and Greek ideas.
Cause
Original:
In the classic experiment in operant conditioning, Pavlov’s dog salivated when he heard a bell because he
associated the sound with food.
Restatement:
Since Pavlov’s dog associated the sound of a bell with being fed, he salivated when he heard it in the classic
y
experiment in operant conditioning.
ud
Comparison
Original:
St
an
As a conductor of heat and electricity, aluminum exceeds all metals except silver, copper, and gold.
ic
Restatement:
er
Silver, copper, and gold are better conductors of heat and electricity than aluminum is.
Am
Concession
Original:
Despite the great differences in size, shape, and function, all human cells have the same forty-six
chromosomes.
Restatement:
Although the forty-six chromosomes are the same in all human cells, there are differences in the size, shape,
and function.
153
Negative
Original:
It is not illegal in some cultures to be married to more than one woman at the same time, but the
monogamous relationship is the most common.
Restatement:
In some cultures, it is legal to be married to several women at once, but it is more common to be married to
just one woman.
Passive
Original:
The explosive properties of nitroglycerin, later one of the components of dynamite, were discovered by
Ascanio Sobrero, an Italian chemistry
y
professor.
ud
Restatement:
Italian chemistry professor Ascanio Sobrero discovered that nitroglycerin, later used in the production of
dynamite, had explosive properties.

St
an
Practice:
ic
er
Exercise 1: Try to rewrite each sentence below by substituting synonyms for the underlined words and
phrases
Am
1. The copperhead, a snake that strikes without warning, is considered much more dangerous than the
rattlesnake.
2. Because J. P. Morgan was known as a reputable and prudent businessman, he was able to persuade
others to remain in the market even after the crash had begun.
3. Phosphorus is used in paint on highway signs and markers because it is bright at night.
4. Rain forests are often located near the equator.
5. By the mid-nineteenth century, land was so expensive in large cities that architects began to conserve
space by building skyscrapers.
6. Research studies of vertebrates show development from a very simple heart in fish to a complex
four-chamber heart in humans.
7. When two products are fundamentally the same, advertising can influence the choice that the public
makes.
154
8. As a whole, in birds, the male of the species is more brilliantly colored.
9. The price of gold on the world market is subject to several variables, including but not limited to
supply and demand.
10. The idea of a submarine is not recent, dating from the 1400s when Drebbel and da Vinci drew initial
sketches.
Exercise 2: Try to paraphrase these sentences using a phrase instead of a one-word verb
1. Because light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to precede thunder.
2. Congress respected Jefferson because of his intelligence and creativity.
3. The lower teeth in crocodiles protrude when their mouths are closed.
4. Some sponges resemble plants.
5. The first census was accomplished in Great Britain in 1801.
y
6. People who have experienced a traumatic event may have recurring images of it.
ud
7. In algebra, letters and other symbols represent numbers.
St
8. During periods of stress or excitement, the heart rate increases and airways to the lungs become
dilated.
an
9. Theories of prehistory and early humans are constantly changing as we consider the new evidence
ic
from archeological finds.

er
10. Dreams may have been the inspiration for the Surrealists to create their works of art.
Am
Exercise 3: Try to restate each sentence below by explaining the meaning.
Example:
- The Constitution guarantees that private homes will not be searched without a warrant.
➔ The Constitution guarantees that private homes will not be searched without written authorization.
155
Adjectives
Use an opposite
1. The temperature in many desert regions is cold at night.
2. Facial expressions may be common across cultures.
3. Obsidian is shiny because it cools too quickly for crystals to form.
4. Few musical instruments play louder than 100 decibels or softer than 20 decibels.
5. The people who have adapted to life at very high altitudes are usually short.
Nouns
Use a phrase
1. In many cities, vendors must have a license to set up their booths in public places.
2. Studies show that small pets are a positive influence in elderly people’s lives.
3. Staircases were an important feature of the palaces constructed during the Baroque period.
y
4. Global wind patterns are affected by the Earth’s rotation.
ud
5. Bilingual education is more common in regions where language minorities live.
Verbs
Use a general verb

St
an
1. Unlike cast iron, pure wrought iron contains no carbon.
ic
2. Hypnosis achieves a heightened state of suggestibility in a willing participant.

er
3. Productivity increases when fewer employees are required to accomplish the work.
Am
4. Normally, the plasma in human blood constitutes 50–60 percent of the total blood volume.
5. Three fourths of the goods manufactured in Canada for export are sold to the United States.
156
How to paraphrase in Task 1:
The chart shows information about visitors to Australia, 2000-2008.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Look at the extract from an essay question above. The topic is visitors to Australia. Complete these 2
possible ways of rewriting it.
A. The graph shows information about how many p____ v____Australia over an eight-year period
between 2000 and 2008.
B. The graph illustrates data about the number of p____ w____ v____ Australia, over an eight-year
period between 2000 and 2008.
y
Exam tip:
ud
If the topic is about an uncountable noun, like money, you should use how much or the amount of. Here
are two examples:

St
1. The graph shows information about how much money was earned by 3 bakeries in London, over a
an
decade between 2000 and 2010.
2. The graph highlights data about the amount of money which was earned by 3 bakeries in London,
ic
er
over a ten-year period between 2000 and 2010.
Example: Complete these two rewrites of the topic Coffee production in Kenya, 1999-2006
Am
1. The graph shows information about how much _________
2. The graph highlights data about the amount of _________
157
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Rewrite the following topic sentences
Topic How much/many The number/amount of
Visitors to The graph shows how many people The graph illustrates data about the
Australia (2000 - visited Australia, over an eight-year number of people who visited Australia
2008) period from 2000 to 2008. over the period of 8 years between
2000 and 2008.
DVD sales, UK and
USA (2005 - 2008)
y
Unemployment
ud
rates, India and
Brazil (1995 - 2000)

St
an
Chocolate
production,
ic
Columbia (1997 -
er
2007)
Am
Gas production in
Russia (2003-2008)
Employment rates
in the public
sector, UK
(2006-2010)
158
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following topic sentences by using synonyms for underlined sections
1. The graph shows the number of schools constructed in each region of the country in 2014
2. The graph shows the number of people who visited the Palm Island Resort in each of the years
from 2010 to 2015
3. The charts show the percentages of men and women shoppers who shopped at Mayfield’s Clothing
Store at different times of the day
4. The table shows the different types of career interests reported by students at Bingham University
5. The graph shows the number of bus passengers in the city on weekdays
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
159
UNIT 21
IELTS Task: Reading
Exam Skill: Speed reading and target paragraphs
Exam tip:
● Skimming a passage means reading it quickly (concentrating on content words, like nouns and
verbs, ignoring words like a, the, in, of, etc) to find the main points. It is not reading for detail.
● Skimming a text will also give you a general idea of how the information is organized, which can
help you locate information more easily later on.
● In your own language, you can probably skim read 100 words in 20 seconds. In the exam, you
y
should aim to skim read 100 words in 30 seconds
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
Example 1: This passage has 4 paragraphs of around 100 words each
1. Using a timer, skim read the text to get the general idea of what it is about
2. After 30 seconds, jump to the start of the next paragraph
160
A.
The diets of children have changed dramatically over the last century due to the effect of
technologies (such as improved transport, canning and refrigeration), social changes (such
as the establishment of boarding schools) and evolving ideas about the nutritional needs
of growing bodies. Before World War I, the meals of children and adults alike would
typically consist of vegetables (often potatoes), large amounts of bread (often 0.5kg/day)
and soups with small amounts of meat.
B.
Imagine a 12 years old Australian boy from 1970 standing next to a 12 years old boy from
2010. The boy from 2010 will probably be 3-5cm taller and 7kg heavier than his counterpart
in 1970. He will also be 25% fatter. A lot of that fat will be around the waist. The 2010 school
trousers won't fit the boy from 1970, they will be 10cm too big around the waist. Now
y
ud
imagine that the two boys have a running race of over 1,600 meters; the boy from 1970 will
finish 300 meters ahead of his mate from 40 years in the future.
C. St
an
There are two chances in three that the boy from 1970 walked to school each day; there
are three chances in four that the boy from 2010 is driven to school by mum or dad. There
ic
are four chances in five that in 1970 the boy was allowed to play unsupervised in the
er
neighborhood; there is only one chance in four that in 2010 the boy will be allowed to go
Am
down to the park on his own. The boy in 1970 probably played three or four different
sports; the boy from 2010 plays one or none. It is 30 times more likely that the local river
was the favorite play space of the boy from 1970 than it is for the boy today.
D.
What has caused these dramatic changes in the space of a single generation? There are
two main theories. Increasing overweight is caused by an energy imbalance; either energy
intake (food) increases, or energy expenditure decreases, or both. The 'Gluttony Theory'
argues that children are fatter because they are eating more than they used to, and more
bad food (high energy density, high in fat and sugar, high in saturated fats). The 'Sloth
Theory' argues that children are fatter because they are less active than they used to be.
The two theories have battled it out in nutrition and physical activity journals for the last
10 years.
161
Now look at questions 1-3 and, without looking at the passage, try to remember whether this
information was
A. Near the beginning
B. in the middle
C. near the end
1. a comparison of children now and in the past
2. different hypotheses for the changes in weight
3. a list of factors that brought about changes in our diet
Questions 1-3 above each give the main idea of the paragraphs in the passage. Read the questions
again and decide which paragraph (A-D) they relate to.
Exam tip:
y
In the test, you will not have time to read the whole passage in detail. You need to quickly find the
ud
●
part of the text that contains the answer. First, skim the text so you know what it is about.
●
St
Next, look at the main part of the questions and decide which words will help you find the answer.
Then, read the text again quickly. This time you are only looking for the keywords or words which
an
●
mean the same. That is the part of the text where the answer is.
ic
Example 2: Quickly find which paragraph (A-F} you need to read to answer these questions.
er
1. Blended learning means:

Am
2. All of these are advantages of globalized
A. continuing to learn throughout your life education except:
B. studying online or via email A. Students in developing countries can
C. mixing traditional and modern methods get better jobs
D. learning in a classroom B. Students can get a degree at a cheaper
price
C. Universities benefit from international
students
D. The elite get most of the opportunities
162
Globalization of education and the workplace
A.
Globalization has affected most aspects of our lives. One area which has changed is
education. More and more people move to different countries for their studies. At the same
time, more people stay at home and study by distance learning. It is now easy to learn
without attending a college or university, or attending less often. 'Blended learning' means
studying partly in a traditional way in the classroom and partly online or via email. These
changes also mean that there is now more interest in 'lifelong learning', the idea that we go
on learning throughout our working lives and even into retirement. It is easy to attend
'webinars' or online seminars without being away from our offices. Many adults go back to
college later in life because it is so easy to get a qualification without giving up work or
disrupting family life.
y
ud
B.
Different countries have benefitted from the globalization of education in different ways.
St
Many British, Australian and American universities run their degree programmes in countries
an
throughout Asia, and many students, parents and employers feel this is a valuable
opportunity. Students can get an internationally recognised degree at a much cheaper price
ic
than going abroad and so can improve their chances of getting a good job. At the same time,
er
those in the countries providing world-class degrees also benefit. They have greater access
Am
to ideas and knowledge from all over the world and having international students enriches
their universities.
C.
However, it is not good news for everyone in some developing countries. It is usually the elite
- or the richest people in the large cities -who have access to international education. Many
people in rural areas have not even had a primary education. Also, those areas usually do not
have reliable internet connections and most people do not own a computer. It will take a bit
more time for international opportunities to reach everyone in developing countries.
D.
One concern people have about globalization is that it can start to mean 'westernization'. In
other words, local knowledge can be lost and money seen as more important than culture.
Education should treat every culture with respect; it should not be just learning about the
163
West, but should include different ways of teaching and approaches from around the world.
The aim is to enrich and share; the flow of ideas and information should go from East to West
as well as from West to East.
E.
Educational institutions have changed their focus due to globalization. There are so many
benefits of having overseas students that universities are competing for them, using
strategies from the world of business. For example, they visit Education Fairs all over the
world and spend time and money creating publicity material and advertisements. There is
also more emphasis on the student experience. There is more focus on customer care,
especially helping international students to settle in, improve their English and understand
the academic culture of the host country.
F.
y
ud
There are many advantages to the globalization of education and the workplace. More
people get benefits that were only available to those in the developed countries before.
St
There is more understanding between different nations as people learn about each other's
an
cultures. However, it is important to make sure the benefits reach everyone and don't leave
many citizens of the developing world behind.

ic
er
Am
Which FOUR sentences represent the main ideas of the passage?
1. There are both advantages and disadvantages to the globalization of education.
2. Many people study after retirement.
3. It is important that globalisation should not be westernized.
4. Universities have had to become more business-focused.
5. University fees rose dramatically in the UK in 2012.
6. Many poorer people in developing countries do not benefit from globalization.
7. Most lecturers work part-time.
164
➢ Reading Question Type: Labeling/ Process/ Map completion
In labeling a diagram tasks, you will see a diagram and a description of a process. You need to carefully
read the part of the passage that describes the process and complete the diagram with words from the
passage.
Exercise 1: Work in pairs. You are going to read a passage about cars
● Read the title and subtitle of the passage below and look at the diagram. What do you think the
passage will be about?
● Read the passage quickly and find the advantages of electric cars which are mentioned.
Exercise 2: Quickly underline these words (1-8) in the passage below. Then match them with their
definition (A-H)
y
1. existing A. belonging or relating to a town or city
ud
2. urban B. make a connection between two or more people, things or
3. vehicle
4. renewable energy
ideas
St
C. make certain that something is done or happens
an
5. zero emissions D. something such as a car or bus that takes people from one
ic
6. efficiency place to another, especially using roads

er
7. link E. when someone or something uses time and energy well

Am
8. ensure F. which exist or are used at the present time
G. when the power that comes from electricity, etc, can be
produced as quickly as it is used
H. when no gas is sent out into the air
165
The electric evolution

Your next car may be electric. We look at the technologies that will bring the revolution.
The main reasons why electric cars are not more popular at present are their price and their
relatively small range. Existing battery systems only allow electric cars to travel a distance of
between 100 and 160 km. However, this distance may not be a problem for urban drivers. A
recent Sydney study reported that 20 percent of journeys were 30 km or less, and recent
data from the US suggests that ?? percent of trips taken there are 48 km or less.
An innovative company called Better Place is aiming to make electric cars an option for all
drivers. It wants to see existing vehicles replaced by electric vehicles which, it says, offer a
number of benefits. Firstly, they can be powered by renewable energy which produces zero
emissions. What is more, electric motors are more efficient and can convert more than 90
percent of power into movement, whereas the efficiency of diesel or petrol engines is less
y
ud
than 20 percent. To achieve its aim, Better Place plans to use technology which is already
available.
St
The plan is simple but revolutionary. It starts with the installation of a home charge point,
an
and through this, the vehicle will be plugged into the electricity grid whenever it is in the
garage, typically at night. In the morning, with a fully charged battery, the car is capable of
ic
as much as 160 km in urban motoring conditions. In addition to the home charge point, the
er
battery can be topped up by charge points at work and at supermarkets.

Am
The battery is linked to a control center by smart technology inside the vehicle. Better Place
can then ensure that the car is charged with electricity from renewable sources at the
cheapest price. For longer trips, a navigation system directs the driver to the nearest switch
station, where the depleted battery can be replaced with a charged one by a robot within a
couple of minutes.
166
Complete the labels on the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
from the passage for each answer.
y
ud
St
an
ic
Exercise 3: Read the title and subtitle and look at the picture. What do you think the passage will be
er
about?
Am
A. an airliner that is not the same as other airliners
B. reasons why a new airliner has been so successful
C. the problems that a new type of airliner has been having
167
The Boeing 787

The Boeing 787 'Dreamliner' has been described as the airliner of the future. We look at the
technology that makes it different
Until now, airliner fuselages have been made of aluminum sheets. Large aircraft can have
1,500 of these sheets with between 40,000 and 50,000 metal fasteners. The 787 is the first
airliner to be built with a one-piece fuselage made from a special material called 'composite'.
Not only does this make the airliner quicker and easier to build, but it also makes it a lot lighter.
The advantage of this weight reduction is that the 787 uses 20 percent less fuel than other
airliners of a similar size, which makes it much more environmentally friendly. The reduced
weight also means that the Boeing 787 can fly further than many other airliners of a similar
size, carrying 210 passengers or more up to 15,200 kilometers before refueling.
y
Sometimes an airliner needs to change from one type of engine to another. This is a difficult
ud
and time-consuming process. The 787 has a revolutionary engine attachment on the wing
St
which means that the engines can be changed in a much shorter time. The case containing the
engine is also different from those on other airliners. It has been designed to cut down the
an
noise from the engine, making it less noisy for passengers in the cabin as well as for people on
ic
the ground.
er
Am
In addition to a quieter cabin, passengers will also benefit from windows which are 65 percent
larger than those on other airliners, giving them a much better view of the world passing by
below them. The windows also have a unique facility which allows passengers or cabin crew to
control the amount of light that enters them. This is thanks to a liquid in the window which
reacts to an electric current. When a passenger or cabin crew member presses a button, the
current causes a chemical reaction in the window which darkens the liquid.
168
Exercise 4: Read the passage carefully. Complete labels (1-7) on the diagram. Choose NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
169
Exercise 5: Look at the map of Machu Picchu, which is taken from a Labeling task, answer the
questions.
A. Where is the main reference point
for the map?
B. What lies north of the Quarry?
C. What types of words are missing in
each blank space?
D. What type of place do you think 7 is?
E. How would you describe the location
of each place 1-6 in relation to 7?
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
170
Exercise 6: Skim the extract below from article on the nature reserve around Machu Picchu and label
the map below
Nature, gods, and man in harmony
Discovered in 1914 by Hiram Bingham with partial backing from The US Geographic
Society, Machu Picchu is situated in a natural reserve famed as much for its spectacular
flora and fauna as the majesty of its buildings in perfect harmony with its natural
surroundings.
The complex stands more than two thousand meters above sea level, 120 kilometers from
Cusco, in Peru. On the terraces above and to the west of the Main Lawn stand three
temples. On the left, just north of the Quarry stands the Temple of the Three Windows.
y
ud
This three-walled structure commands a spectacular view down across the Main lawn to
the mountain peaks in the east. Just north-west of this building is situated the Principal
St
Temple with Intihuatana (the sun’s hitching stone) at the top of a flight of steps beyond
an
the Temple. The purpose of this stone was principally astronomical. East of the Lawn and
on the same level are the ruins of the Common District where the workers who looked
ic
after the complex for the Emperor lived.

er
Am
Other notable locations at Machu Picchu are the Royal Sector, which is situated on the
same level as the Main Lawn to the south and just east of the Quarry. Just south of this
sector stands the Temple of the Sun, Machu Picchu’s only circular building. Inside there is
an altar and a trapezoidal window known as the Serpent Window. At the south-east corner
of the Main Lawn, just south of the Common District, is the Temple of the Condor, with a
prison complex directly behind it.
171
UNIT 22
Vocabulary Discovery: Technology
➢ New words
1. chat room n. phòng chat
2. stream v. dòng, chuỗi dữ liệu, làm tuôn ra
3. monitor n. màn hình máy tính
4. component n. thành phần, bộ phận, chi tiết
5. crash v. sập nguồn
6. printer n. máy in
y
7. wireless adj. không dây
ud
8. hardware n. phần cứng
9. anticipate v. dự đoán, dự trù trước
10. data n. dữ liệu
St
an
11. adjacent adj. gần kề, kế liền, sát ngay
ic
12. surveillance n. sự giám sát

er
13. stir some controversy: làm nổ ra tranh cãi

Am
14. capture v. lưu giữ, bắt

15. reliable adj. đáng tin
16. face-recognition system: hệ thống nhận diện khuôn mặt
17. equip v. trang bị (cho ai…cái gì)
18. benefit v. làm lợi/có lợi cho ai
19. analyze v. phân tích
20. modify v. cải tiến (thay đổi cái gì để nó trở nên tốt hơn)
21. cutting-edge adj. tân tiến
22. breakthrough n. sự đột phá
23. obsolete adj. lỗi thời, đã bị thay thế
24. device v. công cụ
25. labour-saving adj. tiết kiệm sức lao động
172
26. viral adj. nổi tiếng, phổ biến

27. innovative adj. có sự sáng tạo, đổi mới
28. digital technology: công nghệ kỹ thuật số
29. medical technology: công nghệ y học
30. displace v. thay thế
31. marginalize v. bị gạt ra ngoài
32. unprecedented adj. chưa từng có
33. entail v. kéo theo
➢ Phrasal verb
● go on (a computer): to use a computer or the Internet, or to visit a website
● go to (a menu): to click on a menu, a menu item, a particular web page or part of a page, or a link
when using a computer
y
ud
● type in: to write something using a computer
● come on: if something (e.g. lights, heating) or a supply of something (e.g. water, electricity) comes
on, it starts working St

an
● print off sth or print sth off: to print a particular number of copies of something
● fade in: if the sound or picture of a film or recording fades in, or if you fade it in, it becomes
ic
gradually louder or brighter so that you can hear it or see it clearly

er
● fade out: if the sound or picture of a film or recording fades out, or if you fade it out, it gradually
Am
becomes quieter or less clear until you cannot hear or see it any more
● back-up (power): support
● pop-up adverts: unwanted advertisements which suddenly appear on the screen when you are
online
● set up sth or set sth up: to get all the necessary equipment ready for a particular activity
● wiped off: removed
● plug into sth: if a piece of electrical equipment plugs into a supply of electricity or another piece of
electrical equipment, it works by being connected to that supply of electricity or that piece of
equipment
● wiring up: connecting something to a piece of electrical equipment by using electrical wires
● warm up: start working so that it becomes warm enough to work well
● seize up: stop moving or working in the normal way
173
➢ Collocations
Online Research
What’s the best way to use the Internet for your research> Here’s our quick guide:
A good place to start is by looking at a definition of your topic or your essay question and making a
note of any keywords. Use those to do a web search and start reading through the results.
You may not find what you need the first time, but there are a lot of online resources to help you
search effectively. For example, many search engines have ‘hints and tips’ pages that show you how
to use them more efficiently and this can help you to refine your research.
It’s important to evaluate sites critically, so check who wrote the information and when.
One way to access reliable information is to subscribe to online journals to get more information on
specific topics such as medicine, science, etc. You can often search by keyword in back issues to find
older articles that might be relevant.
y
ud
And remember, once you’ve found the information you want to use, don’t just copy and paste it into
your essay! You will need to rewrite the information in your own words. Be sure you keep a record of
St
the source so you can reference it correctly in your work.
an
ic
1. useful online materials 3. think carefully about whether

er
2. make your search more accurate (e.g by something is reliable or truthful

Am
searching for more words or changing 4. to pay for or ask to receive (journals)
the settings) regularly
5. previous editions of a magazine,
newspaper or journal
174
➢ Exercises
Exercise 1: Complete each sentence in an appropriate way using one of the phrasal verbs from the
opposite page and any other words that you need
1. The advantage of a wireless connection is that you don’t ___________
2. You can print a document by selecting the print icon or by ___________
3. It’s quite easy to ___________ a website with these step-by-step instructions.
4. Whenever I switch on my computer, it takes time ___________
5. I can use this cable to listen to my MP3 player in the car by ___________
6. If the printer is beginning to run out of ink, a warning light ___________
Exercise 2:
The person describing their computer in this passage is not very familiar with computer terminology.
y
Replace the phrases in bold with more appropriate words and phrases from the box
ud
base unit chat rooms components crashed
files gaming St Internet keyboard

an
log on monitor hardware scanner
virus websites mouse printer

ic
email stream wireless PC

er
load software laptop download

Am
OK, here's my new desktop computer which has been designed to be used by just one person (1)
____________________ As you can see, it has five parts which make up the whole thing (2)
____________________. Now, the large box with the slots and sliding disc carrier (3) ____________________ is
the most important part. It carries all the stuff that makes the computer work (4) ____________________.
You can also put in (5) ____________________ your own games and other programs used by computers for
doing particular jobs (6) ____________________ like photo processing and office suites. Next to it there is
the thing that looks like a small television (7) ____________________ so you can see what the computer is
doing. To the right of that, there is the machine that lets you make color copies of the documents and
other things that you create on the computer (8) ____________________ (this particular one incorporates a
machine you can use to copy pictures on to your computer, a bit like a photocopier (9)
____________________. You control the computer using the rectangular flat thing with all the letters and
175
numbers on (10) ____________________ or the object with the little wheel on the top which you can move
across the desk (11)____________________.These usually have a lead connecting them to the computer,
but as you can see, mine is not physically connected to the computer, and instead sends electronic
signals through the air (12) ____________________. It's a very useful machine, of course. Once you start
using it by entering a password (13)____________________, you can create information that you store
under a particular name (14) ____________________ and documents, move (15) ____________________
pictures from your camera and, well, loads of things really.
The best thing, however, is that you can access the thing that links computers from around the world
(16) ____________________. You can check out millions of special computer pages created by companies,
organizations and individuals all over the world (17) ____________________ . go shopping, play games (I
really enjoy playing games on my computer (18) ____________________, play (19) ____________________music
and videos, and send electronic letters to (20) ____________________. your friends and family.
y
It's also great for contacting people using online places where people communicate with each other in
ud
real-time (21) ____________________ and other social networking sites.
St
Unfortunately, I can't let you use it at the moment because it stopped working
(22) ____________________ at the weekend, and I can't get it to work again. I'm rather worried that it's got
an
a technical fault that someone created on purpose to affect my computer (23) ____________________.
ic
However, you can have a go on my small computer that I can carry around with me (24)
er
____________________. if you like. If I can find it. The last time I remember seeing it was last night on the
Am
bus, when I was coming home from my office at the Ministry of Defence.
176
Exercise 3:
Looking for bad guys at the big game
When the super bowl came to Tampa Florida in 2001, football players and coaches were not the
only people on camera. Every fan was of interest to security officials who use tiny hard-to-see
cameras to capture a shot of each person who passed through the stadium gates.
The organizers of any huge sporting event have to anticipate trouble and try to stop it before it
starts. Security officials at Tampa’s Raymond James stadium hope to do so by using machines
that recognize faces. Each face seen by the gate mounted cameras was compared to the data
in local and federal law enforcement computer systems. The data included photos of people
previously arrested for stealing, causing fights and other illegal activities. A similar set of
automatic eyes routinely surveys the crowds at the main road ground in Manchester England,
the home stadium for the Manchester city soccer team. If a fan's picture matches one in the
y
ud
database, security officials could closely monitor him or her and perhaps even make an arrest.
Not everyone thinks this kind of surveillance is a good thing. It has stirred some controversy about
St
possible threats to the privacy rights of individuals. People being captured on camera were not
an
told their pictures were being taken. None of them gave permission. The technology has not
been proven to be reliable. What if the system points out an innocent person as a criminal by
ic
mistake? At a very basic level, it simply makes many people angry to see elements of a “Big
er
Brother” society, where authorities spy on people wherever they go, in the United States.
Am
Security officials say the face-recognition (FR) system’s great benefits justify any small
inconvenience. Banks, shopping malls, and government buildings are already equipped with
security cameras, and no one has a problem with that. Why complain about the systems used
at Raymond James stadium and the main road ground?
One big difference is that a system like the one used at the Super Bowl involves “biometric”
technology. It analyzes bodily characteristics (the features of the face) to establish a person’s
identity. A biometric system undertakes not just to display or record an event but to instantly
identify the people involved in it.
The difference in types of systems is illustrated by another camera system in Tampa, this one in
Ybor City, an entertainment district near downtown. At first, cameras mounted on the district’s
utility poles monitored the streets for fights, drug deals, and other crimes. The police might
see a crime as it was happening or use the video to help in any consequent investigations.
177
Then Tampa modified those cameras to link directly to the police department’s own database. This
made them true biometric tools. Instead of humans analyzing a video to see who was
depicted, machines did the identifying. Advocates of biometric systems say this makes the
system more scientific. Computers can compare exact measurements of facial features in
order to make matches. Opponents of such systems object. They argue that machines are
easily fooled by such simple devices as hats, new hairstyles or glasses. Humans are a lot better
at recognizing individuals, they say, then computer systems are.
Mark each sentence as T(true) or F(False) according to the information in the reading above. Use the
dictionary to help you understand new words
y
1. Images of individuals tied to illegal activities were used in looking for criminal activity at the
ud
stadium
St
2. Security officials felt that using face-recognition technology at the Super Bowl was a good idea
3. Biometric technology analyzes part of a person’s body to determine who he or she is

an
4. All the photos in a face-recognition database come from the federal government
ic
5. A face recognition system helps catch dangerous people who are still unknown to the police
er
6. Face-matching systems have no trouble identifying someone wearing a hat or glasses

Am
178
UNIT 23
IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Line graph/ Bar chart
Exam Skill:
Analyze chart’s data, parts of writing task 1, how to write short sentences
For writing task 1, you write a summary of information from graphs, tables, charts or diagrams. You
should spend 20 minutes on this task.
★ Address the Task
In task 1, you will see the graphic. This graphic may be a graph, chart or table. (The graphic might also
be a diagram describing a process). You will be asked to describe the information shown in the graphic
y
and make comparisons. You must immediately recognize the type of graphic and its features. This will
ud
help you address the task.
★ Determine the Topic

St
In task 1, you will be asked to summarize the information on the graphic by selecting and reporting on
an
the main features. The main features will help you determine the details of the topic of the graphic,
ic
To identify the main details of the graphic, first read the task and identify the type of graphic. Second,
er
read the tile of the graphic and scan the features. To focus your thoughts, ask yourself Who?
Am
What?When? and Where? Use this information to determine the details of the topic
★ Details
Type of graphic, Title of graphic, Features: Who/what/when/where
179
Example
Graphic 1
The graph below shows the number of cell phone subscribers in a particular city, by
gender.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
● Graphic types: line graph
● Title: Cell Phone Subscribers, Maryville
● What? Number of cell phone subscribers
● Who? men and women
● When? 1995 - 2015
● Where? Marysville
● Topic: The number of men and women cell phone subscribers in Marysville from 1995 to 2015
180
Practice: Determine the topics of the graphics below
Graphic 2
The graph below shows the average daily sales of selected food items at the Vista Cafe, by
season.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
● Graphic types:
● Title:
● What?
● Who?
● When?
● Where?
● Topic:
181
Graphic 3
The line graph below shows the number of single-family homes constructed in the
United States by region over a period of 6 years.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
● Graphic types:
● Title:
● What?
● Who?
● When?
● Where?
● Topic:
182
Practice: Make notes about details
Look for the details that describe the comparisons. Look for where things change. Look for where
numbers go up or down. Look for where the biggest differences are.
Example
Graphic 2
For graphic 2, we determined these 2 comparisons:
1. The average daily sales of different food items in winter
2. The average daily sales of different food items in summer
Comparison
Details:
A. highest number of sales - hot coffee - 75
y
B. second highest number of sales - soup - 50
ud
C. salad and ice cream sales - 25 each
D. lowest number of sales - iced coffee - almost 0

St
an
Details:
ic
A. highest number of sales - iced coffee - 40

er
B. second highest number of sales - ice cream - 35

Am
C. hot coffee sales - 30
D. lowest number of sales - soup and salad - 25 each
183
Practice: Look at the graphics below. Use the comparisons you determined for each of the graphics to
determine the relevant details for each graphic. Find between 2 and 4 details for each comparison
Graphic 4
The line graph below shows the number of single-family homes constructed in the
United States by region over a period of 6 years.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
Comparisons
1. ______________
2. ______________
Details
A. ______________
B. ______________
C. ______________
D. ______________
184
Graphic 5
The graph below shows the number of cell phone subscribers in a particular city, by
gender.
comparisons where relevant
y
ud
St
an
ic
Comparisons
er
1. ______________
Am
2. ______________
Details
E. ______________
F. ______________
G. ______________
H. ______________
185
Exam skill: How to write introduction
The introduction tells what you will write about. In Task 1, you are asked to summarize and compare. In
your introduction, tell what you will summarize and compare.
➢ Write the Topic sentence
For the first sentence of the introduction, write a topic sentence that summarizes the information in the
graphic. In the practice above, you identified the main features of the graphic and determined the topic.
Now you will change those notes into a topic sentence. Do NOT copy exact phrases and sentences from
the task and graphic title. Paraphrase by using other phrases and synonyms to express the same ideas.
Look at these examples!
Graphic 6
The graph below shows the average daily sales of selected food items at the Vista Café,
y
ud
by season.
comparisons where relevant. St

an
Notes
Graphic style: bar graph

ic
●
er
● Title: Average Daily Sales, by Number of servings
Topic: the average daily sales of selected food items in the winter and in the summer
Am
Topic sentence
The bar graph shows how many servings of certain food items sold on average every day in two
different seasons at the Vista Café
Discussion
This topic sentence mentions the main features of the graphic. It avoids copying exact phrases and
sentences from the task and graphic title by using the phrase how many instead of the number of,
certain instead of selected, and every day instead of daily
186
Exam skill: How to write overview
In paragraph 2 of your Task 1 answer, you need to write a general overview of the main trends and most
important information in the graph. Don’t write any numbers or percentages in this paragraph.
Example
Graphic 7
The graph below shows the number of cell phone subscribers in a particular city, by gender.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
Introduction
The bar graph shows how many servings of certain food items sold on average every day in 2 different
seasons at the Vista Café. The average number of sales of each item changed with the season.
Conclusion
In general, the average daily sales of each food item changed depending on the season. Certain items
were more popular in the winter and certain others were more popular in the summer.
Discussion
The introduction states the comparisons that will be made in the body of the essay-the average number
of sales of each item in different seasons. The conclusion makes a general statement about these
comparisons-that some items had higher sales in the summer and others had higher sales in the winter.
187
Exercise 1: Look at this chart and discuss the questions below
1. What does the chart provide information about?
2. What is the commonest means of transport? What percentage of visitors use it?
3. Which two means of transport are used almost the same amount? What percentage of visitors use
them?
y
ud
4. What is the fourth most popular means of transport? What percentage of visitors use it?
5. Which means of transport is used least? What percentage of visitors use it?
St
6. Overall, which is more popular: private transport or public transport?
an
Exercise 2: Look at this bar chart and complete the summary below by writing your own words in
the gaps
ic
er
Am
The chart shows 1. _______.
Overall, 2. _______ enjoy doing outdoor activities more than indoor activities.
The most popular activity is walking, which 3. _______ of people on holiday do. Seventy-five percent of
visitors 4. _______ and 5. _______ go to see volcanoes. Another popular activity is boating, which 6. _______
of holidaymakers do. Just over 7. _______ of visitors also like 8. _______
Exercise 3: Write short introduction and overview paragraph for graphics 2 and 3 above
188
UNIT 24
Vocabulary Discovery: Sport
➢ New words
1. athlete n. vận động viên
2. succeed v. thành công
3. discipline n. kỷ luật
4. strength n. sức mạnh
5. performance n. màn trình diễn
6. sweat v. đổ mồ hôi
y
7. cope with: đương đầu với
ud
8. fit adj. mạnh khỏe
9. endurance n. sức chịu đựng, sức dẻo dai
10. scuba diving n. môn lặn
St
an
11. motor racing n. môn đua xe
ic
12. archery n. môn bắn cung

er
13. snowboarding n. môn trượt tuyết

Am
14. fencing n. môn đấu kiếm

15. competitive adj. tính cạnh tranh
16. qualified adj. đạt tiêu chuẩn
17. trophy n. cúp
18. sporting event(s): (các) sự kiện thể thao
19. well-being adj. tình trạng hạnh phúc, phúc lợi
20. physical adj. thuộc về thể chất
21. weight loss n. sụt cân
22. train v. huấn luyện
23. fitness centre n. trung tâm thể dục thể thao
24. gym facilities n. cơ sở vật chất tập luyện ở phòng tập
25. strenuous adj. căng thẳng, đòi hỏi nhiều năng lượng
189
26. muscle n. cơ bắp

27. stretch v. giãn cơ
28. master v. thành thạo
29. skill n. kỹ năng
30. obstacle n. khó khăn, trở ngại
➢ Collocation
Common sporting collocations with do, play and go
You do gymnastics, judo, weight lifting, aerobics, yoga, wrestling, circuit training,
archery, athletics
You play games, badminton, billiards, hockey, bowls, rugby, golf, (table) tennis,
cricket, baseball, chess, darts, cards, dominoes
y
ud
You go fishing, skiing, bowling, cycling, skateboarding, surfing, snowboarding,
hang-gliding, climbing, hill walking, sailing, jogging, swimming

St
an
Note: You can also say go to aerobics/judo/yoga/karate - this means that you go to a class in this sport
ic
➢ Phrasal verb
er
A. Sports items from newspapers

Am
190
B. People talking about their sporting events

1 2
I work out at the gym 3 times a week to try to burn off the calories and stay slim. I find
3
it also helps me to work off the stress of work
1. exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your body
2. use or get rid of energy, calories or fat by doing a lot of physical exercise
3. get rid of an unpleasant feeling such as aggression or anger, by doing something
energetic
4
Before I start a match I always do a warm-up . Then after the match I make sure I cool
down and stretch properly.
1. (noun) gentle exercise which prepare you for more serious exercise (from the verb
warm up)
y
2. become cooler
ud
World-class marathon running can be very hard. You need great mental stamina, and you
6
St 7
must never give in . It’s a great feeling when you pull ahead of the rest of the field and
an
know you’re winning.
1. accept that you have been defeated and agree to stop competing or fighting
ic
2. suddenly get in front of another person who was previously running at the same
er
speed as you
Am
8
Table tennis is a great sport. Anyone can join in . We have a knockout competition at
work every month, just for fun.
1. become involved in an activity with other people
2. (noun) a competition in which only the winners of each stage play in the next stage,
until one person or team is the final winner.
191
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with do, play or go in the correct form
New Sports Club Opening Next Week
You can _____________ judo!
You can _____________ badminton!
You can _____________ swimming!
You can _____________ weight lifting!
You can _____________ circuit training!
You can _____________ table tennis!
You can _____________ skateboarding!
You can even _____________ darts!
y
In fact, you can _____________ almost any sport you can
ud
think of.
So join now!
St
an
Exercise 2: Answer these questions using full sentences

ic
1. How often do you work out each month and what do you do when you work out?
er
2. How might you warm up before running a marathon?

Am
3. Why would you be pleased if you pulled ahead of the other runners in a race?
4. Which sport is better for burning off calories and why - tennis or table tennis?
5. Would you prefer to join in a snooker game or a football game after work?
6. What kind of medal would a top athlete go for?
Exercise 3: Practice writing a short paragraph (at least 5 sentences)
Topic: What are the benefits of sports to individuals and society?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
192
Exercise 4:
The Muscles in Our Body
Our human body is made up of many muscles. All these muscles work together to help you move. They
form the muscle system. 650 muscles are wrapped around your bones. They basically cover the bones
like a blanket. Muscles are fastened to the bones by tough bands. These bands are called tendons. You
can see your tendons when you wiggle your finger. Moving your fingers back and forth makes your
tendons move.
These muscles around the bone must be told when to move. They are controlled by your thinking. If
you want to walk, talk or smile, you send a message to the brain. Your brain picks up the message. It
receives it and processes it. Then it sends out an electrical signal through the nerves. The nerves make
connections until the signal reaches the proper muscle. This signal tells a muscle what it has to do. The
muscle simply does exactly what the brain tells it to do. When you jump, hundreds of muscles work to
y
ud
help you do that.
St
Muscles work by contracting. They shorten and pull the bone to move the body. They always pull and
never push. Muscles work in pairs. One muscle pulls, while the other relaxes. Then they switch around.
an
For instance, when you move your forearm, you use one pair of muscles. The muscles on the inside of
ic
your arm are the biceps. It contracts to make you bend your arm. The muscle on the outside is the
er
triceps. It relaxes when you bend your arm. If you want to straighten your arm, the muscles switch
roles. The biceps relaxes, whereas the triceps contracts. The biceps and triceps are long and thread-like.
Am
The longest muscle, the sartorius, helps you cross your legs. The shortest muscle is in your ear.
However, you cannot control all your muscles. Some muscles work without you thinking about them.
This is the case with your heart muscle. Heart muscles are stripped and oval in shape. They are
extremely powerful and pump your heart. This pumping motion gets the blood moving through your
body. As well, the stomach muscle mixes food around in your stomach. Then it pushes the food
through your intestines and into the blood system. Stomach muscles are short and have pointed ends.
193
Muscles work all the time. They even work when you are fast asleep. They keep your body firm and
strong. Therefore, it is important to be in good shape. You need to stay healthy so that your muscles
can remain powerful too. One thing that muscles need is good food. Muscles develop when they have
protein. Milk, eggs, red meat, fish and beans are rich in protein. A healthy diet includes these food
types. Muscles also need to be exercised to remain firm and toned. Regular exercise makes your
muscles bigger, strengthens your heart and lungs and makes you more flexible. Good ways to exercise
our walking, swimming, cycling, dancing or playing soccer. These activities improve your stamina. If you
have good stamina, you can keep going for a long time without getting tired
Questions 1-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
y
1. What is the topic word of paragraph 1?
ud
A. Muscles
B. The muscle system
C. Bones
St
an
D. Tendons
ic
2. In what order do the following happen?

er
A. Processed message, nerve connection, electric signal, execution

Am
B. Execution, electric signal, nerve connection, processed message
C. Execution, nerve connection, electric signal, processed message
D. Processed message, electric signal, nerve connection, execution
3. Choose the right word below to fill in the blank.
“Muscles work by _____."
A. Shorten
B. Squeezing
C. Pushing
D. Relaxing
194
4. What happens after the biceps contracts?
A. The triceps contracts.
B. The arm straightens.
C. The arm bends.
D. The muscles switch around.
5. What is true about the heart muscle?
A. It is the most powerful muscle in the whole body.
B. It helps you move food into the blood.
C. It looks different than other muscles.
D. It is controlled by your brain.
6. What does the author think about regular swimming?
y
ud
A. It is better than walking or dancing.
B. It is not as good as playing soccer.
C. It makes you stronger and more flexible. St

an
D. It helps you to keep going for a long time without getting tired.
Questions 7-8
ic
Choose TWO letters, A-D.

er
Write the correct letters.

Am
What are TWO things muscles need to stay strong?
A. Protein
B. A lot of food
C. Good exercise
D. A lot of sleep
195
Speaking part 1
1. Do you like sports?
2. What sports did you do at school?
3. How important is keeping fit to you?
4. What do you do to keep fit?
5. Is violence a problem at sporting events in your country?
6. Do you often watch sports on TV?
7. What is the most popular sport in your country?
8. Do you prefer watching or playing sports?
Speaking part 2
Topic 1: Describe a sports club you belong to or used to belong to
y
You should say:
ud
● What club it is
● When you joined
Why you joined

St
an
●
and explain the benefits of belong to your club

ic
Topic 2: Describe a sport that you enjoy watching or playing

er
You should say:

Am
● What kind of sport it is
● Who you play/watch it with
● Where you play/watch it
and explain why you enjoy playing/watching it
Speaking part 3
1. Do you think people in your country exercise enough? If not, why?
2. Do you think competitive sport should be part of the school curriculum?
3. What are the benefits of international sports events?
4. Do children need to exercise?
5. Why do people need to play sports?
6. What are the benefits for children to play outdoor games?
7. Which sport is the best for people who aren’t used to work-out?
196
UNIT 25
IELTS Task: Reading - Short answer questions
Exam tip: This type of short answer question is testing your ability to find specific information in the text
● Underline the key ideas in each question
● Read the passage quickly to find where each key idea is dealt with, then read carefully
● Copy the words and/or numbers you need from the passage exactly.
➢ Practice 1
FREYA STARK, EXPLORER AND WRITER

Freya Stark traveled to many areas of the Middle East, often alone.
y
Frey Stark was an explorer who lived during a time when explorers were regarded as heroes. She was
ud
born in Paris in 1893. Although she had no formal education as a child, she moved about with her
St
artist parents and learned French, German, and Italian. She entered London University in 1912, but at
the start of World War I, she joined the nurse corps and was sent to Italy. After the war, she returned
an
to London and attended the School of Oriental Studies.
ic
Her studies there led to extensive travel in the Middle Studies, enabling her to eventually become
er
fluent in Persian, Russian, and Turkish. Stark became well known as a traveler and explorer in the
Am
Middle East. She traveled to Lebanon in 1927 at the age of 33 when she had saved enough money,
and while there, she studied Arabic.
In 1928, she traveled by donkey to the Jebel Druze, a mountainous area in Syria. During another trip,
she went to a distant region of the Elburz, a mountain range in Iran, where she made a map. She was
searching for information about an ancient Muslim sect known as the Assassins, which she wrote
about in Valley of the Assassins (1934), a classic for which she was awarded a Gold Medal by the Royal
Geographic Society. For the next 12 years, she continued her career as a traveler and writer,
establishing a style that combined an account of her journey with personal commentary on the
people, places, customs, history, and politics of the Middle East.
197
Exercise 1: Read these questions and underline the key ideas
● What word did people use to describe explorers when Stark was alive?
● What historical event interrupted Stark’s university education?
● What did Stark produce while traveling in Iran, in addition to a book?
● What a group of people did Stark research in Iran?
Exercise 2: Now answer the questions above. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
➢ Practice 2
SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE MEANING OF FRIENDSHIP
There have been a lot of scientific studies into what makes a friendship. It seems today that
y
ud
ideas of what friendship is are also changing. A study in 1993 at the University of Oxford
showed that people could only maintain 150 relationships. However, with the explosion of
St
social media since then, many people now have over 300 people who they think of as friends.
an
Some people think that these friends are not real friends, but others believe that social media
has helped us to expand and keep our friendships because we have more time and
ic
opportunities.
er
Another change from the past is that people don't stay in the place where they were born.
Am
They go to different cities and countries for education and jobs. People are in general more
geographically mobile nowadays. This means that we have more chances to meet and make
friends with people from different cultures and different backgrounds. People still often make
friends at college who remain friends for life, but making new friends at work is more difficult.
People now have less security at work and this also means that they find it harder to build new
relationships.
As people get older, they sometimes also have less free time. They become busier with their
jobs and families and have less time to spend with friends. Friendships can be very different
when we are at different ages. Young children often choose their friends because of
convenience, for example, they go to the same school, they live near each other or their
parents are friends. As we get older, friendships are more connected with having similar
interests and opinions.
198
One thing is definitely true though, it doesn't matter how old we are or how many friends we
have on social media, friendship is good for our health. People who spend time with friends
have fewer mental health problems and are generally happier and in a better physical state of
health than people who spend their free time alone.
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
answer
1. What has enabled people to have more friends than in the past, according to some people?
2. What phrase does the writer use to describe people who don't stay in the same place?
3. What work-related problem do people have that makes them less likely to form friendships?
4. What frequently influences the friendships of young children?
y
5. What are people with friends less likely to suffer from?
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
199
➢ Practice 3
STEPWELLS
Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in
tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several
storeys built from stone and supported by pillars; they also included pavilions that sheltered
visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate
decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and
dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter.
Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but
the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been
diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasn’t
been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between
y
ud
1996 and 2004.
Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have
St
been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognized the importance of
an
preserving them as part of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners
of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1000 years ago,
ic
which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilizations and of the
er
value of water to human existence.

Am
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
1. Which part of some stepwells provided shade for people?
2. What type of serious climatic event, which took place in southern Rajasthan, is mentioned in the
article?
3. Who are frequent visitors to stepwells nowadays?
200
UNIT 26
Vocabulary Discovery: Town and Cities
➢ New words
1. Accomodation n. tiện nghi ăn ở
2. Cost of living n. chi phí cho các hoạt động sống hàng ngày
3. Countryside n. miền quê
4. Downtown n. trung tâm thành phố
5. Infrastructure n. cơ sở hạ tầng
6. Inhabitant = Resident = Dweller = Habitant n. cư dân
y
7. Lively = Bustling = Vibrant adj. ồn ào, náo nhiệt, sôi động
ud
8. Megacity n. siêu đô thị
9. Mountainous adj. vùng núi
10. Native people = Local people n. người bản địa
St
an
11. Overcrowding adj. đông đúc
ic
12. Pace of life n. nhịp sống

er
13. Picturesque adj. đẹp như tranh vẽ

Am
14. Pollution n. tình trạng ô nhiễm

15. Quiet = Peaceful adj. yên bình, thanh bình
16. Standard of living n. tiêu chuẩn sống
17. Suburb = Outskirt n. vùng ngoại ô
18. Slumb n. khu ổ chuột
19. To commute v. di chuyển một quãng đường xa đi làm
20. Transportation n. giao thông
21. Traffic system n. hệ thống giao thông
22. Traffic congestion n. tình trạng kẹt xe
23. Traffic jams n. kẹt xe
24. Overcrowding adj. đông đúc, quá tải
25. Urban n. thành phố >< Rural n. miền quê
201
➢ Collocation
1. Conservation area n. an area where the natural environment or the buildings are protected by law
from being damaged or changed = khu vực bảo tồn
2. Relaxed atmosphere n. calm and peaceful atmosphere = không gian thư giãn
3. Pavement café n. : a restaurant with tables and chairs outside on the pavement or on a street where
vehicles do not normally go = cà phê vỉa hè
4. Pedestrian zone n. areas of a city or town reserved for pedestrian – only use and in which most or all
automobile traffic may be prohibited = phố đi bộ
5. Office block n. a large building that contains offices = tòa nhà có văn phòng
6. Out of town shopping center/retail park n. large shopping centers outside of the town or city = trung
tâm thương mại ngoại ô
7. Places of interest n. buildings that have a particular interest for visitors = điểm du lịch
8. Poor housing n. housing that is not in good condition = nhà cửa kém chất lượng
9. Public spaces n. areas in a town or city that are open to the public = địa điểm công cộng
y
ud
10. Public transport system n. public vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on
fixed routes = phương tiện công cộng
St
11. Residential area n. an area where people live = khu dân cư
12. Shopping centre n. an area consisting of multiple shops = trung tâm thương mại
an
13. Shopping malls n. large indoor shopping centres = trung tâm thương mại trong nhà
ic
14. Volume of traffic n. the number of traffic = lượng giao thông

er
➢ Phrasal verb
Am
1. tuck away: (miêu tả địa điểm) tọa lạc tại một nơi yên tĩnh, không có nhiều người qua lại
2. cut somebody/something off (from somebody/something): ngăn ai đó / thứ gì đó rời khỏi hoặc đến
một địa điểm hoặc giao tiếp với những người bên ngoài một địa điểm
3. be littered with something: Chứa rất nhiều cái gì đó, thường là những thứ tiêu cực
4. stand out: Dễ nhận thấy vì nó rất khác biệt so với những cái còn lại.
5. set somebody/something apart (from somebody/something): Làm cho ai đó hoặc cái gì đó trở nên đặc
biệt, khác biệt và tốt hơn những cái còn lại
6. pull something down: Phá hủy một tòa nhà hoặc các cấu trúc tương tự vì chúng không còn cần thiết
nữa
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Which of the collocations in the box have a positive meaning (+) and which have a
negative meaning (-)?
relaxed atmosphere lively bar over-priced restaurants urban wasteland
202
no-go area imposing building shanty town fashionable club run-down buildings
Exercise 2: Choose the correct word from the box below to correct the essay
Topic: Living in big cities is bad for people’s health. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
commuters detrimental culprits concern impact metropolises access provided services
transportation undeniable construction metropolises relieve provided
Essay:
There is a growing 1. ______________ about the 2. ______________ of city life on urban citizens’ health. While
I agree with the availability of health 3. ______________ and facilities in city centers would benefit urban
inhabitants greatly, I believe that city life also has 4. ______________ effects on people’s health.
Firstly, I admit that living in cities is beneficial for people’s health to some certain extent. City dwellers
can easily 5. ______________ fitness centers and recreation centers to improve their physical 6.
y
______________ and 7. ______________ stress, whereas those places might not be 8. ______________ in the
ud
countryside. Besides, compared to those patients living in rural areas their counterparts living in cities
might be able to access better health 9. ______________ and innovative technologies that can help with
St
diagnosing a variety of diseases such as diabetes or cancer at an early stage and effectively treating
an
them.
However, I believe that some physical and mental health problems would likely be the result of city life.
ic
er
The constant stream of noise from 10. ______________ sites and 11. ______________ systems would result in
noise pollution, and this might cause hypertension, tinnitus and sleep disturbances. Pollutants include
Am
exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and coal ash from industrial parks and are the main 12.
______________ of a number of health problems including respiratory infections, heart disease and lung
cancer. Heavy traffic congestion in some 13. ______________ like Beijing often makes 14. ______________
feel frustrated, and busy lifestyles might deprive people of their time to relax, negatively affecting their
health.
In conclusion, while I agree that the advantages that city life would bring to urban citizens are 15.
______________, I believe that some clear negative consequences for their physical and psychological
well-being should not be denied.
203
Exercise 3:
What is a port city?

The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods
around the world. We understand a port as a center of land-sea exchange, and as a major source of
livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban
characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single generic label? Do they have
enough in common to warrant distinguishing them from other kinds of cities?
A. A port must be distinguished from a harbor. They are two very different things. Most ports have poor
harbors, and many fine harbors see few ships. Harbour is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is
an economic concept, a center of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even
more than a sea-linked foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and
which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if
there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by
y
enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.
ud
B. Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water
St
connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and
air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world's
an
biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta,
ic
Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports - that is, with land-sea exchange as their major
er
function - but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are
Am
no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions
account for that difference.
C. Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In
it races, cultures, and ideas, as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other
and the life of the city. The smell of the sea and the harbor, the sound of boat whistles or the moving
tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm
within their own urban areas.
D. Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught have
increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a
result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flow of exchange, they have become cultural and
economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are
Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Soochow, and a long list of earlier prominent
204
port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America.
E. Much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we have suggests that domestic
trade was greater at all periods than external trade. Shanghai, for example, did most of its trade with
other Chinese ports and inland cities. Calcutta traded mainly with other parts of India and so on. Most of
any city's population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside the city
is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food, housing, clothing and other such services.
Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers range from 1:4 to 1:8.
F. No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other activities. The port function of
the city draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms. Ports take advantage of the
need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and
unloading costs can be minimized by refining raw materials or turning them into finished goods. The
major examples here are oil refining and ore refining, which are commonly located at ports. It is not
y
easy to draw a line around what is and is not a port function. All ports handle, unload, sort, alter,
ud
process, repack, and reship most of what they receive. A city may still be regarded as a port city when it
St
becomes involved in a great range of functions not immediately involved with ships or docks.
G. Cities which began as ports retain the chief commercial and administrative center of the city close to
an
the waterfront. The center of New York is in lower Manhattan between two river mouths, the City of
ic
London is on the Thames, Shanghai along the Bund. This proximity to water is also true of Boston,
er
Philadelphia, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Singapore, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Yokohama, where the
Am
commercial, financial, and administrative centers are still grouped around their harbors even though
each city has expanded into a metropolis. Even a casual visitor cannot mistake them as anything but
port cities.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G.
From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-viii) in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.
List of Headings
i. A truly international environment
ii. Once a port city, always a port city
iii. Good ports make huge profits
205
iv. How the port changes a city's infrastructure
v. Reasons for the decline of ports
vi. Relative significance of trade and service industry
vii. Ports and harbors
viii. The demands of the oil industry
Example
Paragraph A vii
1 __________ Paragraph B
2 __________ Paragraph C
3 __________ Paragraph D
4 __________ Paragraph E
y
ud
Questions 5-8
St
Look at the following descriptions(Questions 5-8) of some port cities mentioned in Reading Passage 3
Match the pairs of cities(A-H) listed below, with the descriptions.
Match the appropriate letters A-H in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
an
NB There are more pairs of port cities than descriptions, so you will not use them all.
A. Bombay and Buenos Aires
ic
B. Hong Kong and Salem

er
C. Istanbul and Jakarta

Am
D. Madras and Colombo
E. New York and Bristol
F. Plymouth and Melaka
G. Singapore and Yokohama
H. Surat and London
5 __________ required considerable harbor development
6 __________ began as ports but other facilities later dominated
7 __________ lost their prominence when large ships could not be accommodated
8 __________ maintain their business center near the port waterfront
206
Questions 9-14
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
9 __________ Cities cease to be port cities when other functions dominate.
10 __________ In the past, many port cities did more trade within their own country than with overseas
ports.
11 __________ Most people in a port city are engaged in international trade and finance.
12 __________ Ports attract many subsidiary and independent industries.
13 __________ Ports have to establish a common language of trade.
14 __________ Ports often have river connections.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
207
UNIT 27
IELTS Task: Writing - Task 1: Line graph/ Bar chart
Practice: Writing the introduction and overview paragraphs for graphics below
Graphic 1
The graph below shows the number of students enrolled in two different schools.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
208
Graphic 2
The chart below shows the percentage of unemployed recent graduates and young non-graduates
aged 21 to 30 between 1990 and 2015.

where relevant.
y
ud
St
an
Graphic 3
ic
The line graph shows internet users as a percentage of population.

er
where relevant.
Am
209
Graphic 4
The chart below gives information about birth and death rates in Switzerland from 1970 to 2020
according to United Nations statistics.

where relevant.
y
ud
St
an
ic
er
Am
210
UNIT 28
Vocabulary Discovery: Travel and Holidays
➢ New words
1. trip n. chuyến đi (thường có thời gian ngắn và có mục đích là đi chơi, du lịch hay công tác)
2. journey n. chuyến đi có khoảng cách dài và có địa điểm xác định nhưng không đề cập đến
chuyện quay về
3. tour n. chuyến đi du lịch đến nhiều nơi theo lịch trình có sẵn
4. voyage n. chuyến đi dài ngày trên biển hoặc trong không gian
5. cruise n. chuyến tàu
y
6. flight n. chuyến bay
ud
7. excursion n. tham quan, du ngoạn, thường ngắn và có tổ chức cho 1 nhóm người với mục đích
giải trí, giáo dục hoặc thể chết
St
8. expedition n. sự thám hiểm, chuyến viễn chinh với mục đích nghiên cứu hay quân sự
an
9. hostel n. nhà nghỉ bình dân
ic
10. resort n. khu nghỉ dưỡng

er
11. cabin n. buồng

Am
12. suite n. thượng hạng

13. cottage n. ngôi nhà tranh
14. caravan n. xe lớn của gia đình
15. breathtaking adj. ngoạn mục
16. experience v. trải nghiệm
17. extreme sports n. các môn thể thao mạo hiểm
18. holidaymaker n. người đi du lịch
19. reveal v. để lộ, lộ ra
20. destination n. điểm đến
21. unspoiled adj. chưa bị làm hư/phá hủy
22. standard n. tiêu chuẩn
23. scenery n. quang cảnh
211
24. cliff n. vách đá (nhô ra biển)

25. feed v. cho ăn
26. travel buff n. người mê du lịch
27. prominent adj. nổi bật
28. price point n. mức giá
29. intact adj. nguyên vẹn, chưa bị khai thác
➢ Collocation
1. go on/have/take a holiday: đi nghỉ dưỡng
2. book/ cancel holiday: đặt/ hủy kỳ nghỉ
3. summer/ national/ public holiday: kỳ nghỉ hè…
4. 3- day, 2-week holiday: kỳ nghỉ 3 ngày, 2 tuần
y
5. long holiday >< short break: kỳ nghỉ dài/ ngắn
ud
6. package holiday: chuyến đi nghỉ dưỡng trọn gói
7. holiday season: mùa lễ hội
8. a holiday of a lifetime: một chuyến đi để đời

St
an
9. holiday (tourist) destination: địa điểm du lịch

ic
10. gather with family members: quây quần bên gia đình
er
11. hang out with friends: đi chơi với bạn bè

Am
12. enjoy someone’s own company: tận hưởng không gian riêng của bản thân
13. visit relatives: thăm họ hàng
14. hold party: tổ chức tiệc
212
➢ Phrasal verb
1. go on holiday: experiencing a time away from home, school, or business usually in order to relax or
to travel
2. go abroad: đi nước ngoài
3. chill out: to relax completely or not allow things to upset you
4. take some time off: to remove something, especially clothes
5. head off: to start a journey or leave a place
6. check in (for flight): to show your ticket at an airport so that you can be told where you will be
sitting and so that your bags can be put on the aircraft
7. hang around: to move or do things slowly
8. wait around: to stay in a place and do nothing while you wait for someone to arrive or something
to happen
y
9. soak up: experience
ud
10. wind down: relax
St
an
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences below with suitable words

ic
1. Our Geography teacher keeps telling us that _______________broadens the mind.

er
2. Is your class coming in the afternoon _______________ to Windsor Castle?

Am
3. Scott kept a journal of his scientific_________ to the North Pole.
4. Many immigrants arrived in New York after a six-week __________ across the Atlantic Ocean.
5. The ______________ to Sao Paulo has been delayed due to heavy rain.
6. It’s a five-hour______________ by bus from Florence to Naples.
7. We went on a guided walk ______________ of the Rocky Mountains last summer.
8. We are going on a two-week Indian Ocean trip _______________ for our honeymoon.
9. Is your family still planning to go on a _______________ to Washington next week?
213
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below with suitable words
1. The new holiday_______________ in Miami offers free tennis lessons.
2. Did you hear the news? Joe has bought a weekend _______________ in the countryside.
3. As we are on a tight budget, we’d better stay as a youth_______________ .
4. Many South Sea islanders still live in traditional wooden_______________.
5. Jackie and Tom took their _______________to France and stayed in it over the summer.
6. As that _______________ is near the airport, a lot of businessmen stay there overnight.
7. The President stayed in a luxury_______________ at the Hilton.
Exercise 3:
Choose the correct word in the box to complete the essay
ethnic groups promote locals risk encourage popularity contributes
y
ud
disintegration identity persist globalization abandoning preserve attempt
roots initiative
St
an
Topic: In some parts of the world traditional festivals and celebrations have disappeared or are
ic
disappearing. What problems is this causing? What measures could be taken to counter this situation?
er
Essay:
Am
Around the world, many traditional festivals these days are at 1. ___________ of becoming outdated and
irrelevant. In my opinion, this 2. ___________ to issues concerning culture 3. ___________ and should be
countered by citizens in concert with governments.
The main issues resulting from 4. ___________ traditional festivals concern culture. More commercial
holidays such as Black Friday and Christmas are gaining in 5. ___________ which naturally threatens
smaller cultural groups and their festivals. For example, in China there are numerous 6. ___________ living
in remote areas that struggle to 7. ___________ their traditions over time as 8. ___________ learn more
about the outside world and leave their hometowns. As these groups disperse further both physically
and virtually it will be a challenge for old traditions to 9. ___________ and the results may impact the
stories they hand down through generations, their language, traditional dishes and other aspects of
culture.
214
The optimal remedies for the weakening of traditional cultures are for governments and individuals to
actively 10. ___________ traditional festivals. Governments can make the greatest difference. For instance,
states could fund organizations that aim to 11. ___________ traditional festivals by staging local events
and reaching out to older members of the community. Younger people could likewise 12. ___________ to
engage more with their 13. ___________ and connect with the sources of their culture. This occurs to some
extent already when traditional festivals are advertised on social media to bring in a wider audience and
greater attention.
In conclusion, the loss of traditional festivals is a boon to 14. ___________ and injures culture 15.
___________ of various groups. This development must be confronted by locals of their own individual 16.
___________ and encouraged by governments.
Exercise 4:
y
ud
Eco Holidays in Costa Rica
St
A. Saving the world is something we all wish we could do but may never get the chance. One way we
an
can make a contribution is through our daily lives and the choices we make. Ever since the ‘green’
ic
movement people have become increasingly concerned about this issue. Sadly, we can’t all quit our
er
jobs and go volunteer in the jungles of Peru or fight to save endangered animals in the Congo. But
Am
those of us who would like to do something this summer instead of sitting at home or on the beach
now can without sacrificing a well earned break. E-Hols offer Eco Holidays in the exotic location of
Costa Rica where holidaymakers can enjoy themselves in a less environmentally damaging way and
have the holiday of a lifetime.
B. For holidaymakers like me, used to traveling in style and staying in four and five star hotels in
Europe, an Eco Holiday can be a bit of a shock to the system. On my first day I was bussed into a
local bus and traveled 60 km in scorching heat which took over 3 hours. Arriving at the Jose Bondita
conservation park I was greeted by Mr Bondita himself. As we drove through the wild vegetation in
his 4 by 4 to my wooden hut for the next 2 weeks he pointed out the vast array of iguanas, toucans
and monkeys dotted throughout the reserve. In excess of 420 other species of birds are also said to
be in the rainforest and along the rocky coastline on the borders of the park. For many of these
creatures Jose Bondita is a safe refuge away from poachers and the animal trade.
215
C. Founded in 1984 the park shot to fame after a BBC documentary revealed its beautiful unspoiled
landscapes and rugged terrain to the world and they haven’t looked back since. Everything on the
site is environmentally friendly from the natural gas used to power the vehicles to the solar power
for heating the water and all the amenities. Even the vegetables are grown locally and completely
GM and pesticide free. Sustainability is paramount according to Mr Bonita who is keen to avoid
turning the park into a tourist destination. Bondita is adamant that his park will not become
commercialized. “We are not and never will be for that matter, in it for the money”. He asserts his
desire to couple education and conservation, 2 themes which his park is built on. “We are not about
holidays, we offer life changing experiences that will change how people view their role in our
world” he says.
D. As I had purchased the standard ‘eco-tourist’ package I was granted full access to all the park’s
activities and facilities. For those on a tighter budget there’s the ‘eco-basic’ package which includes
y
ud
a pass to the park and the facilities only. On my second day we headed off into the unknown on a
jeep safari at dusk through the indescribably beautiful scenery. Looking for further excitement I
St
later opted for a zip line tour of the rainforest canopy but turned down bungee jumping off the cliff.
an
Although I still found time for some relaxing strolls and late night fireside chats with other visitors,
all of whom were left amazed by the whole experience. My favorite free time activity though was
ic
feeding baby wild animals and even helping out with park maintenance fixing fences. By the time
er
my trip had come to an end I had promised never to stay in a hotel complex again. It is safe to say
Am
that these experiences are not for everyone but provide a once in a lifetime experience which will
alter anyone’s view of the importance of animal conservation.
E. With bookings set to increase even further next year Jose Bondita may become a victim of its own
success. Demand has far outstripped the park’s capacity to comfortably accommodate visitors.
Trails tend to be congested and as the amount of vehicles rises so does the impact on the natural
ecosystem. The park itself is one of several in the area with more on the way as Bonita’s success
seems to be spreading. According to a local council representative “we have become aware of the
potential for attracting tourism and using that money to protect our environment”. In fact, yearly
eco-visitors to Costa Rica are estimated at around 1.8 million. Actually, it is somewhat of an
international success story. The revenue alone is in the region of $1.9 billion.
216
Questions 28-31
The passage has 5 paragraphs labeled A-E.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
28. a large variety of animals
29. a belief about the future of the park
30. 2 dangerous sports
31. a negative result of increased tourists
Questions 32-37
Complete the summary below using words from the list below.
belief / birds / break / experience / holiday / location
perception / park / power / refuge / time / journey
y
ud
An Eco 32. ________ offers an exciting and more environmentally friendly experience than normal
breaks. The Bondita park contains a large number of 33. ________ and other creatures and is a 34.
St
________ where they are safe from hunters. Everything about the 35. ________ is environmentally
an
friendly. It is aimed to educate visitors and change their 36. ________ of our world. There are many
ic
activities for visitors to take part in and guests are generally positive about the entire 37. ________ .
er
The park has become popular and others will be created in the area.
Am
Questions 38-40
Choose THREE letters A - F
Which THREE of the following benefits does the park provide according to the writer of the text?
A. a memorable holiday
B. luxury hotels
C. a way to save animals
D. a sustainable way of life
E. an opportunity to meet similar people
F. a range of packages to suit different budgets
Work in pairs and take turns to ask and answer the questions
217
1. Can you describe your town or village?
2. How important is tourism in your town/village? Why?/Why not?
3. What places would you recommend people to visit in your town/village?
4. What festivals take place in your local area?
Using the prompts below to help you:
- I live in a town/village that … / I live in X, which …
- It’s very important because … / It’s not very important, but …
- I would recommend X, which is … / I think X is a good place to visit, because …
- We celebrate X, which takes place … / The X festival is held on…
Exercise 6: Take turns to do the Speaking task below. Before you speak, take a minute to prepare
your talk.
y
ud
Describe your idea of a perfect holiday
You should say
- where it would be St
an
- how you would get there
- where you would stay

ic
And explain why this would be your perfect holiday

er
Am
Describe a holiday you particularly enjoyed
You should say:
- where you went
- why you went there
- what you did
and explain why you enjoyed the holiday so much
218
UNIT 29
IELTS Task: Reading - Practice Completion and short-answer questions
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Underline these words (1-7) in the passage, decide what type of word each one is, then
match it with its definition (A-G)
1. diet A. group of birds
2. prey B. home built by birds for their eggs
3. breed C. animal that kills and eats other animals
4. flock D. produce a young animal
y
5. migration E. journey from one place to another at the
ud
6. predator same time each year
7. nest F. St
the type of food that person or animal
usually eats
an
G. an animal that is hunted and killed by

ic
another animal
er
Am
219
Passage 1
The life of the European bee-eater
A brilliant movement of color as it catches its food in the air, the European bee-eater moves
between three continents.
True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees (though their diet includes just about any flying
insect). When the bird catches a bee, it returns to its tree to get rid of the bee's poison, which
it does very efficiently. It hits the insect's head on one side of the branch, then rubs its body
on the other. The rubbing makes its prey harmless.
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring and summer
across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan. Farmland and river valleys provide
huge numbers of insects. Flocks of bee-eaters follow tractors as they work fields. When the
birds come upon a beehive, they eat well - a researcher once found a hundred bees in the
y
ud
stomach of a bee-eater near a hive.
European bees pass the winter by sleeping in their hives, which cuts off the bee-eater's main
St
source of food. So, in late summer, bee-eaters begin a long, dangerous journey. Massive
an
flocks from Spain, France and northern Italy cross the Sahara desert to their wintering
grounds in West Africa. Bee-eaters from Hungary and other parts of Central and Eastern
ic
Europe cross the Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Desert to winter in southern Africa. 'It's an
er
extremely risky stratagem, this migration,' says C. Hilary Fry, a British ornithologist who has
Am
studied European bee-eaters for more than 45 years.
'At least 30 percent of the birds will be killed by predators before they make it back to Europe
the following spring.'
In April, they return to Europe. Birds build nests by digging tunnels in riverbanks. They work
for up to 20 days. By the end of the job, they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of soil - more than 80
times their weight.
The nesting season is a time when families help each other, and sons or uncles help feed
their father's or brother's chicks as soon as they come out of their eggs. The helpers benefit,
too: parents with helpers can provide more food for chicks to continue the family line.
It's a short, spectacular life. European bee-eaters live for five to six years. The difficulties of
220
migration and avoiding predators along the way affect every bird. Bee-eaters today also find
it harder to find food, as there are fewer insects around as a result of pesticides. Breeding
sites are also disappearing, as rivers are turned into concrete-walled canals.
Exercise 2: Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. Bee-eaters’ prey are bees and other _________________
2. Bee-eaters need to remove the _________________ from bees before eating them.
3. There is plenty of food for bee-eaters on agricultural land and in _________________
4. Bee-eaters migrate to spend the winter in different parts of _________________
5. Because of _________________, almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive migration.
6. Bee-eaters make nests in _________________, which they build themselves.
y
7. When nesting, the _________________ receive food from different family members.
ud
8. One problem for bee-eaters is _________________, which has reduced the amount of food available.
St
an
ic
er
Am
221
Passage 2
What is speed reading, and why do we need it?
A.
Speed reading is not just about reading fast. It is also about how much information you can
remember when you have finished reading. The World Championship Speed-Reading Competition
says that its top competitors average between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must
remember at least 50 percent of this in order to qualify for the competition.
B.
Nowadays, speed reading has become an essential skill in any environment where people have to
master a large volume of information. Professional workers need reading skills to help them get
through many documents every day, while students under pressure to deal with assignments
may feel they have to read more and read faster all the time.
y
ud
C.
Although there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is deciding what
St
information you want first. For example, if you only want a rough outline of an issue, then you can
an
skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if you need to understand every
detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough to understand this.
ic
D.
er
Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are other improvements you can make
Am
to your reading style which will increase your speed. For example, most people can read much
faster if they read silently. Reading each word aloud takes time for the information to make a
complete circuit in your brain before being pronounced. Some researchers believe that as long as
the first and last letters are in place, the brain can still understand the arrangement of the other
letters in the word because it logically puts each piece into place.
E.
Chunking is another important method. Most people learn to read either letter by letter or word
by word. As you improve, this changes. You will probably find that you are fixing your eyes on a
block of words, then moving your eyes to the next block of words, and so on. You are reading
blocks of words at a time, not individual words one by one. You may also notice that you do not
always go from one block to the next: sometimes you may move back to a previous block if you
are unsure about something.
222
F.
A skilled reader will read a lot of words in each block. He or she will only look at each block for an
instant and will then move on. Only rarely will the reader’s eyes skip back to a previous block of
words. This reduces the amount of work that the reader’s eyes have to do. It also increases the
volume of information that can be taken in over a given period of time.
G.
On the other hand, a slow reader will spend a lot of time reading small blocks of words. He or she
will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text, and muddling their overall
understanding of the subject. This irregular eye movement quickly makes the reader tired. Poor
readers tend to dislike reading because they feel it is difficult to concentrate and comprehend
written information.
H.
y
ud
The best tip anyone can have to improve their reading speed is to practice. In order to do this
effectively, a person must be engaged in the material and want to know more. If you find yourself
St
constantly having to re-read the same paragraph, you may want to switch to reading material
an
that grabs your attention. If you enjoy what you are reading, you will make quicker progress.
Exercise 4: Complete the table below

ic
er
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
CHUNKING
Am
Type of reader Reading method Effect of method on
reader
skilled reader ● many 1. ______ in a ● reader’s 2. ______ do
block less work
● reader hardly ever ● more 3. ______ is
goes back processed
4. ______ ● small blocks ● the reader easily
● reader 5. ______ goes gets 6. ______
back ● finds it hard to 7.
______ on passage
223
Passage 3
Swallows in migration
Every April, along with many other species of birds, the swallow arrives to spend the summer
months in northern Europe, in Russia, Iran and parts of Siberia. Here it will breed and raise its
young.
The swallow is well known for several reasons. Firstly, it is very distinctive, with its forked tail and
characteristic acrobatic swooping flight. Secondly, it is very common, and, like its near relative the
house martin, lives in close proximity to human habitation, at least in rural areas. It is, however,
rarely to be encountered in towns or cities.
For centuries, people have observed swallows, noted their arrival and their patterns of feeding. In
several countries, these observations have passed into the language as proverbs or sayings. In
England, people comment on unpredictable late spring weather by saying, "one swallow does not
y
ud
make a summer". Similarly, "the swallows are flying low" was held to predict rainy, even stormy
weather. There may be some truth in this observation, though it is the insects the swallows feed
St
on that seem to be more susceptible to the fall in barometric pressure that heralds a storm.
an
Insects keep low in these conditions, and so do the swallows that hunt them. At the end of the
summer season, when the swallows are about to leave, they frequently flock together in large
ic
numbers on convenient high open perches, like roof ridges and telegraph wires. When people
er
remark that "the swallows are gathering", they mean that autumn has arrived.
Am
At some point in mid-September, the swallows leave together, usually all on the same day. One
day there are thousands, the next there are none, and none will be seen again until the following
spring. For centuries, this was a complete mystery to people. The Hampshire naturalist Gilbert
White, writing in the late eighteenth century, believed that the swallows dived into ponds and
rivers in autumn and remained in the bottom mud the whole winter, re-emerging the following
spring. This idea seems extraordinary to us, but White was not a stupid man: many of his other
observations of natural life were informed and accurate. In this case, however, he simply had no
means of determining the truth and was forced to make a random guess. The idea that swallows
migrate to central or southern Africa would have seemed as fanciful to him as his theory seems to
us.
Although we now know that swallows migrate, there are still unanswered questions. Why do they
go so far? Why not stay on the shores of the Mediterranean? The majority continue to equatorial
224
Africa, and some even further south. Also, it appears that populations of swallows that have bred
in different areas. Those from France, Germany and much of western Europe have mostly been
traced to East Africa, Kenya or Tanzania for example. Above all, how does a bird weighing
approximately twenty grams find its way across mountain ranges, ocean and desert to winter in
the south, and then return the following year to the very location it was born, in some cases to
the very same nest?
Birds can navigate by the Sun and are also able to detect the magnetic field of the Earth. Species
that migrate at night are also able to navigate by the stars. By these means, they travel long
distances. The close navigation that brings them back to the same field or nest appears to be
related to memory of local landmarks imprinted on the minds of young birds as they crisscross
the area in the weeks before departure.
Nevertheless, the journey is very dangerous. Long sea crossings, where there is little available
y
ud
food or water, are generally avoided. In western Europe, most swallows cross to Africa via the
Straits of Gibraltar, or fly the length of Italy before tackling the relatively short crossing to Tunisia
St
in North Africa. However, in storms they may be blown hundreds of kilometers off course.
an
Exhausted swallows sometimes come to rest on ships way out in the Atlantic Ocean. They have to
cross mountain ranges too, where again the weather may be unpredictable and food scarce.
ic
Along the coast of North Africa, many young swallows become the prey of Eleonora's falcons,
er
which time their breeding to coincide with the migration of young birds southwards. But the most
Am
dangerous part of the journey is the crossing of the Sahara desert. Here, there is little food or
water, sandstorms may delay and exhaust the already weakened birds, and many die. It is
estimated that around 50 per cent of adult birds die, and up to 80 per cent of young birds, but
enough survive to ensure the continuation of the species.
Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. In the past, the destination of the swallows in autumn was a ____________
2. As White couldn't verify what happened to the swallows, he made a ____________
3. Despite knowing that swallows migrate, we are still left with ____________
4. Sometimes, swallows have been known to return not just to the same area, but even to the
____________
5. Birds that travel by night can find their way using the ____________
6. Birds navigation appears to be connected with the memory of ____________
225
UNIT 30
Vocabulary Discovery: Business
➢ New words
1. running costs n. chi phí vận hành
2. budget n. ngân sách
3. revenue n. doanh thu
4. profit n. lợi nhuận, thu nhập
5. sales n. doanh số bán hàng
6. market n. thị trường
y
7. marketing n. tiếp thị
ud
8. promotion n. hoạt động thúc đẩy doanh số bán hàng, quảng cáo
9. business n. doanh nghiệp, công việc kinh doanh
10. competition n. cạnh tranh
St
an
11. bankrupt n. phá sản
ic
12. product n. sản phẩm

er
13. service n. dịch vụ

Am
14. productivity n. năng suất

15. tax v. đánh thuế
16. tax n. thuế
17. social responsibilities (noun phrase): những trách nhiệm xã hội
18. economy n. nền kinh tế
19. responsible adj. có trách nhiệm
20. operate v. vận hành
21. cultural awareness n. nhận thức về văn hóa
22. exchange v. trao đổi, giao lưu
23. multinational adj. đa quốc gia
24. presence n. sự hiện diện
25. infrastructure n. cơ sở hạ tầng
226
26. exploit v. khai thác

27. reform v. tái tạo, cải tổ
28. vanish v. biến mất
29. emergence n. sự nổi lên, xuất hiện
30. output n. sản lượng
31. employment opportunity n. cơ hội việc làm
32. policy n. chính sách
33. regulation n. quy định
34. lawsuit n. vụ kiện cáo
35. procedure n. quy trình
36. invest v. đầu tư
37. monopoly n. độc quyền
y
ud
38. branch n. chi nhánh
➢ Collocation
St
1. cover the running costs: đủ để trả cho các chi phí vận hành
2. allocate budget to sth: phân bổ ngân sách cho cái gì
an
3. total revenue: tổng doanh thu
4. generate/produce revenue: tạo ra doanh thu
ic
5. make a profit: làm ăn có lãi

er
6. maximize profit: tối đa lợi nhuận

7. boost sales: thúc đẩy doanh số bán hàng
Am
8. a competitive market: 1 thị trường cạnh tranh

9. market research: nghiên cứu thị trường
10. do marketing: tiến hành marketing
11. marketing campaign: chiến dịch marketing
12. do promotion: tiến hành quảng cáo
13. run a business: điều hành 1 doanh nghiệp
14. do business: làm kinh doanh
15. healthy competition: cạnh tranh lành mạnh
16. fierce competition: cạnh tranh khốc liệt
17. go bankrupt: phá sản
18. launch a new product: giới thiệu sản phẩm
19. offer a service to sb: cung cấp dịch vụ cho ai
20. excellent service: dịch vụ tốt
21. poor service: dịch vụ tồi
22. boost/increase productivity: nâng cao năng suất
23. have/embrace social responsibility: có trách nhiệm xã hội
24. levy/impose tax on sb: áp thuế lên ai
227
➢ Phrasal verb
A. Starting and doing business
Local entrepreneurs
1
Tim Benson started up his own business 1. created (a business or other
2
in his first year at university. He set up a organization)
3
small company hiring out bicycles to 2. started (a company or
other students. He was very successful organization)

4
and claims that his profit ran into 3. allowing people to use a short
thousands of euros a month, a lot of time in exchange for money

5
money for a student. As a spin-off he 4. reached a particular level
used to sell cycling clothes and equipment 5. (noun) extra business in some
y
to the students, and that also was a good way related to an earlier
ud
earner for him. ‘I was really happy with successful business
6
that set-up ’, says Tim, ‘as I loved cycling
myself’.
St
6. (noun) business arrangement
an
ic
B. Ups and downs in business

er
sold up: sold a business (or house) in order to go and do something else (or live elsewhere)
Am
● outlet (noun): shop
● turnover (noun): amount of money or business made by a company in a period of time
● take over: get control of a company by buying most of its shares
● wind down: gradually reducing the amount of work being done until it closes completely
● upkeep (noun): cost or process of keeping a building or something in good condition
● pour into: provide a lot of money for something over a long period
● put at: roughly calculates at a particular amount
● go under: failing financially
● run to: reach a particular amount, usually a large amount
● takeover (noun): act of gaining control of a company
228
➢ Practice
Exercise 1: Complete these sentences using words from the box
hire out turnover take over outlet run to set-up
1. Big companies often ___________ small ones.
2. These shops ___________ power tools by the hour.
3. Last year their ___________ was $100 million.
4. A new sportswear ___________ has opened on the edge of town.
5. I couldn’t work there; the ___________ didn’t appeal to me at all.
6. The cost of rebuilding would ___________ 10 million pounds.
Exercise 2: Choose the correct word from the box to complete the essay
y
ud
fund cultural awareness enterprises vanishing infrastructures over-exploit emergence
firms multinational profound over-exploit revenues output contribute contribute
operate St
acclaimed
an
Topic: Small businesses are disappearing and being replaced by large multinational companies.
ic
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

er
In this modern world, it can be noticed that small companies are gradually 1. _____________
Am
because of the 2. _____________ of large multinational organizations, which are taking over their
positions in the market. Despite some obvious disadvantages of this trend, I would agree that
they are outweighed by the advantages.
On the one hand, there are two major drawbacks when big international 3. _____________ are
growing more and more to replace the existence of small companies. The first one is that 4.
_____________ corporations could cause harm to the environment. They might 5. _____________
local natural resources for production or discharge wastes into the environment, which directly
affects the environment and human life. For example, in Vietnam, the Taiwanese company Vedan
caused environmental pollution on a prolonged scale in the Thi Vai river area at Dong Nai
province. Another one is that the disappearance of small companies might cause a loss in
national 6. _____________. In the previous decades, small businesses accounted for a large
proportion of the total number of 7. _____________, providing the market with a wide variety of
229
products in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the contribution of small businesses to the
total 8. _____________ of the economy is very large.
On the other hand, I would argue that these disadvantages are outweighed by three main
benefits. Firstly, multinational companies 9. _____________ directly to the economic development
of the country in which they 10. _____________ by creating employment opportunities for local
people through factories and projects operating in developing countries. Secondly, local
employees at multinational corporations could increase 11. _____________ by the exchange of
knowledge and work experience as well as cultures between countries. Multinational companies
are 12. _____________ as pioneers in the research and development of new technologies, so they
could transfer culture and knowledge to developing countries. Finally, the presence of
multinational enterprises could improve local public 13. _____________ because they help to 14.
_____________ local projects such as road improvements, bridges building, etc.
y
ud
In conclusion, it seems to me that the advantages of the emergence of big international firms
are more 15. _____________ than the drawbacks by their contributions to both local citizens as
well as the national economy. St

an
Exercise 3: Translate these sentences into English. Using new vocabulary you’ve learned above
ic
1. Các công ty thân thiện với môi trường có thể được hưởng lợi từ việc đầu tư của họ vào các
er
công nghệ xanh như năng lượng mặt trời hoặc năng lượng gió, có khả năng đáp ứng chi phí
rẻ hơn so với các công nghệ cũ như nhiên liệu hóa thạch
Am
2. Uy tín và hình ảnh thương hiệu của các doanh nghiệp có thể bị ảnh hưởng do họ phải đối
mặt với các vụ kiện cáo hoặc cáo buộc liên quan đến vấn đề ô nhiễm môi trường do sự xuất
hiện của các chính sách, luật pháp và quy định mới về việc bảo vệ môi trường
230
3. Với sự phát triển của công nghệ ngày nay, các công ty có thể họp trực tuyến. Điều này giúp
nhân viên tiết kiệm thời gian và tiền bạc cho việc di chuyển.
4. Việc sản xuất số lượng lớn giúp công ty giảm giá thành sản phẩm, từ đó tăng sức mua của
khách hàng.
5. Các tập đoàn đa quốc gia thành lập chi nhánh ở các quốc gia đang phát triển giúp tạo thêm
nhiều cơ hội việc làm cho người dân địa phương. Các tập đoàn này sẽ đóng thuế nhiều hơn
y
cho chính phủ nước sở tại, từ đó giúp phát triển kinh tế.
ud
St
an
ic
er
Exercise 4: This article is about the influence that a brand can have on its customers and their
Am
cultures
The Power of Branding
Let’s say your company has been making athletic shoes for 50 or 60 years. They are good shoes.
Nevertheless, other companies have sped past you in the race for fame and the revenue that goes
with it. Products with the logos of the other companies are status symbols. Products with your logo
make people think of basketball stars from the 1970s. To turn things around, you have to convert
your product’s old-fashioned image into something new, and make sure consumers get the
message. They must equate your product with some larger idea that has nothing to do with shoes -
beauty, prosperity, or even world peace. In other words, you have to build a brand.
From the ranch to Rolls Royce
231
The term brand comes from the practice of using a hot iron to burn a distinctive mark into the skin
of a cow or a horse. For example, the owner of the Double Jay Ranch might brand a “JJ” mark on his
stock. This brand helps the rancher distinguish his or her animals from others. The brand is a kind of
label, a device for creating recognition. Branding on products is also all about recognition.
People equate the name Rolls Royce, for example, with classic luxury. The recognition value of this
brand is enormous. It even registers with people who have never seen one of the company’s cars.
When the German company BMW bought the Rolls company in 1998, they were careful to change
nothing. They continued to build cars in Greenwood, England, because Rolls Royce is thought of as
British. Not even BMW - a powerful brand itself - has the same aristocratic image. Rolls Royce turned
100 years old in 2004, and the brand continues to use the themes of integrity, dependability, and
even Britishness in its advertising.
Rolls Royce drivers and NASCAR
y
ud
As the story of Rolls Royce shows, an extremely successful brand may become an enduring part of a
St
culture. When that happens to a brand with a worldwide presence, the company may get
contradictory results. In its home culture, the brand may benefit from being a sort of national
an
treasure; however, it may suffer overseas from being a symbol of foreignness. The McDonald’s
ic
restaurant franchise offers just one prominent case of a corporation fighting to guide its brand
er
through these difficult waters.

Am
Subcultures can form around a certain brand. NASCAR (the National Association for Stock Car Auto
Racing) is in business to organize auto races and sell related products, but its brand is about much
more than that. NASCAR was founded in the late 1940s and originally built its image around
beachside racing in Daytona, Florida. It revised its brand through the 1980s and 1990s to appeal to a
broader audience. Nearly 75 million Americans now consider themselves part of a NASCAR
subculture.
Because NASCAR has a connection to such a large segment of the population, it is a medium in itself.
It can finance many of its operations by, for instance, allowing its name to appear on products and
selling advertising space alongside its racetracks.
My brand, myself
232
Among some strong brands, the line between promotional and personal image is unclear. Some
customers may adopt a brand’s image as their own image. The ads for Nike shoes show
no-nonsense athletes. A customer might buy Nike shoes because she considers herself a
no-nonsense athlete - and she wants others to presume this, too.
Biker subculture in the United States owes a great deal to the branding success of the
Harley-Davidson motorcycle company. Its American-manufactured motorbikes are promoted as a
symbol of patriotism. Harley has also managed to turn its motorcycles into symbols of opposition to
mainstream cultural values. In a radio interview, Harley-Davidson’s CEO, Jim Ziemer, points out one
way his brand - and its black-and-orange logo - has become very personal.
Interviewer: When business school students study branding, one of the names that’s always at the
top of that list is Harley Davidson. I’d like you to tell me, first of all, in your mind, what is it that
makes a brand?
y
ud
Ziemer: A brand is made when a person really feels a connection with that brand. I mean, we’ve
St
taken it to the ultimate, where a lot of our customers have a [Harley-Davidson] tattoo on their body
so they really feel very special and connected with the brand.
an
The origins of branding, the hot irons and the Double Jay, seem not so far away.
ic
Make each sentence as T(True) or F(False) according to the information in the Reading above.
er
Use the dictionary to help you understand new words.

Am
1. Branding is the process of equating a product with an idea or image
2. Ranchers brand animals by burning marks into their skin
3. Rolls Royce is no longer a British corporation
4. The Rolls Royce brand has lost revenue because it is associated with old things
5. In many countries, people don’t like to buy products with foreign brand names
6. NASCAR is a political organization that has created a brand
7. People often presume a person fits the image of a brand because he or she uses the brand’s
product
8. Harley-Davidson motorcycles are manufactured outside the United States
9. The Harley-Davidson brand is associated with classic luxury
10. Some people have Harley-Davidson symbols tattooed on their skin
233
PRE
3.0 - 3.5
Please contact daotao.sg@americanstudy.edu.vn

for additional copies
info@americanstudy.edu.vn

Pre Ielts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre Ielts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pre

UNIT 2 Language Study: Present Tense Practice

UNIT 3 Language Study: Past Tense

UNIT 4 Language Study: Past Tense Practice

UNIT 5 Language Study: Sentence Type

UNIT 6 Language Study: Future Tense

UNIT 7 Language Study: Future Tense Practice

UNIT 8 Language Study: Articles, Countable and Uncountable Nouns,

UNIT 9 Language Study: Articles, Countable and Uncountable Nouns,

UNIT 11 Vocabulary Discovery: Word Order, Collocations

UNIT 12 Vocabulary Discovery: Hometown

UNIT 13 IELTS Task: Reading

UNIT 14 Vocabulary Discovery: Food

UNIT 15 IELTS Task: Reading - Guess main ideas and topic

UNIT 16 IELTS Task: Reading - Summary/Sentence

UNIT 17 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1

UNIT 18 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Using Tenses

UNIT 19 Vocabulary Discovery: Music

UNIT 20 IELTS Task: Writing - Paraphrasing Skill

UNIT 21 IELTS Task: Reading - Speed reading and target para-

UNIT 23 IELTS Task: Writing Task 1 - Line graph/ Bar chart

UNIT 24 Vocabulary Discovery: Sport

UNIT 25 IELTS Task: Reading - Short answer questions

UNIT 26 Vocabulary Discovery: Town and Cities

UNIT 28 Vocabulary Discovery: Travel and Holidays

UNIT 29 IELTS Task: Reading - Practice Completion and

UNIT 30 Vocabulary Discovery: Business

1. Present simple tense

Verb to be (am/is/are) Verb NOT to be

Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Object Subject + Vs/es + Object

Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Object Subject + don’t/doesn’t + V1+ Object

● regular or repeated actions/events

Example: It rains heavily in March and April.

permanent situations and general facts

Example: Water freezes at

● scheduled events (trains, shops, TV, programmes, etc)

Example: What time does the bank open today?

● state verbs (opinion, preference, feelings, memory, knowledge, state or appearance)

Example: He enjoys traveling.

● narrating fictional stories

Example: Oliver Twist runs away and goes to London.

never hardly ever seldom sometimes often usually always

2. Present continuous tense

Affirmative Subject + am/is/are + Ving + Object

Negative Subject + am/is/are NOT + Ving + Object

Interrogative Am/Is/Are + Subject + Ving + Object?

➢ Usage and examples

● Things happening at the moment of speaking

● Actions taking place around the present

● To talk about temporary actions

Example: What are you doing these days?

● Trends or changing situations

Example: The world population is increasing.

Example: Ellen’s having lunch with us tomorrow

like always, constantly, continually, forever

Example: My mom’s always saying I don’t help enough! (complaint)

Example: He’s always visiting exciting places (envy)

Here are some examples of state verbs:

● Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste

● Possession: have, own, belong

Affirmative Subject + have/has + past participle

Negative Subject + have/has not + past participle