ABUTMENT DESIGN WITHOUT COUNTER-FORT

Designed by: Prodip Kumar Mondal Date 9/12/2023

This means must input This means may input

1 - General Arrangement of P.C. I-Girder Bridge:

Length of girder, Lg = 40.0 m = 131.2 ft.
Width of bridge, Wb = 10.10 m = 33.1 ft.
Width of footpath, Wf = 1.00 m = 3.3 ft.
Number of girder, Ng = 4.0 nos.
Overhanging width from C/L of facia girder = 1.45 m = 4.8 ft.
Center to center spacing of girder, Sg = 7.9 ft.
C/L of bearing

C/L of bearing
C/L of pier
1.33 ft. 128.5ft. span of noncomposite loads

Pile Hinged Abutment

Figure 1-1: Sectional Elevation of P.C. I-Girder Bridge

33.1 ft. total width

14 in.
3.3ft. 23.9 ft. roadway width 2.0 in.
8 in. reinforced concrete deck 2.4 in. WC

0.1 ft.
Figure 1-2: X-Section of P.C. I-Girder Bridge
1.1 - Overhanging width of deck slab: (C4.6.2.6.1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-55)
1. Overhang width is less or equal to 0.5Sg = 3.9 ft
Applied overhanging width from C/L of facia girder = 4.8 ft

1.2 - Web thickness of P.C. I-girder: (S 5.12.5.3.11b, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-233)

m
1. Min web thickness is 8.0 in. without prestressing ducts = 8.0 in.
2. Minm web thickness is 12.0 in. with only longitudinal or vertical ducts = 12.0 in.
Applied web thickness for girder, tw = 12.0 in.

1.3 - Top flange width of P.C. I-girder:

1. Top flange width of girder as per AASHTO I‐Beams type V‐VI, w tf = 42.0 in.
Applied girder top flange width, wtf = 44.0 in.

1.4 - Top flange thickness of P.C. I-girder: (S 5.12.3.5.1a, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-219)
m
1. Min top flange thickness of girder, t tf > clear span between webs divided by 20 = 4.1 in.
m
2. Min top flange thickness of girder as per AASHTO I‐Beams type V‐VI, t tf = 5.0 in.
Applied girder top flange thickness, ttf = 6.0 in.

1.5 - Bottom flange width of P.C. I-girder:

1. Girder bottom flange width as per AASHTO I‐Beams type V-VI, wbf = 28.0 in.
Applied girder bottom flange width, wbf = 32.0 in.

1.6 - Bottom flange thickness of P.C. I-girder: (S 5.12.3.5.1b, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-219)
m
1. Min bottom flange thickness of girder, t bf > 5.5 in. = 5.5 in.
m
2. Min bottom flange thick. of girder, t bf > clear span between webs divided by 30 = 2.7 in.
m
3. Min bottom flange thick. of girder as per AASHTO I‐Beams type V‐VI, t bf = 8.0 in.
Applied girder bottom flange thickness, tbf = 10.0 in.

1.7 - Height of P.C. I-girder: (T 2.5.2.6.3-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 2-14)

m
1. Min height of precast I‐girder including deck, h g with deck = 0.045L g‐brg = 69.4 in.
m
2. Max height of precast I‐girder as per AASHTO I‐Beams type V‐VI, t bf = 72.0 in.
Applied height of non-composite precast I-girder, hg = 80.0 in.
 44 in.

(g) 20 12 6 in.
(f) (e) 3
(d) 4
4
12 in.

80 in. 47 in. (c) 61 in.

10in.

10 in.
(b)

(a)
10

32 in.
Figure 1-3: X-Section of Non Composite P.C. I-Girder

1.8 - Property of P.C. I-girder:

3 2
Moment of inertia, Ig = bh /12 + ad
Section modulus from top of girder, St = Ig/Yt
Section modulus from bottom of girder, Sb = Ig/Yb

Table 1-1 Noncomposite P.C. I-girder section properties along X-X or strong axis:

Neutral axis,
Gross area, Ag y of each part
2
Ix of each part AY y - Yb A*(y - Yb) Moment of
Part from bottom 3 N.A (in.) 4
(in.2) Inertia, Ig (in. )
4
(in. ) (in. ) (in.) (in. )
4
(in.)
Yb Yt
a 320 5.0 2667 1600 -34.9 390243
b 100 13.3 556 1333 -26.6 70693
c 732 40.5 226981 29646 0.6 245
d 16 69.7 14.2 1115 29.7 14156
39.9 40.1 1172434
e 60 72.5 45.0 4350 32.6 63682
f 36 73.0 18.0 2628 33.1 39391
g 264 77.0 792 20328 37.1 362952
Total = 1528 231072 61000 941361

1.9 - X-sectional area of P.C. I-girder:

X-sectional area of non-composite girder at end, Ag-end = 2650 in.2
2 - Live Load Distribution Factors:
Multiple presence factor of single lane, m1 (T 3.6.1.1.2‐1, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 3‐21) = 1.2
Multiple presence factor of two lane, m2 = 1.0
Correction factor of source aggregate, k1 (S 5.4.2.4, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-20) = 1.0
Number of girder, Ng = 4.0 nos.
Skew angle, θ = 1.0 deg
Concrete strength (28-days) of girder, f'cg = 5.8 ksi
Concrete strength (28-days) of deck slab, f'cs = 4.4 ksi
2
Cross sectional area of non-composite-girder, Ag = 1528 in.
Moment of inertia of non-composite-girder, Ig = 1.E+06 in.4
Length of girder, Lg = 131.2 ft.
Center to center spacing of girder, Sg = 7.9 ft.
Distance from C/L of exterior girder to gutter, de < 3 = 0.1 ft.
(S 4.6.2.2.1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-30)
Slab thickness excluding wearing surface, ts (T 4.6.2.2.2b-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-37) = 8.0 in.
Distance betn C.G. of non‐composite girder and deck, e g = Yt+ts/2 = 44.1 in.

2.1 - Modular ratio between P.C. I-girder and deck:

Unit weight of concrete, γc (5.0 < f'cg < 15 ksi) = 0.14+0.001*f'cg = 0.15 kcf
(T 3.5.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-19)
Modulus of elasticity of girder, EG =33000*K1*γc1.5*√f'cg = 4425 ksi
(EQ C5.4.2.4-2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-20)
Modulus of elasticity of deck slab, Es = 3832 ksi
Modular ratio betn girder and deck slab, n = EG/Es = 1.15
(EQ 4.6.2.2.1-2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-32)
2.2 - Longitudinal stiffness parameter:
Longitudinal stiffness parameter, Kg = n(Ig+Ag*eg2) = 4781859 in.4
(EQ 4.6.2.2.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-32) Longitudinal stiffness is ok
2.3 - Skew correction factor of shear: (T 4.6.2.2.3c-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-46)
3 0.3
Skew correction factor, SC = 1+0.2*(12*L g*ts /Kg) *tanθ = 1.0

2.4 - Shear distribution factor of an interior P.C. I-girder with two or more design lanes:
2
Two or more design lanes, DV = 0.2+S g/12‐(Sg/35) = 0.81
Applying skew correction factor, DV = 0.81
(T 4.6.2.2.3a-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-43)
2.5 - Shear distribution factor of an interior P.C. I-girder with one design lane:
One design lane, DV = 0.36+S g/25 = 0.67
Applying skew correction factor, DV = 0.68

X1
4.6 ft. 2.0 ft. 6 ft. 0.0 ft.

4.3 ft. X2

7.87 ft.
Figure 2-2: Lever rule of an exterior P.C. I-girder
2.6 - Moment distribution factor of an exterior P.C. I-girder with one design lane using lever rule:
Fatigue limit state, DM = (X1+X2)/(2*Sg) (T 4.6.2.2.2d‐1, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 4‐40) = 0.38
Service & strength limit state, DM will be multiplied by multilple presence factor = 0.46

2.7 - Shear distribution factor of an exterior P.C. I-girder with two or more design lanes:
Ecentricity of a design truck, e = 0.6+de/10 (T 4.6.2.2.3b‐1, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 4‐45) = 0.61
Two or more design lanes, DV = e*DVInterior = 0.50

2.8 - Shear distribution factor of an exterior P.C. I-girder with one design lane using lever rule:
Service and strength limit state, DV = DMExterior *SC = 0.46
C/L
10.0 ft.

2.0 ft. R1 7.0 ft. 5.0 ft. R2

P1 P1 P2 P2

3.9

11.8 ft.
Figure 2-3: Additional Check of Rigidly Connected P.C. I-Girder

2.9 - Distribution factor of an exterior P.C. I-girder with one design lane by additional check:
Number of lane, NL = 1.0 nos.
Horizontal distance from C.G. of pattern to exterior girder, Xext = 11.8 ft.
Ecentricity of a design truck from C.G. of pattern of girders, Σe = 7.0 ft.
Fatigue limit state reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes, R = NL/Ng+Xext(Σe)/Σx2 = 0.51
Strength limit state applying multiple presence factor, R = 0.62
(EQ C4.6.2.2.2d-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 4-39)
2.10 - Distribution factor of an exterior P.C. I-girder with two or more design lane by additional check:
Number of lane, NL = 2.0 nos.
Ecentricity of a design truck from C.G. of pattern of girders, Σe = 1.9 ft.
2
Reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes, R = NL/Ng+Xext(Σe)/Σx = 0.57
Strength limit state applying multiple presence factor, R = 0.57

Table 2-1 Summary of service and strength limit state distribution factors:

Distribution factors Load case DV for interior girder DV for exterior girder

Multiple lane load 0.81 0.50

General check
Single lane load 0.68 0.46
Additional check for rigidly Multiple lane load NA 0.57
connected girders Single lane load NA 0.62
Design value 0.81 0.62
3 - Dead Load & Live Load:
Dynamic load allowance, IM (T 3.6.2.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-31) = 33.0 %
Shear distribution factor of an interior girder, DV(I) = 0.81
Shear distribution factor of an exterior girder, DV(E) = 0.62
Number of girder, Ng = 4.0 nos.
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 0.15 kcf
Unit weight of bituminous wearing course, γwc (T 3.5.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-19) = 0.14 kcf
2
Cross sectional area of non-composite girder at end, Ag‐end = 2650 in.
2
Cross sectional area of non-composite girder at middle, Ag‐mid = 1528 in.
2
Cross sectional area of non-composite girder at transformed section, Ag‐trns. = 2089 in.
Length of girder, Lg = 131.2 ft.
Total length of girder for end section, Lg-end = 14.7 ft.
Total length of girder for transformed section, Lg-trns. = 7.3 ft.
Total length of girder for mid section, Lg-mid. = 109.2 ft.
Center to center spacing of girder, Sg = 7.9 ft.
Overhanging width of slab from C/L of exterior girder = 4.8 ft.
Distance from C/L of exterior girder to gutter, de = 0.1 ft.
Nos. of diaphragm, nd = 6.0 nos.
Thickness of diaphragm, td = 1.2 ft.
Height of diaphragm, hd = 5.0 ft.
Web thickness of girder, tw = 12.0 in.
Thickness of wearing course, twc = 2.4 in.
Slab thickness excluding wearing surface, ts = 8.0 in.
X-sectional area of crash barrier, Acrash-barrier = 6.4 ft.2
X-sectional area of kerb & footpath slab, Akerb-slab = 3.3 ft.2
Width of footpath, Wf = 3.3 ft.

3.1 - P.C. I-girder weight:

Girder weight, DCgirder(I/E) = Ag* γc = 1.71 k/ft./gir.

3.2 - Deck slab weight:

Deck slab weight, DCslab(I) = 0.77 k/ft./gir.
Deck slab weight, DCslab(E) = 0.84 k/ft./gir.

3.3 - Diaphragm weight:

Diaphragm weight, DCdiaphragm(I) = 0.27 k/ft./gir.
Diaphragm weight, DCdiaphragm(E) = 0.13 k/ft./gir.
3.4 - Parapet weight:
Pedestrain weight on railing, DCpeds.(rail) (S 13.8.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 13-10) = 0.03 k/ft./gir.
Crash barrier weight, DCcrash-barrier = 0.23 k/ft./gir.
Kerb and footpath slab weight, DCkerb-footpath = 0.12 k/ft./gir.
Pedestrain weight, DCpeds.(walkway) (S 3.6.1.6, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-30) = 0.12 k/ft./gir.
Total parapet & footpath weight, DCpar.&foot. = 0.50 k/ft./gir.

3.5 - Wearing surface weight:

Wearing surface weight, DWWS(I) = 0.22 k/ft./gir.
Wearing surface weight, DWWS(E) = 0.12 k/ft./gir.

8 kip 32 kip 32 kip

14 ft. 14 ft.
Figure 3-1: Design Truck of HL-93K

3.6 - Live load weight:

Total axel load of HL-93K (S 3.6.1.2.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-22) = 72.0 kip
The design lane load, Wlane (S 3.6.1.2.4, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-23) = 0.64 k/ft.

3.7 - Load combinations: (T 3.4.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-15)

Strength-I = 1.25(DC) + 1.5(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
Service-I = 1.0[DC + DW + (LL + IM)]
Service-III = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.8(LL + IM)

Table 3-1 Summary of unfactored shear of interior P.C. I-girder:

Noncomposite Composite Live load (HL-93)
Location Parapet & Truck load +
Girder Slab Diaphragm WS Lane load
Footpath IM
ft. kip kip kip kip kip kip kip
0.0 111.9 50.2 17.5 32.9 14.7 77.3 33.9
2.5 107.6 48.3 16.9 31.6 14.1 75.8 32.6
5.0 103.4 46.4 16.2 30.4 13.6 74.3 31.3
13.1 89.5 40.2 14.0 26.3 11.8 69.6 27.1
26.2 67.1 30.1 10.5 19.7 8.8 61.8 20.3
39.4 44.8 20.1 7.0 13.1 5.9 54.1 13.6
52.5 22.4 10.0 3.5 6.6 2.9 46.4 6.8
65.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.6 0.0
78.7 -22.4 -10.0 -3.5 -6.6 -2.9 -46.4 -6.8
91.8 -44.8 -20.1 -7.0 -13.1 -5.9 -54.1 -13.6
105.0 -67.1 -30.1 -10.5 -19.7 -8.8 -61.8 -20.3
118.1 -89.5 -40.2 -14.0 -26.3 -11.8 -69.6 -27.1
126.2 -103 -46.4 -16.2 -30.4 -13.6 -74.3 -31.3
128.7 -108 -48.3 -16.9 -31.6 -14.1 -75.8 -32.6
131.2 -112 -50.2 -17.5 -32.9 -14.7 -77.3 -33.9
Table 3-2 Summary of unfactored shear of exterior P.C. I-girder:
Noncomposite Composite Live load (HL-93)
Location Parapet & Truck load +
Girder Slab Diaphragm WS Lane load
Footpath IM
ft. kip kip kip kip kip kip kip
0.0 111.9 55.4 8.8 32.9 7.6 59.2 25.9
2.5 107.6 53.3 8.4 31.6 7.3 58.0 25.0
5.0 103.4 51.2 8.1 30.4 7.0 56.9 24.0
13.1 89.5 44.3 7.0 26.3 6.1 53.3 20.8
26.2 67.1 33.3 5.3 19.7 4.6 47.3 15.6
39.4 44.8 22.2 3.5 13.1 3.0 41.4 10.4
52.5 22.4 11.1 1.8 6.6 1.5 35.5 5.2
65.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.6 0.0
78.7 -22.4 -11.1 -1.8 -6.6 -1.5 -35.5 -5.2
91.8 -44.8 -22.2 -3.5 -13.1 -3.0 -41.4 -10.4
105.0 -67.1 -33.3 -5.3 -19.7 -4.6 -47.3 -15.6
118.1 -89.5 -44.3 -7.0 -26.3 -6.1 -53.3 -20.8
126.2 -103 -51.2 -8.1 -30.4 -7.0 -56.9 -24.0
128.7 -108 -53.3 -8.4 -31.6 -7.3 -58.0 -25.0
131.2 -112 -55.4 -8.8 -32.9 -7.6 -59.2 -25.9

3.8 - Unfactored dead load from superstructure:

Girder load(E/I) = 111.9 kip
Deck slab load(E) = 55.4 kip
Deck slab load(I) = 50.2 kip
Diaphragm load(E) = 8.8 kip
Diaphragm load(I) = 17.5 kip
Parapets load(E/I) = 32.9 kip
Wearing surface(E) = 7.6 kip
Wearing surface(I) = 14.7 kip

3.9 - Unfactored live load from superstructure:

Truck load for interior girdermax(I) = 77.3 kip
Truck load for exterior girdermax(E) = 59.2 kip
Lane load for interior girdermax(I) = 33.9 kip
Lane load for exterior girdermax(E) = 25.9 kip
4 - Abutment & Wingwall Selfweight:
Thickness of bearing with pedestal = 0.94 ft.
Thickness of wingwall, Wt = 2.0 ft.
Length of abutment, Labut = 33.1 ft.
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 0.15 kcf

1.1 ft.
a1

8.3 ft. 2.7 ft.

1.3 ft.
10.5 ft. w1
a2 3.9 2 ft. 19.7 ft.
a3 a4
1.3 ft. w4
1.5
a5 15.7 ft.
w3
w5 4.5 ft.
w2

5.2 ft. c3 7.2 ft.

a6

3.9 ft.
7.9 ft. 2.0
13.4 ft. Toe

20.7 ft.
Z Z'

Figure 4-1: Sectional Elevation of Abutment & Wing Wall

4.1 - X-sectional area of abutment:

Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-1, a1 = 9.5 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-2, a2 = 6.3 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-3, a3 = 1.6 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-4, a4 = 1.9 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-5, a5 = 6.7 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of abutment wall part-6, a6 = 1.1 ft.2
Total cross-sectional area of abutment wall, A = 27.1 ft.2
4.2 - C.G. of abutment:
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-1, X 1 = 3.3 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-2, X 2 = 1.9 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-3, X 3 = 2.3 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-4, X 4 = 0.7 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-5, X 5 = 0.7 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for abutment wall part-6, X 6 = 1.6 ft.
C.G of abutment wall (w.r.t abutment toe) = 2.04 ft.

4.3 - X-sectional area of wingwall:

Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-1, w1 = 82.6 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-2, w2 = 20.7 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-3, w3 = 150.8 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-4, w4 = 1.6 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-5, w5 = 8.6 ft.2
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-6, w6 = 1.1 ft.2
Total cross-sectional area of wingwall, W = 265.3 ft.2

4.4 - C.G. of wingwall:

C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-1, Z1 = 17.4 ft.
C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-2, Z2 = 16.1 ft.
C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-3, Z3 = 8.66 ft.
C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-4, Z4 = 3.07 ft.
C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-5, Z5 = 2.92 ft.
C.G of wing wall (w.r.t. abutment toe) for wingwall part-6, Z6 = 1.80 ft.
C.G of wingwall (w.r.t abutment toe) = 11.71 ft.
C.G of backfill material (w.r.t abutment toe) = 8.25 ft.

4.5 - C.G. of pile-cap:

C.G of piles along Z - Z' direction from reference point (edge of pile cap) = 10.3 ft.
Length of pile-cap, Lpcap = 36.1 ft.

4.6 - Unfactored selfweight of abutment, wing wall & pile cap:

Self weight of abutment wall, SWAbut. = 131.0 kip
Self weight of wing wall, SWW-wall = 152.3 kip
Self weight of pile cap, SWP-cap = 427.9 kip
5 - Breaking Force:
Multiple presence for single lane, m1 = 1.20
Multiple presence factor for two lane, m2 = 1.00
No. of lane, NL = 2.0 no.
Number of girder, Ng = 4.0 no.
(S 3.6.4, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-33)
Breaking force is 25% of axel weights of design truck or design tandem = 25.0 %
Breaking force is 5% of design truck plus lane load or design tandem plus lane load = 5.0 %
Length of girder betn bearing center to center, Lg-brg = 128.5 ft.
Total axel load of HL-93K = 72.0 kip
The design lane load, wlane = 0.64 k/ft.

25 kip 25 kip

4 ft.
Figure 5-1: Design Tandem
Total load for design tandem (S 3.6.1.2.3, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-23) = 50.0 kip

5.1 - Design breaking force:

Breaking force, BR1 = 18.0 kip
Breaking force, BR2 = 12.5 kip
Breaking force, BR3 = 7.7 kip
Breaking force, BR4 = 6.6 kip
Design/applied breaking force, BR = 18.0 kip
Breaking force per bearing, BRbearing = 2.3 kip/bearing

6 - Horizontal & Vertical Earth Pressure:

⁰
Friction angle between fill and wall, δ (T C3.11.5.3‐1, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 3‐116) 28.0
⁰
Effective friction angle of soil, φ'f = δ/0.67 (C3.11.5.3, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-113) = 41.8
Coefficient of at rest lateral earth pressure, Ko = 1-sinφ'f (Eq. 3.11.5.2-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-112) = 0.33
Length of abutment for vertical earth pressure, Labut-ev = 29.2 ft.
Length of wing wall with cantilever portion, Lwing+cant. = 19.4 ft.
Distance of horizontal earth pressure from abutment face to pick of 45 o angle = Labut./2*tan45o = 16.6 ft.
Average length for horizontal earth pressure on abutment wall, Lhep = 16.6 ft.
Height of abutment wall with pile cap, habut-pilecap = 19.7 ft.
Height of abutment wall, habut = 15.7 ft.
Unit weight of soil, γs (T 3.5.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-19) = 0.12 kcf
Cross-sectional area of wing wall part-3, 4, 5 & 6 = 162.1 ft.2
(Fig. 3.11.5.6-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-121)
6.1 - Horizontal & vertical earth pressure on abutment wall:
Horizontal active earth pressure = 0.5*Lhep*ha-p2*ko*γs (bottom of pile cap) = 128.4 kip
Horizontal active earth pressure = 0.5*Lhep*ha2*ko*γs (base of abutment) = 82.2 kip
Vertical earth pressure for back filling of soil, Ev = 568 kip

6.2 - Horizontal earth pressure on wing wall:

Horizontal active earth pressure = 0.5*Lwing+cant*ha*Labut-ev/2*ko*γs (base of abutment) = 89.0 kip
7 - Earthquake Active Force:
Horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient, kh (T 3.10.6-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-100) = 0.12
Vertical seismic acceleration coefficient, kv (A 11.3.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 11-112) = 0.00
Coefficient of at rest lateral earth pressure, Ko = 0.33
Friction angle of soil, φ = 41.8 °
Backfill slope angle, i = 1.0 °
Friction angle between fill and wall, δ = 28.0 °
Angle of fill to the horizontal, β (Fig. 3.11.5.3-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-115) = 1.0 °
Unit weight of soil, γs = 0.12 kcf
Length of abutment for earthquake load, Labut = 33.1 ft.
Height of abutment wall with pile cap, habut-pilecap = 19.7 ft.
Height of abutment wall, habut = 15.7 ft.

7.1 - Design seismic active force:

Active earth pressure coefficient,KAE=Cos2(φ-θMO-β)/{CosθMO*Cos2β*Cos(δ+β+θMO)}*{1-√((Sin(φ+δ)*Sin(φ-θMO-i))/(Cos(δ+β+θMO)*Cos(i-β))}-2
θMO =tan-1*kh/(1-kv) = 6.84 ⁰
Seismic active earth pressure coefficient, KAE 0.86 X 0.31
= 0.26
Effective seismic active earth pressure coefficient, KAE(eff.) = KAE - Ko = 0.00
Seismic active force, PAE = 0.5*Labut*ha-p2*KAE*γs (bottom of pile cap) = 0.00 kip
Seismic active force, PAE = 0.5*Labut*ha2*KAE*γs (base of abutment) = 0.00 kip

8 - Surcharge Live-Load:
Coefficient of at rest lateral earth pressure, Ko = 0.33
Height of abutment wall with pile cap, habut-pilecap = 19.7 ft.
Height of abutment wall, habut (T 3.11.6.4-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-142) = 15.7 ft.
Equivalent height of soil for highway loading on abutment, h eq = 2.0 ft.
Length of abutment for surcharge load, Labut-sur = 29.2 ft.
Length of wing wall with cantilever portion, Lwing+cant. = 19.4 ft.
Unit weight of soil, γs = 0.12 kcf

8.1 - Live load surcharge: (Eq. 3.11.6.4-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-142)

The increase in horizontal pressure due to live load surcharge, Δ p=ko*γs*heq = 0.08 kip/ft.2
Horizontal loading for LL surcharge (bottom of pile cap) = 46.0 kip
Horizontal loading for LL surcharge (base of abutment) = 36.8 kip

8.2 - Live load surcharge of wing wall:

Horizontal loading for L.L. surcharge (base of wing) = 24.4 kip
9 - Load & Moment Combination About Z-Z' with respect to Abutment Toe:
Table 9 - 1 - Load & moment about Z-Z' with respect to abutment toe
V = Ver. force H = Hori. force Moment arm Moment (kip-
Name
(kip) (kip) (ft.) ft.)
Girder,deck slab,diaphram & parapet load, DC 842.9 1.8 1520.6
Wearing surface load, DW 44.7 1.8 80.6
Vertical earth pressure for backfilling, Ev 567.7 -5.1 -2916.8
Selfweight of abutment wall, DC 131.0 1.1 141.0
Selfweight of wing wall, DC 152.3 -8.6 -1307.9
Selfweight of pile cap, DC 427.9 0.0 0.0
Vehicular live load, LL 392.6 1.8 708.2
Horizontal force up to bottom of pile cap for pile cap & pile design
Vehicular braking force, BR 9.0 25.7 231.1
Horizontal earth pressure, EH 128.4 6.6 842.3
Earthquake load, EQ 0.0 9.8 0.0
Live load surcharge, LS 46.0 9.8 452.6
Horizontal force up to abutment base for abutment design
Vehicular braking force, BR 9.0 21.7 195.7
Horizontal earth pressure, EH 82.2 5.2 431.3
Earthquake load, EQ 0.0 7.9 0.0
Live load surcharge, LS 36.8 7.9 289.7
Horizontal force up to wing wall base for wing-wall design
Horizontal earth pressure, EH 89.0 5.2 467.1
Earthquake load, EQ 0.0 7.9 0.0
Live load surcharge, LS 36.8 7.9 289.7
9.1 - Load combination:
Service I = 1.0*(DC + DW + EH + EV)+1.0*(LL + BR + LS)+1.0*WS+1.0*WL+1.0*FR
Service II = 1.0*(DC+DW+EH+EV)+1.3*(LL+BR+LS)+1.0*FR (T 3.4.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-15)
Service III = 1.0*(DC+DW+EH+EV)+ƳLL(0.8)*(LL+BR+LS)+1.0*FR (T 3.4.1-4, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-16)
Service IV = 1.0*(DC + DW + EH + EV) +1.0*WS+1.0*FR

Table 9-2 - Load combination for pile capacity

Py Pz Px Mx Mz
Load combination
kip kip kip kip-ft kip-ft
Service I 2559 0 183 0 -248
Service II 2677 0 200 0 169
Service III 2480 0 172 0 -527
Service IV 2166 0 128 0 -1640

Strength I = 1.25*DC + 1.5*DW + 1.35*EH + 1.35*EV + 1.75*(LL + BR + LS)+1.0*FR

Strength II = 1.25*DC + 1.5*DW + 1.35*EH + 1.35*EV + 1.35*(LL + BR + LS)+1.0*FR
Strength III = 1.25*DC + 1.5*DW + 1.35*EH + 1.35*EV + 1.0*WS + 1.0*FR
Strength IV = 1.5*DC + 1.5*DW + 1.35*EH + 1.35*EV + 1.0*FR
Strength V = 1.25*DC + 1.5*DW +1.35*EH + 1.35*EV + 1.35*(LL + BR + LS)+1.0*WS+1.0*WL+1.0*FR
Extreme Event I = 1.0*DC + 1.0*DW + 1.0*EH + 1.0*EV + ƳEQ(0.5)*(LL + BR+LS)+1.0*FR+1.0*EQ
(S 3.4.1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 3-10)
Table 9-3 - Load combination for design of pile & pile cap
Py Pz Px Mx Mz
Load combination
kip kip kip kip-ft kip-ft
Strength I 3463 0 270 0 198
Strength II 3306 0 248 0 -359
Strength III 2776 0 173 0 -2238
Strength IV 3164 0 173 0 -2149
Strength V 3306 0 248 0 -359
Extreme Event I 2972 0 156 0 -944
10 -Pile Load:
Area of pile cap beyonnd outside of abutment & wing wall, Apile-cap = 300.1 ft.2
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 0.15 kcf
Unit weight of soil, γs = 0.12 kcf
Height of soil fill above pile cap, hfill = 1.6 ft.

Table 10-1 - General arrangement of pile cap & pile (S 16.10, Winter-Nilson, 14th Edition, Page; 585)
Co-orinate with respect to Pier C.G. Coorinate with respect to Pile C.G.
Long direction Tran. Direction Total pile Long direction Tran. Direction Ipg = Ʃy2x Ʃy2z
Pile No.
x (ft.) z (ft.) npile (no's) Cx (ft.) Cz (ft.) y2x (ft.2) y2z(ft.2)
1 7.87 15.74 1.0 7.87 15.74 62 248
2 7.87 5.25 1.0 7.87 5.25 62 28
3 7.87 -5.25 1.0 7.87 -5.25 62 28
4 7.87 -15.74 1.0 7.87 -15.74 62 248
5 0.00 15.74 1.0 0.00 15.74 0 248
6 0.00 5.25 1.0 0.00 5.25 0 28
7 0.00 -5.25 1.0 0.00 -5.25 0 28
8 0.00 -15.74 1.0 0.00 -15.74 0 248
9 -7.87 15.74 1.0 -7.87 15.74 62 248
10 -7.87 5.25 1.0 -7.87 5.25 62 28
11 -7.87 -5.25 1.0 -7.87 -5.25 62 28
12 -7.87 -15.74 1.0 -7.87 -15.74 62 248
C.G. of pile 0.00 0.00 12 0.00 0.00 496 1652

Pile Layout Plan

9 5 1
Transverse Direction

10 6 2

11 7 3

12 8 4

Longitudinal Direction

Figure 10-1: Pile Arrangement

10.1 - Load on individual piles at SLS Condition

Table 10-2 - Load combination as service limit state condition
Py Pz Px Mx Mz Mxe Mze
Load case
kip kip kip kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft
Service I 2559 0 183 0 -248 0 0
Service II 2677 0 200 0 169 0 0
Service III 2480 0 172 0 -527 0 0
Service IV 2166 0 128 0 -1640 0 0
Load for earth fill on pile cap beyonnd outside of abutment & wing wall, Py-soil =Apile-cap*hfill*γs = 59 kip
Table 10-3 - Horizontal load per pile
Py-total Design Mx Design Mz Design horizontal force (kN) Hcal
Load case
kip kip-ft. kip-ft. kip kip/pile
Service I 2618 0 -248 183 15
Service II 2736 0 169 200 17
Service III 2540 0 -527 172 14
Service IV 2225 0 -1640 128 11
In service limit state condition maxm horizontal load per pile = 17 kip

Table 10-4 - Axial load per pile

Pile no.
Load case P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12
kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip
Service I 214 214 214 214 218 218 218 218 222 222 222.1 222.1
Service II 231 231 231 231 228 228 228 228 225 225 225.3 225.3
Service III 203 203 203 203 212 212 212 212 220 220 220 220
Service IV 159 159 159 159 185 185 185 185 212 212 211.5 211.5

In service limit state condition maxm axial load on pile = 231 kip
= 105 Ton
10.2 - Load on individual piles at ULS Condition
Table 10-5 - Load combination as ultimate limit state condition
Py Pz Px Mx Mz Mxe Mze
Load case
kip kip kip kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft kip-ft
Strength I 3463 0 270 0 198 0 0
Strength II 3306 0 248 0 -359 0 0
Strength III 2776 0 173 0 -2238 0 0
Strength IV 3164 0 173 0 -2149 0 0
Strength V 3306 0 248 0 -359 0 0
Extreme Event I 2972 0 156 0 -944 0 0

Table 10-6 - Horizontal load per pile

Py-total Design Mx (kN- Design Mz Design horizontal force (kN) Hcal
Load case
kip kip-ft. kip-ft. kip kip/pile
Strength I 3543 0 198 270 22
Strength II 3386 0 -359 248 21
Strength III 2856 0 -2238 173 14
Strength IV 3244 0 -2149 173 14
Strength V 3386 0 -359 248 21
Extreme Event I 3031 0 -944 156 13
In ultimate limit state condition maxm horizontal load per pile = 22 kip
Table 10-7 - Axial load per pile
Pile no.
Load case P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12
kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip kip
Strength I 298 298 298 298 295 295 295 295 292 292 292.1 292.1
Strength II 276 276 276 276 282 282 282 282 288 288 287.8 287.8
Strength III 202 202 202 202 238 238 238 238 274 274 273.5 273.5
Strength IV 236 236 236 236 270 270 270 270 304 304 304.5 304.5
Strength V 276 276 276 276 282 282 282 282 288 288 287.8 287.8
Extreme Event I 238 238 238 238 253 253 253 253 268 268 267.6 267.6
In ultimate limit state condition maxm axial load on pile = 304 kip
= 138 Ton
11 - Flexural Design Along Longitudinal Direction:
Resistance factor for tension control reinforcement, ɸt (S 5.5.4.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-29) = 0.9
Concrete density modification factor, λ (S 5.4.2.8, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 5‐21) = 1.0
Concrete strength (28-days), f'c = 4.4 ksi
Yield stress of steel, fy (S 5.5.3.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-28) = 60.0 ksi
Flexural cracking varibility factor, γ1 (S 5.6.3.3, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-42) = 1.6
Ratio of minm yield strength to ultimate tensile strength, γ3 = 0.67
Tension controlled strain limit, εtl = 0.005 for f y < 75 ksi (S 5.6.2.1, AASHTO‐2017, Page; 5‐34) = 0.005
Stress block factor, α1 = .85 for f'c < 10 ksi (S 5.6.2.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-36) = 0.85
Stress block factor, β1 = .85 for f'c < 4 ksi = 0.80
Clear cover of all side, cc (T 5.10.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-165) = 3.0 in.
Embeded length of pile, le (S 10.8.1.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 10-126) = 6.0 in.
Height of soil fill above pile cap at earth face, hfill-earth = 15.7 ft.
Unit weight of concrete, γc = 0.15 kcf
Unit weight of soil, γs = 0.12 kcf
Distance of pile cg from face of pier along long. direction for P 1, P2, P3 & P4 = 4.92 ft.
Distance of pile cg from face of pier along long. direction for P 6 & P7 = 0.98 ft.
Distance of pile cg from face of pier along long. direction for P 10 & P11 = 8.86 ft.
Length of pile cap along transverse direction, Lpcap = 36.1 ft.
Width of pile cap along longitudinal direction, Wpcap = 20.7 ft.
Depth of pile cap, Dp-cap = 3.9 ft.
Area of pile cap up to abutment face = 260 ft2

11.1 - Reinforcement along longitudinal direction (LHS): (EQ 3.1, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 117)
Balanced steel ratio, ρb = .85*β1*f'c/fy*87000/(87000+fy) = 0.049
Maxm steel ratio, ρmax = 0.75*ρb (EQ 3.2, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 117) = 0.04
Assume 20 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 0.49 in2
Effective depth of pile cap, de = Dp-cap - Ie - cc - 0.5*φ = 3.3 ft.
C.G of flexural section up to abutment face = 3.6 ft.
Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 38.9 in.2

Table 11-1 - Reinforcement for pile cap along longitudinal direction(LHS)

(EQ 3.38-Page; 87), (EQ 3.32-Page; 86) & (EQ 3.37-Page; 87, Winter-Nilson, 14th Edition)
d=
a= As =
Design forces √(Mu/(φt*ρmaxfyL No. of
Mu A *f /(α
Depth S y 1 c *f' *L M u/φt*fy(
p-cap(1-
Load case de-a/2) bar, N
.59ρmaxfy/f'c))) check p-cap)
P1 P2 P3 P4
kip kip kip kip kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.
Strength I 298 298 298 298 5147.9 10.1 ok 1.5 29.3 60
Strength II 276 276 276 276 4716.4 9.7 ok 1.5 26.8 55
Strength III 202 202 202 202 3260.1 8.0 ok 1.5 18.5 38
Strength IV 236 236 236 236 3924.9 8.8 ok 1.5 22.3 46
Strength V 276 276 276 276 4716.4 9.7 ok 1.5 26.8 55
Extreme Event I 238 238 238 238 3952.3 8.9 ok 1.5 22.5 46
 m
11.2 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of provided steel, AS = 29.25 in.2
(EQ 5.6.3.1.2-4, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-38)
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*Lp-cap) = 1.37 in.
(EQ 5.6.2.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-35)
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.034 < 0.38
Ok
m
11.3 - Min required reinforcement: (S 5.4.2.6, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-20)
Modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete, fr = 0.24λ√f'c = 0.50 ksi
2
Section modulus of pile-cap, Sp-cap = Lp-cap*Dp-cap /6 = 160979 in3
Cracking moment, Mcr = γ3(γ1*fr)Sp-cap (EQ 5.6.3.3-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-41) = 7198 kip-ft.
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 6847 kip-ft.
(S 5.6.3.3, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-41)
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 6847 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*Lp-cap*de2) = 0.13 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.002
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*Lp-cap*de Check here = 38.90 in.2
(EQ 3.11, Winter-Nilson, 14th Edition, Page; 75)
Area of provided steel, AS(p) = 38.94 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 80 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Lp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 5.4 in.

11.4 - Reinforcement along longitudinal direction (RHS):

Area of pile cap up to abutment face = 335 ft2
C.G of flexural section up to abutment face = 5.7 ft.
Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 8.8 in.2

Table 11-2 - Reinforcement for pile cap along longitudinal direction(RHS)

d= a=
As =
Design forces √(Mu/(φt*ρmaxfyL AS*fy/(α1 No. of
Mu Depth Mu/φt*fy(
Load case p-cap(1- *f'c*Lp- bar, N
d -a/2)
.59ρmaxfy/f'c))) check
e
cap)
P6 P7 P10 P11
kip kip kip kip kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.
Strength I 295 295 292 292 1016 4.5 ok 0.3 5.7 0
Strength II 282 282 288 288 915 4.3 ok 0.3 5.1 0
Strength III 238 238 274 274 574 3.4 ok 0.3 3.2 0
Strength IV 270 270 304 304 1187 4.9 ok 0.3 6.6 0
Strength V 282 282 288 288 915 4.3 ok 0.3 5.1 0
Extreme Event I 253 253 268 268 499 3.1 ok 0.3 2.8 0
 m
11.5 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of reqoired steel, AS = 6.6 in.2
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*Lp-cap) = 0.3 in.
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.0 < 0.38
Ok
m
11.6 - Min required reinforcement:
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 1578 kip-ft.
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 1578 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*Lp-cap*de2) = 0.03 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.00
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*Lp-cap*de Check here = 8.84 in.2
Area of provided steel, AS(p) = 8.85 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 18 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Lp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 8.0 in.

11.7 - Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement: (EQ 5.10.6-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-170)
Shrinkage and temperature reinf., AS(shrink) > 1.3*Wp-cap*Dp-cap/(2*(Wp-cap+Dp-cap)*fy) = 0.43 in.2/ft.
Total shrinkage and temperature reinforcement along longitudinal direction, A S(shrink total) = 15.51 in.2
Assume 32 no's 20 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 15.58 in2
= Ok
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Lp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 8.0 in.
12 - Flexural Design Along Transverse Direction:
For tension control reinforcement, ɸt = 0.9
Concrete density modification factor, λ = 1.0
Concrete strength (28-days), f'c = 4.4 ksi
Yield strength of steel, fy = 60.0 ksi
Flexural cracking varibility factor, γ1 = 1.60
Ratio of minm yield strength to ultimate tensile strength, γ3 = 0.67
Tension controlled strain limit, εtl = 0.005
Stress block factor, α1 = 0.85
Stress block factor, β1 = 0.80
Clear cover for all side, cc = 3.0 in.
Embeded length of pile, le = 6.0 in.
Distance of pile c.g. from face of abutment along trans. direction for P6, P7, P11 & P12 = 9.35 ft.
Length of pile cap along transverse direction, Lpcap = 36.08 ft.
Width of pile cap along longitudinal direction, Wpcap = 20.66 ft.
Depth of pile cap, Dp-cap = 3.94 ft.
Area of pile cap up to abutment face = 167.6 ft2

12.1 -Reinforcement along transverse direction (LHS):

Balanced steel ratio, ρb = .85*β1*f'c/fy*87000/(87000+fy) = 0.049
Maxm steel ratio, ρMax = 0.75*ρb = 0.04
Assume 20 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 0.49 in2
Effective depth of pile cap, de = Dp-cap - Ie - cc - 1.5*φ = 3.3 ft.
C.G of flexural section up to pier face = 7.3 ft.
Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 19.1 in.2

Table 12-1 - Reinforcement for pile cap along transverse direction(LHS)

d=
a=
Design forces √(Mu/(φt*ρmaxfy As = Mu/φt*fy(de- No. of
Mu Depth AS*fy/(α1*f'c*Wp-
Load case Wp-cap(1- a/2) bar, N
.59ρmaxfy/f'c))) check cap)
P6 P10
kip kip kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.
Strength I 295 292 2478 9.3 ok 1.2 14.3 29
Strength II 282 288 2316 9.0 ok 1.2 13.4 28
Strength III 238 274 1769 7.8 ok 1.2 10.2 21
Strength IV 270 304 2361 9.0 ok 1.2 13.7 28
Strength V 282 288 2316 9.0 ok 1.2 13.4 28
Extreme Event I 253 268 1851 8.0 ok 1.2 10.7 22

m
12.2 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of provided steel, AS = 14.3 in.2
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*Wp-cap) = 1.2 in.
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.03 < 0.38
Ok
 m
12.3 - Min required reinforcement:
Modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete, fr = 0.24λ√f'c = 0.50 ksi
Section modulus of pile-cap, Sp = Wp-cap*Dp-cap2/6 = 92197 in3
Cracking moment, Mcr = γ3(γ1*fr)Sp = 4123 kip-ft.
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 3296 kip-ft.
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 3296 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*Wp-cap*de2) = 0.12 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.002
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*Wp-cap*de Check here = 19.06 in.2
Area of provided steel, AS(P) = 19.06 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 39 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Wp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 6.3 in.

12.4 - Reinforcement along transverse direction (RHS):

Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 19.1 in.2

Table 12-2 - Reinforcement for pile cap along transverse direction(RHS)

d=
a=
Design forces √(Mu/(φt*ρmaxfy As = Mu/φt*fy(de- No. of
Mu Depth AS*fy/(α1*f'c*Wp-
Load case Wp-cap(1- a/2) bar, N
.59ρmaxfy/f'c))) check cap)
P7 P11
kip kip kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.
Strength I 295 292 2478 9.3 ok 1.2 14.3 29
Strength II 282 288 2316 9.0 ok 1.2 13.4 28
Strength III 238 274 1769 7.8 ok 1.2 10.2 21
Strength IV 270 304 2361 9.0 ok 1.2 13.7 28
Strength V 282 288 2316 9.0 ok 1.2 13.4 28
Extreme Event I 253 268 1851 8.0 ok 1.2 10.7 22

m
12.5 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of provided steel, AS = 14.3 in.2
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*Wp-cap) = 1.2 in.
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.03 < 0.38
Ok
m
12.6 - Min required reinforcement:
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 3296 kip-ft.
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 3296 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*Wp-cap*de2) = 0.12 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.002
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*Wp-cap*de Check here = 19.1 in.2
Area of provided steel, AS(P) = 19.1 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 39 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Wp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 6.3 in.
12.7 - Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement:
Shrinkage and temperature reinf., AS(shrink) = 1.3*Lp-cap*Dp-cap/(2*(Lp-cap+Dp-cap)*fy) = 0.461 in.2/ft.
Total shrinkage and temperature reinforcement along transverse direction, A S(shrink total) = 9.533 in.2
Assume 20 no's 20 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 9.74 in2
= Ok
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Wp-cap - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 8.0 in.

12.8 - Skin reinforcement: (EQ 5.6.7-3, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-56)

Required area of skin reinf. at each side face, Ask-req = 0.012*(de-30) = 0.11 in.2/ft
Total skin reinforcement for each face of pile cap, AS(skin) = 0.427 in.2
Assume 6 no's 12 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 1.05 in2
= Ok
Provided spacing of reinforcement, s = (Dp-cap - 2*de)/(Nb + 1) = 5.8 in.
Allowable spacing of skin reinforcement, Ssk = Minm(de/6, 12) = 6.5 in.
Ok
13 - Design of Abutment Wall:
For tension control reinforcement, ɸt = 0.9
Concrete density modification factor, λ = 1.0
Concrete strength (28-days), f'c = 4.4 ksi
Yield strength of steel, fy = 60.0 ksi
Flexural cracking varibility factor, γ1 = 1.60
Ratio of minm yield strength to ultimate tensile strength, γ3 = 0.67
Tension controlled strain limit, εtl = 0.01
Stress block factor, α1 = 0.85
Stress block factor, β1 = 0.80
Length of abutment, Labut = 33.1 ft.
Height of abutment wall, habut = 15.7 ft.
Thickness of of abutment wall, tabut = 1.97 ft.
Factored moment at middle of abutment wall, Mabut = 1432 kip-ft.
Clear cover for water face of abutment wall, cc (T 5.10.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-165) = 2.0 in.

13.1 - Reinforcement of abutment wall:

Balanced steel ratio, ρb = .85*β1*f'c/fy*87000/(87000+fy) = 0.049
m
Max steel ratio, ρMax = 0.75*ρb = 0.04
Assume 16 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 0.31 in2
Efective depth of abutment at base, de = tabut - cc - 0.5φ = 1.78 ft.
Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 17.5 in.2

Table 13-1 - Reinforcement of abutment

d=
a= As =
√(Mabut/(φt*ρmaxfy
Mabut AS*fy/(α1*f'c*Lab Mabut/φt*fy(de- No. of bar, N
Component name Labut(1- Depth check
ut) a/2)
.59ρmaxfy/f'c)))

kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.

Abutment wall 1432 5.6 ok 0.72 15.19 49

m
13.2 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of provided steel, AS = 15.2 in.2
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*Labut) = 0.8 in.
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.036 < 0.38
Ok
m
13.3 - Min required reinforcement:
Modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete, fr = 0.24λ√f'c = 0.50 ksi
Section modulus of abutment, Sabut = Labut*tabut2/6 = 36952 in3
Cracking moment, Mcr = γ3*γ1*fr*Sabut = 1652 kip-ft.
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 1904 kip-ft.
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 1652 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*Labut*de2) = 0.12 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.002
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*Labut*de Check here = 17.53 in.2
Area of provided steel, AS(P) = 17.53 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 56 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (Labut - 2*cc)/(Nb - 1) = 7.1 in.
13.4 - Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement:
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, AS(shrink) = 1.3*Labut*tabut/(2*(Labut+tabut)*fy) = 0.241 in.2/ft.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for each face of abutment, AS(shrink, each face) = 3.80 in.2
Assume 22 no's 12 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 3.86 in2
= Ok
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (habut - cc)/Nb = 8.0 in.
14 - Design of Wing Wall:
For tension control reinforcement, ɸt = 0.9
Concrete density modification factor, λ = 1.0
Concrete strength (28-days), f'c = 4.4 ksi
Yield strength of steel, fy = 60 ksi
Flexural cracking varibility factor, γ1 = 1.60
Ratio of minm yield strength to ultimate tensile strength, γ3 = 0.67
Tension controlled strain limit, εtl = 0.005
Stress block factor, α1 = 0.85
Stress block factor, β1 = 0.8
Length of wing wall, lwing = 11.5 ft.
Height of wing wall, hwing = 15.7 ft.
Thickness of wing wall, twing = 1.97 ft.
Factored moment at base of wing wall, Mwing = 1138 kip-ft.
Clear cover for all side, cc = 2.0 in.

14.1 - Reinforcement of wing wall:

Balanced steel ratio, ρb = .85*β1*f'c/fy*87000/(87000+fy) = 0.049
m
Max steel ratio, ρMax = 0.75*ρb = 0.04
Assume 20 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 0.49 in2
Efective depth of wing wall at base, de = twing - cc - 0.5φ = 1.77 ft.
Consider area of provided steel, AS Trial here = 12.3 in.2

Table 14-1 - Reinforcement of wing wall

d=
a= As =
√(Mwing/(φt*ρmaxf
Mwing AS*fy/(α1*f'c*lwin Mwing/φt*fy(de- No. of bar, N
Component name ylwing(1- Depth check
g) a/2)
.59ρmaxfy/f'c)))

kip-ft in. in. in.2 no.

Wing wall 1138 8.4 ok 1.45 12.3 25

m
14.2 - Max required reinforcement:
Area of provided steel, AS = 12.3 in.2
Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face, c = A sfy/(α1*β1*f'c*lwing) = 1.8 in.
The maxm amount of tensile reinforcement must be, c/d e < 0.003/(0.003 + £tl) 0.086 < 0.38
Ok
m
14.3 - Min required reinforcement:
Modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete, fr = 0.24λ√f'c = 0.50 ksi
Section modulus of counter-fort, Sw = lwing*twing2/6 = 12805 in3
Cracking moment, Mcr = γ3*γ1*fr*Sw = 573 kip-ft.
1.33 times the applied factored moment, 1.33Mu = 1513 kip-ft.
Applied moment is lesser of Mcr & 1.33Mu = 573 kip-ft.
Provided stress, fp = Mcr/(Фt*lwing*de2) = 0.12 ksi
Steel ratio, ρ = 0.85*f'c/fy*(1-√(1-2*fp/(0.85*f'c))) = 0.002
Area of steel required, As-req = ρ*lwing*de Check here = 6.10 in.2
Area of provided steel, AS(P) = 12.33 in.2
As-applied>As-req, so ok
No. of provided bar, Nb = 25 no.
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (lwing - cc)/Nb = 5.4 in.
14.4 - Temperature & shrinkage reinforcement:
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, AS(shrink) = 1.3*lwing*twing/(2*(lwing+twing)*fy) = 0.22 in.2/ft.
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for each face of wing wall, A S(shrink, each face) = 3.44 in.2
Assume 20 no's 12 mm ɸ bar will be use, as = 3.51 in2
= Ok
Spacing of reinforcement, s = (hwing - cc)/Nb = 8.0 in.
15 - Pile Design:
Diameter of pile, Dp = 32.0 in.
Minm factored vertical load, P = 202442 Ib.
Maxm factored lateral load, Hu = 22.5 kip
Concrete strength (28-days), f'cp = 3.6 ksi
Yield strength of steel, fy = 60.0 ksi
Diameter of main bar proposed to be used in pile, db #6 = 0.8 in.
No's of main bar proposed to be used, Nbar = 16 no's
Clear cover with C/L. of longitudinal bar, cc (T 5.10.1-1, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-165) = 3.4 in.
Modulus of elasticity of steel, Es (S 5.4.3.2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 5-22) = 29000 ksi
1.5
Modulus of elasticity of pile, Ep =33000*K 1*γc *√f'cp = 3498 ksi
Modulur ratio, n = Es/Ep = 8.3
Rate of increase of soil modulus for sand, nh = 0.556 ksi/ft.
(T C10.4.6.3-2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 10-21)
15.1 - Pile reinforcement:
Diameter of pile through center of longitudinal bars, Ds = Dp - 2*cc = 25.3 in.
The gross area of concrete, Ag = π/4*Dp2 = 804 in.2
Perimeter of pile through center of longitudinal bars, Ppile = πDs = 79.33 in.
Clear spacing of reinforcement, s = Ppile/Nbar = 4.54 in.
Reinforcement spacing is ok
Area of longitudinal steel provided in pile, Ast = Nbar*π/4*db2 = 7.07 in.2
Percentage of steel in pile, Pg = Ast/Ag = 0.009 %
Hence ok and % of steel is in safe condition
Moment of inertia of pile, Ip = π/64*Dp4 = 2.48 ft.4
(EQ C10.7.3.13.4-2, AASHTO-2017, Page; 10-121)
Length to fixity below the ground, Lf = 1.8*(Ep*lp/nh)0.2 = 12.4 ft.
Unsupported length of pile, Lu = 0.0 ft.
Design moment of pile, Mu = Hu*(Lf+Lu)/2 = 139.5 kip - ft
= 1673593 Ib-in.
Stress ratio of pile, m = fy/(0.85*f'c) (Art. 5.8, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 269) = 19.47
Ecectricity for bending, eb =0.43*Pg*m*Ds+0.14*Dp = 6.3 in.
(EQ 5.19c, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 270)
The actual ecentricity, e = Mu/P = 8.3 in.
(Appendix B, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 632) Hence ok & e > eb so in steel tension governes
Moment of inertia of longitudinal steel in pile, Is = Ast * Ds2/8 = 563 in.4
(Art. 5.8, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 274)
Moment of inertia contributed by steel, Ist = 100*pg*(2n-1)*Is = 7715 In.4
Total moment of inertia, Iut = Ip + Ist = 59187 In.4
(Art. 5.8, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 274)
Section modulus of transformed uncracked section, Sut = Iut /(Dp/2) = 3699 in.3
(Art. 5.8, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 269)
Allow avg. compression stress, Fa =0.34*(1+pg*m)*f'cp = 1443 Ib/in.2
Allow avg. bending stress, Fb = 0.45 * f'cp = 1631 Ib/in.2
Axial force, Pb = 1/(1/(Ag*Fa)+eb/(Sut*Fb)) (EQ 5.25, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 275) = 5.E+05 Ib
Balanced moment, Mb = pb*eb (EQ 5.26, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 275) = 3.E+06 Ib-in.
(EQ 5.20c, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 270)
Moment for spiral columns, Mc = 0.12*Ast*fy* Ds = 1285068 Ib-in.
The allowable bending moment, M = Mc + P / Pb * (Mb - Mc) = 2070834 Ib-in.
(EQ 5.21, Winter-Nilson, 7th Edition, Page; 271) Hence ok & Mr > Md so design is ok
 16 nos. ## 6 bar

use # 3 bar @ 4 in. C/C

2.7 ft.
Figure 15-1: Pile Cross Section with Reinforcement