UNIT 3:

MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEMS AND SKIN

3.1 Presenting Problems of Musculo-Skeletal and

Skin Disorders

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 LEARNING OUTCOME

i. State the presenting problems of Musculo-Skeletal and Skin

Disorders.

ii. Explain the characteristic of each presenting problem of

Musculo-Skeletal and Skin Disorders.

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 DEFINITION
Tendons,
Muscles,
Bones, other
connective
tissues.

MSD
S

Problems
(injuries/
illnesses.

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MSDS include:

Carpal Tunnel
Tendonitis Osteoarthritis
Syndrome

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MSDS include:

Rheumatoid
Fibromyalgia Bone Fractures
Arthritis

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 KEY FACT

Approximately 1.71 billion people have

musculoskeletal conditions worldwide.

Low back pain causes the highest burden with a

prevalence of 568 million people.

Significantly limit mobility and dexterity, leading to

early retirement from work, lower levels of well-
being and reduced ability to participate in society

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CAUSES

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 INVESTIGATION

Pengambilan
Makmal
sejarah pesakit

Sejarah
X-rays
penyakit

Sejarah
Ultrasound
tempat kerja

Pemeriksaan
MRI
fizikal

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 MRI PATELLA:
TENDONITIS AND TEARS

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 X-RAY SHOULDER:
CALCIFIC TENDONITIS

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 TREATMENT

Based on
Based on
severity of Medication
diagnosis
symptoms

Occupational Physical Moderate

therapy therapy exercise

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PREVENTION

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 INTRODUCTION
Berbeza dari
segi simtom &
keterukan.

Tidak
Bersifat
bahaya atau
sementara
mengancam
atau kekal?
nyawa?

Sakit dan
Penyebab?
tidak sakit?

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 CAUSES

Bacteria
Parasites, or
trapped in
microorganisms
skin pores Fungus.
living on the
and hair
skin.
follicles.

Contact with
allergens,
Weakened
irritants, or Genetic
Viruses. immune
another factors.
system.
person’s
infected skin.

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 EXAMPLES

CELLULITIS ACNE ECZEMA

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 EXAMPLES

IMPETIGO PSORIASIS MEASLES

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 EXAMPLES

CHICKEN POX TINEA SCABIES

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 SYMPTOMS

Raised
Dry, cracked
bumps that are Lesions.
skin.
red or white.

A rash, which
Discoloured
might be
Ulcers. patches of
painful
skin.
or itchy.

Scaly or rough
Peeling skin.
skin.

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 INVESTIGATION

PHYSICAL
HISTORY TAKING LABORATORY TEST
ASSESSMENT

Family Hx /
Colour. Skin biopsy.
Genetic risk.
Medication Hx. Temperature.
Skin testing for
Socioeconomic allergy.
Moisture.
status.
Current health Blood tests.
Lesions.
problem.

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 TREATMENT

Depend on Common
Prevention
diagnosis treatment

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COMMON TREATMENT

Laser therapy

Vitamin or steroid
injections

Antibiotics

Medicated creams
and ointments

Antihistamines

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 PREVENTION

• Good hygiene.

• Get rest and adequate sleep.

• Avoid excessive physical or emotional stress.

• Eat a nutritious diet.

• Get vaccinated for infectious skin conditions, such as chickenpox.

• Use moisturizer.

• Avoid environmental and dietary allergens.

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 REFERENCES
• Innes, J. A. (2016). Davidson’s Essentials of Medicine. (2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone.
• Kumar, P. & Clark, M. (2016). Clinical Medicine. (9th ed.). Edinburgh:
Elsevier.
• Longmore, M, Willkinson, I. Baldwin, A. & Wallin, E. (2014). Oxford
Handbook of Clinical Medicine. (9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hinkle, J.L. & Cheever, K.H. (2013). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of
Medical-Surgical Nursing. (13 th ed.). Washington: Wolters Kluwer.
• Soo, H.H. (2011). Sarawak Handbook of Medical Emergencies. (3rd ed.).
Kuching: C.E. Publishing.
• Medical Assistant Board. (2006). Standard Operating Procedures For
Medical Assistants In Cardiology. Putrajaya: Ministry Of Health, Malaysia.

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