II Solutions and Initial value Problems

Det A furct .
ycx) which satisfies an ODE for all x in an interval I
,
is called

an explication .

'
e- " ' ' '

I Prove that is explicit sdn to

-

t be y O
ycx ,
=
a y zy
-
-
an -
.

5dg we
compute
:

Xt > ×
×t4beZ×
-
-
' ''

ex ) = ae 2b e ex ) = ae
y y
-

Substituting into the ODE , we have :

× '
' "
"
)
-

( ae ×t4beZ× ) )
-
' '
C
'
( ae
-

ac tzbe z t be
zy = - -

y
-

y
-
-

- -
-
" '
y y 2X
y
-
X
=
( at a -
za) e t ( Yb -
2b -
2b ) e

- X 2X
= o .
e t Oe

= o ✓
Since
equality holds for all X in C- es ,
es
) , ycx ) is a solar of the ODE on
C- as ,
)
for any constants a aid b .

Def An equation Glx , -13=0 which satisfies an ODE is called an implicit .

Xe×Y/d¥
Xy "
I Prove is
implicit solar of ( it t
that Xtyte I +
ye
-

o
-
-
o an - .

sod we implicitly diff .

W - r -
t . X .

( xtyte ) ¥0
"'
¥ -

y 't y
'
I t y
t e (X -
.
I ) =
o
-

chain and prod . rules

" ' '

y
'
t Xe -

y t I t
y . e' Y = o

( it xe
"
) y'.
t it
y
.e×Y =o

The last eqn is the original ODE , so if 's a solution .

✓
- × "
I Determine a and b so that ycxl
-
ae + be is a Sdn to the initial value
' ' ' '
problem y
-

y
-
Zy = o j y ( 03=2 , y (
o ) =3 .

← the
sole initial position and vet . of object .

From prov . ex
,
we
already know that ycx) is a Sdn of the ODE .
So we
only need

to find a aid b . We use the init .

cards :

e°
{
e°
y co)
{
2 = =
a. t b. 2 = atb
→
ae°t2be°
'

3
=
z 2b
.
= at
y
- -
-

5=36
I =D a =
z - b =
z -

Eg
3
=
I
× "
Ie Eze
-

Thus , ylx ) = t is the Sdn of the initial value problem .

The Existence and Uniqueness A 54ns ( Picard's Thin)

consider the IVP de

DX
fcx = , y) j y ( Xo ) =
yo .
If f and
fly are continuous

in some rectangle R={ ( x , Elp

'
I acxcb ,
c
eyed } containing the point ( Xo , yo ) ,

then the IVP has sdn in interval (X S, Xots ) Wwe f is

a
unique some .
-
,
a

pos . number .

'
In IVP have unique solves
summary : .

l Ya )
y

d -

Xo -
f Xotf

relics the of funds

The proof of this thin on convo of a
sequence integral
called picard iterates .

43
ed Does the existence( uniqueness than imply a
unique sdn to the IVP : I :# =
y j
y( e) = o ? ← ( 2,0)

SI we have :
"3
" -

2-
'
"
zy
d÷×=3y fix ,y , =3 y
So =
=
.
,

3✓y2f
Thus ,
Ty
is not cont . at ( 2,0 ) . So there does not exist a rect . containing the

point co ) in which f- and I are cont The thin does not The
(2 .

apply .

sy
IVP not have unique Sdn
may or may a
.