RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

UNIT V – DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

Introduction
In Unit IV we differentiated 𝑓(𝑥) using the definition of derivative. That was the purest way of
differentiation. The founders of calculus, Newton and Leibniz, differentiated functions in that way. For
beginners, the process of using limit in differentiation may seem tedious and difficult, but the process helps
in associating derivative to slope. In other words, the definition provides us a way of visualizing the
derivative of function. As you depart from being a novice calculus students, differentiating with limit
becomes impractical, especially if we just want the derivative to solve other things like the equation of a
tangent line, rate of change, the maximum point, etc. That is why we derive formulas to avoid repetitive
solutions. In this unit, you will learn about the basic differentiation formulas, especially the Power Formula
or Power Rule. All formulas are generalized with the aid of the Chain Rule. The discussion will be limited
to algebraic functions only. There will be a separate unit for the derivatives of transcendental functions.

Learning Outcomes
After completing this module, you are expected to:
1. Derive or prove some differentiation formulas.
2. Differentiate functions using formulas.
3. Discuss the chain rule and its mathematical expression.
4. Find the higher derivative of a function.
5. Perform implicit differentiation.

Test Your Skills 5.1

1. How many terms are there in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑦)15? Hint: Use the binomial theorem.
2. What is the 5th term in the expansion of (2𝑥 − 3)7? Note: Use ^ to indicate exponent.
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 , where a and b are both constants, find 𝑓′(𝑥).
4. Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1 three times.
𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 1, find 𝑑𝑥 .

Turn to the last page and check your answers. If you answered at least 3 questions correctly in only one
attempt, then you can jump directly to the next topic in this module. On the other hand, if you answered
less than 3 questions correctly, it is imperative for you to review first about binomial theorem or binomial
expansion before proceeding to the next topic.

5.1 The Power Formula

We are now going to generalize the method for differentiating the expression 𝑥 𝑛 , where n is a rational
number. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 be differentiable in the set of real numbers ℝ.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)𝑛
Using the Binomial Theorem, the right side of the equation expands to

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RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 𝑛−1 ∆𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 (∆𝑥)2 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 (∆𝑥)3 + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛
1∙2 1∙2∙3
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 𝑛−1 ∆𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 (∆𝑥)2 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 (∆𝑥)3 + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛 - 𝑥 𝑛
1∙2 1∙2∙3
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
= 1 𝑥 𝑛−1 ∆𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 (∆𝑥)2 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 (∆𝑥)3 + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛
1∙2 1∙2∙3
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
= 1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 𝑛−2 ∆𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛−3 (∆𝑥)2 + ⋯ + (∆𝑥)𝑛−1
∆𝑥 1∙2 1∙2∙3

By the definition of derivative,

𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = 1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ + 0 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Thus,
𝑑
[𝑥 𝑛 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

The last result is called The Power Formula or The Power Rule.
See how this formula simplifies the differentiation of functions involving powers.
Examples:
Find the derivative of the following functions:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 3−1 = 3𝑥 2 (ans)
2. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 −3
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 2(−3)𝑥 −3−1 = −6𝑥 −4 (ans)
𝑑𝑥
1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4
Solution:
1 3
1 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5 (4) 𝑥 4−1 = 4 𝑥 −4 (ans)

5.2 Basic Differentiation Formulas

The Power Formula alone cannot guarantee that you can differentiate an algebraic function. In most cases,
you need other formulas in order to find the derivative. Below are some of basic differentiation formulas.
They are derived using the definition of derivative, just like what we did in deriving the power formula.
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
Notice the presence of the derivatives 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 , and 𝑑𝑥 where u, v, and w are all functions of x. They will be
formally explained in the next section.

Let u, v, w be all functions of x, n be any real number, and c be a constant.

𝑑
1. (c) = 0 [The Constant Rule]
𝑑𝑥

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RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

𝑑
2. (x) = 1 [The Identity Function Rule]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. (cu) = c𝑑𝑥 [The Constant Factor Rule]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
4. (u+v) = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 [The Sum Rule]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
5. (uv) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 [The Product Rule]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
6. (𝑢𝑣𝑤) = 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑥 [The Iterative Product Rule]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ( 𝑣) = [The Quotient Rule]
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
8. (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 [The Power Rule or Power Formula]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
9. ( √𝑢 ) = [corollary of the Power Rule]
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑢

𝑑 1 −𝑛 𝑑𝑢
10. ( ) = 𝑢𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥 [corollary of the Power Rule]
𝑑𝑥 𝑢𝑛

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. If y = 4x3 – 2, find 𝑑𝑥 . Power and Constant Rules
Solution:
dy/dx = 4(3)x2 – 0
= 12x2 (ans)

2. y = 5x(x + 1)2. Find y’.

solution:
𝑑 𝑑
y’ = (5x) 𝑑𝑥(x + 1)2 + (x + 1)2𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥) Product Rule
= (5x)[2(x + 1)] + (x + 1)2(5)
= 10x(x + 1) + 5(x + 1)2
= 5(x + 1)(2x + x + 1)
= 5(x + 1)(3x + 1) (ans)

2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
3. y = . Find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑥−3
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥−3) (2𝑥 2 )− 2𝑥 2 (𝑥−3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= Quotient Rule
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥−3)2
(𝑥−3)(4𝑥)−2𝑥2 (1)
= (𝑥−3)2
4𝑥 2 −12𝑥−2𝑥 2
= (𝑥−3)2

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2𝑥 2 −12𝑥
= (𝑥−3)2
2𝑥(𝑥−6)
= (ans)
(𝑥−3)2

3
4. y = √2𝑥 − 3. Find y’. Corollary of the Power Rule
solution:
y = (2x – 3)1/3
1
1 𝑑
y’ = 3 (2𝑥 − 3)3−1 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3)
2
= 3(2𝑥−3)2/3 (ans)

𝑑𝑦
5. y = (2x + 1)3(4x - 1)2. Find 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (2x + 1)3𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥 − 1)2 + (4x - 1)2𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)3 Iterative Product Rule
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (2x + 1)3(2)(4x - 1)𝑑𝑥 (4𝑥 − 1) + (4x - 1)2(3)(2x + 1)2𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)
= (2x + 1)3(2)(4x - 1)(4) + (4x - 1)2(3)(2x + 1)2(2)
= 2(2x + 1)2(4x - 1)[4(2x + 1) + 3(4x - 1)]
= 2(2x + 1)2(4x -1)(20x + 1) (ans.)

Always simplify your answer. The final answer must be in factored form. Do not use negative
exponents in the final answer.

Test Your Skills 5.2

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 8 + 3, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =________?
NOTE: Use ^ to indicate exponent.
2. If 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 (3𝑥 + 1)2 ,then 𝑦 ′ =__________?
NOTE: Simplify your answer to factored form. Use ^ to indicate exponent.
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑥+2, then 𝑑𝑥 =__________?

NOTE: Simplify your answer. Use parentheses to enclose an expression, Use ^ to indicate
exponent.

4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =________?

NOTE: Do not use negative exponents in the final answer. Use sqrt() to indicate square root.
𝑥
5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =__________?
√𝑥−2

NOTE: Simplify the answer. Do not use negative and decimal exponent in the final answer. Use
parentheses to enclose an expression.

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5.3 The Chain Rule

How do we differentiate a composite function? That is, what is the derivative of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) with respect to
x? or equivalently, what is 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥) ? This question is answered by a theorem called The Chain Rule.

Theorem 5.1
If y is a differentiable function of u given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and if u is a differentiable function of x given by
𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) such that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), then y is differentiable function of x and
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Or equivalently, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)

Proof:
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
= lim = lim (∆𝑢 · ∆𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥⟶0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥⟶0
∆𝑦 ∆𝑢
= lim · lim
∆𝑥⟶0 ∆𝑢 ∆𝑥⟶0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 · 𝑑𝑥

REMARK: Theorem 5.1 is called The Chain Rule because it is akin to the action of chain of gears where
a bigger gear (or sprocket) connects thru a chain with a smaller gear which in turn connects thru another
chain to an even smaller gear and so on. The action of the biggest gear (or sprocket) affects the actions of
succeeding smaller gears. In similar manner, we can add any number of functions to the end of the chain-
rule equation.

Corollary 5.1
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑢), and 𝑢 = ℎ(𝑥), such that 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑢)) = 𝑓(𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))), then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
= ∙ ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Or equivalently, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(ℎ(𝑥))) ∙ 𝑔′(ℎ(𝑥)) ∙ ℎ′(𝑥)
The proof is left to students.
Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. y = (x2 + 3x)3. Find .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let u = x2 + 3x
𝑑𝑢
= 2x + 3
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= 3u2
𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑢 · 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

= 3u2(2x + 3)
= 3(x2 + 3x)2(2x + 3) (ans)

2. y = √4𝑥 3 + 3√𝑥. Find y’.

solution:
let u = 4x3 + 3√𝑥
𝑑𝑢 3
= 12x2 + 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥

𝑦 = √𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2 𝑢−1/2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1
= 2(4x3 + 3√𝑥)-1/2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= 2(4x3 + 3√𝑥)-1/2(12x2 + 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √
𝑑𝑦 3 1
= 2(4x3 + 3√𝑥)-1/2(4x2 + 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √
5
3 8𝑥2 +1
( )
2 2√𝑥
=
√4𝑥 3 +3√𝑥

3 8𝑥 5/2 +1
= 4( )
√𝑥√4𝑥 3 +3√𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 8𝑥 5/2 +1
= 4( ) (ans)
𝑑𝑥 √4𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3/2

2𝑥 3
3. y = (2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)4. Find y’.

solution:
4 3
(2𝑥 3 −3𝑥) (6𝑥 2 )−2𝑥 3 (4)(2𝑥 3 −3𝑥) (6𝑥 2 −3)
𝑦′ = Quotient and Chain Rules
(2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)8

2𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)3 [3(2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)−4𝑥(6𝑥 2 −3)]

= (2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)8

2𝑥 2 (−18𝑥 3 +3𝑥)
= (2𝑥 3 −3𝑥)5

6𝑥 3 (−6𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥 5 (2𝑥 2 −3)5

6(1− 6𝑥 2 )
y’ = 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 −3)5 (ans)

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5.4 The Inverse Function Rule

If y is a differentiable function of x defined by y = f(x), then its inverse function defined by x = g(y) is a
differentiable function of y and
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. If x = y3 - 4y2, find 𝑑𝑥 .

solution:
𝑑𝑥
= 3y2 - 8y
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
= 3𝑦 2 −8𝑦 (ans)
𝑑𝑥

6 𝑑𝑦
2. If x = (3𝑦+1)2 , find 𝑑𝑥 .

solution:
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑦+1)2 (0)−6(2)(3𝑦+1)(3)
=
𝑑𝑦 (3𝑦+1)4
𝑑𝑥 −12(3) −36
= (3𝑦+1)3 = (3𝑦+1)3
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑦 (3𝑦+1)3
=- (ans)
𝑑𝑥 36

3. If 𝑥 = √𝑦 2 + 1, find 𝑦′.
Solution:
1
𝑑𝑥 1
= 2 (𝑦 2 + 1)−2 (2𝑦 + 0)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑦 √𝑦 2 +1

𝑑𝑦 √𝑦 2 +1
= (ans)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

Test Your Skills 5.3

Differentiate the following functions as required. Always simplify your answer. The final answer must be
in factored form. Do not use negative exponents in the final answer. Use parentheses to enclose an
expression, / to indicate division, and ^ to indicate exponents. Put a space before and after + or – sign.
𝑑𝑦
1. If y = (x2 – 2)2, find 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
2. If 𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 +7)3 , find 𝑦′.

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3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 3 + 7, find 𝑓′(𝑥).

𝑑𝑦
4. If x = 2(4y + 1)3, find 𝑑𝑥 .
2 𝑑𝑦
5. If 𝑥 = 𝑦 2+1, find 𝑑𝑥 .

5.5 Higher Derivatives

𝑑𝑦
The derivative of y with respect to x is the first derivative. The derivative of with respect to x is the
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
second derivative denoted by 𝑑𝑥 2 . Differentiating the second derivative will yield to the third derivative of
𝑑3 𝑦
y with respect to x, denoted by 𝑑𝑥 3 .
Symbols of higher derivatives

𝑑2 𝑦
or 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) or 𝑦′′  second derivative
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
or 𝑓′′′(𝑥) or 𝑦′′′  third derivative
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑4 𝑦
or 𝑓 (4) (𝑥) or y(4)  fourth derivative
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑛 𝑦
or 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) or y(n)  nth derivative
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Examples:
1. If y = x3 + 2x2 – x, find y’’.
Solution:
y’ = 3x2 + 4x – 1
y’’ = 6x + 4 (ans)

1 𝑑3 𝑦
2. If y = 𝑥 3 , find 𝑑𝑥 3 .
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 (0)−(1)3𝑥 2 −3
= =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 )2 𝑥4
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 4 (0)−(−3)4𝑥3 12
= = 𝑥5
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 )2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑥 5 (0)−(12)5𝑥 4 −60
= =
𝑑𝑥 3 (𝑥 5 )2 𝑥6

3. If y = (x + 2)(x - 3)2, find y’’.

Solution:
y’ = (x+2)(2)(x-3) + (x-3)2(1) = (x-3)[2(x+2) + x-3] = (x-3)(3x+1)
y’’ = (x-3)(3+0) + (3x+1)(1-0) = 3x – 9 + 3x + 1 = 6x – 8 (ans)

5.6 Implicit Differentiation

Most often a function is expressed explicitly as y = f(x), where y is the dependent variable and x is the
independent variable. Sometimes a function is expressed implicitly as f(x) + g(y) = c. When such function
occurs, it can be differentiated using standard formulas with the understanding that y is the dependent
variable. Hence, differentiation of all variables must be done with respect to x.

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Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. If x2 + 2xy = 4, find 𝑑𝑥 .
Solution:
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + 2 (𝑥𝑦) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2x + 2(x𝑑𝑥 + y𝑑𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑦
2x + 2x𝑑𝑥 + 2y = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦+𝑥
=− (ans.)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

2. If x2 + 4xy + 4y2 = 0, find y’.

Solution:
2x + 4xy’ + 4y + 8yy’ = 0
x + 2x y’ + 2y + 4y y’ = 0 Divide both sides by 2
(2x + 4y)y’ = -x – 2y
−𝑥−2𝑦
y’ = 2𝑥+4𝑦
1
y’ =- (ans)
2

3. If x2 + y2 = 5, find y’’.
Solution:
2x + 2yy’ = 0
x + yy’ = 0
−𝑥
y’= 𝑦
𝑦(−1)−(−𝑥)𝑦′
y’’ = 𝑦2
−𝑦+𝑥𝑦′
y’’ = 𝑦2
substitute the value of y’.
−𝑥
−𝑦+𝑥
𝑦
y’’ = 𝑦2
−𝑦2 −𝑥2
𝑦
y’’ = 𝑦2
−𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
y’’ = 𝑦3
−(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
y’’ = 𝑦3
but x2 + y2 = 5
−5
y’’ = 𝑦 3 (ans)

4. Find the slope of the curve 2x3 + 2y3 = 9xy at (2, 1).
Solution:
2(3)x2 + 2(3)y2 y’ = 9xy’ + 9y
6x2+ 6y2y’ = 9xy’ + 9y
@ (2, 1)
6(2)2 + 6(1)2y’ = 9(2)y’ + 9(1)

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RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

24 + 6y’ = 18y’+ 9
6y’ – 18y’ = 9 – 24
-12y’ = -15
−15 5
y’ = −12 = 4
slope = 5/4 (ans)

Test Your Skills 5.4

Find the required derivative. Follow the sample format below in typing your answer.

2(3𝑥 2 −5)
must be typed as 2(3x^2 – 5)/(3(sqrt(x) – 5)^(1/3)), or
3(√𝑥−5)1/3
(2/3)(3x^2 – 5)/(sqrt(x) – 5)^(1/3)
This formatting is necessary in order for the LMS to recognize your answer.
1
1. If 𝑦 = , find 𝑦′′′.
𝑥2
𝑑3 𝑦
2. If y = √4 − 𝑥 2 , find 𝑑𝑥 3 .
4𝑥
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , find 𝑓′′(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
4. If 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 2 = 0, find 𝑑𝑥 .

5. Find the slope of the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 = 11 at (1, 2)

Assignment 5.1
Find the required derivative. Simplify your answer.
1+√𝑥 𝑑3 𝑦
1. If 𝑦 = , find 𝑑𝑥 3 .
√𝑥

2. If √𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 21, find 𝑦′.

3. If 4x2 + 9y2 = 36, find 𝑦′′
4. Find the slope of x2 + 4√𝑥𝑦 + y2 = 25 @ (4, 1).

5. Find the slope of √3𝑥 + 3√4𝑦 = 5 @ (3, 2)

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RB Astillero Calculus 1 Differentiation Formulas

Answers to Tests Your Skills

Test Your Skills 5.1
1. 16
2. 22,680x3
3. 2𝑎(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
4. 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 18
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦
5. 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑥

Test Your Skills 5.2

1. 32x7
2. 4x(3x + 1)(6x + 1)
3. 4/(x + 2)2
4. 1/(2√𝑥 + 1)
3
5. (𝑥 − 4)/(2(𝑥 − 2)2 )

Test Your Skills 5.3

1. dy/dx = 4x(x2 - 2)
5(1−96𝑥 4 −168𝑥 2 )
2. 𝑦 ′ = (4𝑥 2 +7)5
9𝑥 2
3. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = √6𝑥 3
+7
𝑑𝑦 1
4. = 24(4𝑦+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑦 2 +1)2
5. =
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑦+1)

Test Your Skills 5.4

−24
1. 𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑥 5
𝑑3 𝑦 −12𝑥
2. = 5
𝑑𝑥 3 (4−𝑥 2 ) ⁄2
−8
3. 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥+1)3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦−2𝑥 2𝑥−3𝑦
4. = 10𝑦−3𝑥 = 3𝑥−10𝑦
𝑑𝑥
5. -7/13

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