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Modernization of Robotics Application in 21 st Century: A Review

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 Journal of e-ISSN: 2582-2187
Mechanical Robotics Volume-5, Issue-2 (May-August, 2020)

www.matjournals.com https://doi.org/10.46610/JMMDM.2020.v05i02.005

Modernization of Robotics Application in 21st Century: A Review

Ranjit Barua1, Sudipto Datta2
1
Assistant Professor, 2Research Scholar
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
1
OmDayal Group of Institutions, Howrah, West Bengal, India,
2
CHST, IIEST-Shibpur, India

*Corresponding author: ranjitjgec007@gmail.com

servants of human. He described the “Three Laws of

ABSTRACT
The subject of robotics cover ups many diverse
areas. Robots are very potent elements of today’s
manufacturing industry. Robots are
simultaneously with other devices, equipment's,
peripherals and manufacturing machines,
basically robots are integrated in system. Robots
are proficient of performing many difficult tasks
and operation accurately and does not need
general safety and comfort essentials which
human need. Robotics systems consist of not only
just a robot, but also other appliances and the
systems that are applied simultaneously with the
robots to perform essential jobs. In this article we
will discuss the application of robotics in modern
automotive industry and others sector. Different
types of automation systems are described in this
article with the help of individual working
mechanism.
Keywords-- Robotics, Automation, Industrial
Robot, FMS, SPM, SCARA
INTRODUCTION
The word “Robotics” was first declared by the
Russian-born American science-fiction author Isaac
Asimov in 1942 in his novella “Runabout” [Low K
et al.]. No one has ever given an accurate
clarification of what a robot is, even though all of
those explanations more or less indicate the similar.
To make effects easier, Robot is nothing but a
combination of mechanics, electronics and
programming which can senses it’s neighboring
with the help of its sensors processes the sensor
information and also performs somewhat in
reaction. The reply can be manipulation or
locomotion, like rotating a wheel, turning on a LED,
raising an alarm, moving an arm and so on. The area
of engineering and technology which deals with
robot construction, design, operation and
application is called Robotics [1-2]. Asimov had a
much intelligent and he was an optimistic view of
the robot’s responsibility in human society
contrasted to the inspection of Capek. In his short
chronicle, he differentiated the robots as cooperative
Robotics” which are given below:
• The First Law states that a robot must not harm
a person nor through inaction allow one to
come to harm.
• Second Law states that a robot must obey with
all orders that a person states, with the
condition that arises if these orders were in
inconsistency with the First Law.
• The Third Law states that a robot must be
careful or must protect from harm, except
when this safety makes an inconsistency with
the First or Second Law.
A 4th law was later was described in the year
1999 [Fuller L et al.] as follows:
• The fourth law states that a robot may take a
human being’s job but it may not leave that the
person unemployed.
Attempts are being made to remain to these laws of
robotics, but there are automatic ways for employing
them. For an example the military services robot, by
its especially nature, is likely to be aimed with the
purpose of breaking these laws [3-5]. Most
industrial robots of today are proposed to work in
environments which are not secure and very
complicated for human employees. For an example,
a robot’s hand can be considered to handle a very
hot or cold object whereas the human hand cannot
handle securely. Brief history of robotics has been
subjugated by industrial robots until in recent times.
Though, considerably increasing number of robots
has been applied for personal and professional
service purposes. Professional service purposes
consist of cleaning, medical, laboratory, underwater,
logistics, construction, and devastation functions in
addition to mobile robot platforms and also the field
robots for agriculture, forestry, search, mining, and
salvage, games, entertainment, for an example chess
and soccer playing robots, hazardous area
refurbishes, security, defense, and battlegrounds etc.
Personal service purposes consist of education and
studies, lawnmowers, vacuum-cleaning,
entertainment and relaxation robots, and further
cleaning facility [Low K et al.]. The Robotics
Industries Association (RIA) explained the
industrial robot as “The reprogrammable,
multifunctional manipulator designed to move

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materials, parts, or special devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a
variety of tasks.” [Bryson A E et al.]. An additional
explanation is presented by the International
Standards Organization (ISO) as “A machine
formed by a mechanism, including several degrees
of freedom, often having the appearance of one or
several arms ending in a wrist capable of holding a
tool, a work-piece, or an inspection device.” Now a
day’s industrial robots are mostly engaged in
automation industry for automotive parts
manufacturing, assembly, and also packaging, as
well as metal products, rubber, plastics, and
chemical industries, consumer and industrial
machinery, and also food industries.
Communication, medical, precision, nonmetallic
products, and optical industries also advantage from
industrial robotics [Bondyopadhyay P K et al.]. The
fundamentals of robotics are one of the exceptional
topics to be handled as an entire in a due to the
excessive multiplicity of modern scientific
technologies it integrates. It employs with quite
many areas of technology, for an instance,
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer sciences and electronics engineering and
artificial intelligent. It has an interdisciplinary area
which takes benefit of all engineering studies that
survive in our existence further a hard-mathematical
module function which is essential to be applied.
THE PROGRESSION OF ROBOTICS
The development of robotics is influenced
by the technological progression, for an instance, the
digital computer [Bryson A E et al.], the numerical
control system [Middleditch A E et al.], the making
of the transistor [Bondyopadhyay P K et al.], or the
integrated circuits [Saxena A et al.]. This
technological development further improved the
characteristics of the robots and assisted them
advance from exclusively mechanical as well as
hydraulic machines, to programmable structures,
which can even be conscious of their surroundings.
Parallel to supplementary technological
improvements, robotics has sophisticated and
changed taking into consideration the requirements
of the social order. Based on their individualities and
the characteristics of the robots, the development of
robotics can categorize into four generations:
Generation Zero (up to 1950)
It is also known as Pre-Robots generation.
In 1495, the polymath Leonardo Da Vinci envisaged
the drawing of the first humanoid [Gates B et al.]. In
the following times, dissimilar machines were
manufactured by applying mechanical parts with the
intention of helped the society as well as industry. It
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was not pending the first industrial renaissance that
industries embarked on to sense about automation as
a manner of developing the manufacturing methods.
In this generation, the automated industrial
machines were based on hydraulic or pneumatic
mechanisms, deficient of any computing facility and
were supervised by the workers. The first
automation methods were the punch cards [Thrikha
B et al.], which were used to enter data to different
machinery for instance controlling textile looms.
The first electronic computers named
“COLOSSUS” [Copeland B et al.], also applied
punched cards for programming [5-15].
First Generation Robots (1950-1967)
In this generation the first manipulators
were introduced. The main characteristics of this
generation robots are (i) introducing the simple
control algorithms and (ii) required of information
regarding the environment. Because of the quick
technological growth and the efforts to advance
industrial invention, automated machines were
planned to enhance the efficiency. The machining-
tool manufacturers launched the numerical
controlled (NC) machines which facilitated other
manufacturers to make improved products
[Middleditch A E et al.]. The combination between
the NC competent machining tools and the
manipulators lined the technique to the first
generation of robots. Robotics invented as a result to
recover productivity and convince the high quotas of
the automotive industry. In similar the technological
development led to the structure of the first digitally
controlled mechanical arms which enhanced the
presentation of repeatable, and easy tasks for
instance pick and place. The first recognized robot
is UNIMATE [Mickle P et al.], a programmable
machine produced by George Devol and Joe
Engleberger, that two years before established the
world’s first robot company named Unimation
(Universal Automation). In 1960, they had done a
contract with General Motors for installing the
robotic arm in their automobile factory located in
Trenton (New Jersey). UNIMATE assisted advance
the production, which additional inspired a lot of
companies and research centers to energetically
contribute possessions in robotics [16-20].
Second Generation Robots (1968-1977)
This generation also known as “sensorized
robots’ generation”. The main characteristics of this
generation robots are (i) advanced sensory systems:
such as, force, vision, and torque, (ii) more
consciousness of their surroundings, and (iii)
learning by expression. This type of robots is
applied in the automotive production factory and
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have great footprint. Initially from 1968, the
assimilation of sensors characters the second
generation of robots. These robots were capable to
respond to the surroundings and propose reactions
that met special challenges. developed by Stanford
Research Institute developed a first sensorized
mobile robot named Shakey [Giralt M V G et al.],
including a variety of sensors such as tactile sensors
in addition to a vision camera. Throughout this era
appropriate funds were prepared in robotics. In the
area of industrial atmosphere, the PLC
(Programmable Logic Controller) [Bryan L et al.]
was applied, and also an industrial digital computer,
which was premeditated and modified for
controlling the manufacturing procedures, for
example robotic devices , assembly lines or any
activity that involves with high reliability. PLCs
were at the believed to be simple to program.
Because of these individualities, PLCs became a
usually used device in the automation industry. In
1973, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of
industrial robots made the first industrial robot
named “KUKA” which have six electromechanical-
driven axes named Famulus [Shepherd S et al.].
After one year, a robot named “T3” [Cutkosky M R
et al.] was introduced in the market by Cincinnati
Milacron (acquired by ABB in 1990). This robot
was the first commercially accessible robot which
was controlled by a microcomputer [21-26].
Third Generation Robots (1978-1999):
This is also known as the industrial robot’s
generation. The main characteristics of this
generation robots are (i) introducing the
programming language, (ii) robots have the
committed controllers (computers), (iii) partial
addition of artificial vision, and (iv) introduce the
reprogrammable robots. The idea of a third-
generation robot includes two major ways of
growing smart robot machinery i.e. the insect robot
and the autonomous robot. A self-directed robot can
work on its individual. It includes a controller, and
it can do things basically without any type of
supervision, whichever by a human being or by an
external computer. For an example of this type of
robot is just like as a delicate robot. There are several
conditions in which robots are not capable to
execute proficiently. Insect robots can help to solve
this problem, where one central computer can be
used as a controller. These types of robot can work
as like as bees in a hive or ants robot in an anthill.
Fourth Generation Robot (2000-2017)
In this generation, robots are more
intelligent than former generation. These robots also
included more complicated sensors which can help
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them adjust more efficiently to different conditions.
The first domestic vacuum cleaner robot was
Roomba [Jones J et al.]. YuMi [Group ABB et al.]
was the first collaborative robot contained a lot of
progresses in the field of security systems ahead of
interlocking devices or photoelectric barriers, makes
sure the coexistence of robot and employee in the
same situation, improving the ergonomics of the
machinist and the fabrication developments. The
main characteristics of this generation robot are (i)
addition of progressed computing potentiality, (ii)
these computers can perform with data, these
computers also perform logical learn and reasoning,
(iii) artificial Intelligence initiates to be contained
with experimentally and moderately, (iii) introduce
more sophisticated sensors, and (iv) introduce
mutual robots.
Fifth Generation Robots
Basically, this generation of robots is
known as for personal collaborative robots. The
main characteristics of this generation robots are (i)
Reconfigurable robots, (ii) Modular robots and
components, (iii) Robots help humans enhance
every-day activities and (iv) Robot and human share
same environment and collaborate. With most recent
developments in Artificial Intelligent (AI) [Lee C S
et al.], there have a huge prospect for the future
improvement of robotics. The future generation
robots will be a sign of all the technological
progresses that researchers and developers have
made in recent years. According to the 5th
generation robot’s characteristics, robots will be
capable to coexist with the humans, improve human
capabilities, make simpler and get better life.
Automation and Robotics:
When unit of production and rate of
manufacture are high the specialized machines are
more useful. These machines were developed to
operate faster and better, to produce mechanical and
electrical automobile parts in auto-industries.
Introduction such machines lead to industrial
automation. Few examples for industrial automation
are: special purpose machine tools (SPM),
Computer numeric controlled machine (CNC),
Transfer line, Flexible Manufacturing Systems
(FMS) and Robotics. Industries refer to automation
for a multiplicity of reasons [Middleditch A E et al.]
as given below:
• Dropping labor costs: Automated machines can
be used to alternate for human labor to reduce
unit product costs. Rising labor productivity: In
automating manufacturing operations may
increase production rates and labor
productivity, yielding greater output rates per
hour of labor.
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• Removing routine physical jobs: Routine or and c. automated material handling. Main
repetitive tasks can be handled through disadvantages of this system are: (a) inflexible in
automation removing the human factor and accommodating product variety and (b) large initial
their associated health issues from the work investment.
environment.
• Managing things of labor deficiency: There is a Programmable Automation
general deficiency of labor in many advanced
nations, especially in both high- and low- This automation, the equipment is designed
technical fields. to accommodate a specific class of product changes
• Developing product excellence: Automated and the assembly operations can be changed by
processes are repetitive and can deliver good modifying the control program [Berge J M et al.]. In
quality products consistently limiting defect this system, reconfiguring the system for a new
and rework rates. product is time consuming because it involves
• Formulating production and resources planning reprogramming and set up for the machines, and
more reliable: Uniformity and steadiness makes new fixture and tools. For example: numerically
predictions concerning cycle times and material controlled machine, industrial robots etc. The
usages more successful. advantages of this system are: (i) low unit cost for
• Humanizing employee safety: Removing large batches and (ii) flexibility to deal with
human worker from the point of complex variations and changes in the product. But this
operation or the process improves the safety system requires more time for making new product.
conditions at the workplace.
• Decreasing mechanized lead time: Automation Flexible Automation
also helps to decrease the elapsed time between
customer orders to product deliveries. It is also known as soft automation. In this
system, the equipment is designed to manufacture a
• Formulating processes and systems flexible and
variety of products and required a very low time for
responsive for varying designs due to falling
changing one product to another. So, this type of
product life cycles and needs of shorter
manufacturing system can be used to manufacture
response time to markets (World Robotics,
2009). various combinations of products according to any
specified schedule. Honda is widely credited with
• Completing procedure which cannot be done
using this type of automation technology to
manually: Automation can help obtain intricate
introduce 113 changes to its line of motorcycle
geometries otherwise impossible, or timely and
products in 1970’s. The main advantages are: (a)
expensive to achieve.
customized products, and (ii) flexibility to deal with
• From a realistic point of view, there are major
product design variations. But this type automation
three types of industrial automation are: (a)
requires large initial investment and also high unit
fixed automation, (b) programmable
cost relative to fixed or programmable automation.
automation, and (c) flexible automation
[Bryson A E et al.], [Groover M P et al.].
INDUSTRIAL ROBOT CONFIGURATIONS
Fixed Automation
The possible types of movements that a
robot can provide define the configuration of a
Fixed automation refers to the use of
particular robot [Asfahl C R et al.], [Groover M P et
special purpose equipment to automate a fixed
al.]. The various types of configurations of different
sequence of processing or assembly operations. It is
robots assist in positioning of the robot hand in
also known as hard automation, typically it is
defined co-ordinate of the work-envelope. “P”
associated with high production rates and it is
represents the prismatic joint and “R” represents the
relatively difficult to accommodate changes in
revolute joint. Five types of robot configurations are
product design. Fixed automation is not considered
discussed given below:
for parts or products with short life cycles [Bryson
A E et al.]. This automation makes sense only when
CYLINDRICAL ROBOT
product designs are stable usually built on the
modular principle. They are basically known
It is also known as 2PR robot [Groover M
transfer machine and consist of the two major
P et al.], [Rehg J A et al.]. This type of robots has
components: transfer mechanism and power head
one revolute joint and two prismatic joints. The two
production units. The advantages of this automation
prismatic joints give linear movements about any
system are a. maximum efficiency, b. low cost unit,

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two axes and the rotation is done by the revolute

joint.

Figure 1: Cylindrical Robot.

CARTESIAN ROBOT
has three prismatic joint which produces three linear
This type of robots also known as 3P robot. motions.
This robot has three degrees of freedom. Cartesian
robot

Figure 2: Cartesian Robot.

SPHERICAL ROBOT
this type of robot in which there are two rotary
This type of robots also known as 2RP movements and one linear movement at the joint.
robot. Two revolute joints and one prismatic joint
characterize

Figure 3: Spherical Robot.

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ARTICULATED ROBOT

In this type of robot have three revolute joint giving three rotary movements similar to the human hand.

Figure 4: Articulated Robot.

SCARA ROBOT
The full name of SCARA represents as
Selective Compliance Assembly Robot arm
[Groover M P et al.]. This is a specially configured
robot which has
two horizontal and parallel revolute joints with the
axis vertical and one prismatic joint which can move
the arm vertically up and down. These finds use in
assembly operations.

Figure 5: SCARA Robot.

TYPES OF ROBOTS
Robots types are determined by the environment
they are operating, the main difference can be done
in between fixed robots and mobile robots. These
robots work on different environment s their
capabilities are also different. The robots which are
used in the industries are fixed and they process
certain continuous tasks like painting automobile
parts and soldering automobile parts [Chen H et al.].
Now a days with improvement of sensors and
human-robots interaction robots are also being used
in environments with less control like very high
precious critical surgeries. On the other hand,

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mobile robots move and processes large operations
where in the environment the robot’s operations are
not designed. These robots do not need accurate
control. These robots are cars self-driven and
vacuum cleaner. This environment requires random
objects like animals and humans. Although there is
no specific line dividing the industrial and mobile
robots but there two types of robots’ classes should
be fundamentally different. Fixed robots have one
part fixed and mounted on a stable part and they
perform their tasks through their internal states, on
the other hand mobile robots depends on the insight
environment for completing their position. For
mobile robots for different environments they
require different design to perform certain tasks
because they vary in motion mechanism.
Environments like aquatic (underwater survey),
terrestrial (automobiles) and aerial (drones). This
classification is also not firm there are certain
mobile robots that can operate is aquatic as well as
on terrestrial. These mobile robots’ classification is
further sub divided into sub classes they are as
follows: for terrestrial robots they can be of two
types i.e. robots having legs and robots having
wheels/tracks. Arial robots can be balloons which
are lighter than air or drones heavier than air this is
further divided into fixed wing like aircrafts or
moving rotating wings like choppers. The robots are
also classified upon the tasks they perform and the
application they are performing. Industrial robots
work in specific defined environment. On the other
hand, service robots support humans in their
workings. There are self-driven cars, vaccine clears,
reconnaissance drones etc. In the medical field’s
robots are also being used in precious surgeries,
training and rehabilitation. There robots have
advanced sensors and good communication with the
user [Stienecker A et al.].
Industrial Robots
These are the first robots created for
human specific workings and replaced humans
where continues repeating work in needed.
These robots can operate without the presence of
humans in a defined environment suitable for the
robots and placed beside the object on which the
work is needed to be performed. Few peoples can
say these are not robots these are automata but
automata depend on sensors so it should be
considered as a robot. But they design is very simple
not as complicated as the mobile robots. They
perform in an environment where humans are not
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allowed to enter when they perform function.
Present day robots should be more flexible i.e. they
should handle objects in different positions and or to
identify objects which need to be filled in the correct
order [Groover M P et al.]. These robots should be
able to carry goods from one warehouse and shipped
to the other warehouse. The anatomy of these robots
can be changed but the main characteristics should
remain same. The environment can be controlled
should be robot adaptive. Another flexibility is also
added during interaction of the humans with the
robots which is the safety requirement included for
robotic and for mobile robots. Here the robot speed
is less, and the design of the robots should be like it
does not cause any harm to the user operating the
robot. Where the human and robots works
simultaneously at the same time the output is always
the best because they can do task what they can do
best [Groover M P et al.]. The robot processes
continuous and harmful tasks while the human
processes the complicated steps and instructs the
robot to operate the desired task. As they can quickly
identify errors optimizations, they produce a more
precise output product.
Autonomous Mobile Robots
Many but not all mobile robots are
controlled by remote for various tasks like drone
aerial photography, pipe inspection, bomb disposal
etc. and they totally depend on the operator who is
controlling it. These robots are actually non
autonomous i.e. they give information by using
their sensor to the operator of dangerous,
inaccessible and distant places. Few of them are
semi-autonomous i.e. they process some sub-tasks
by themselves without the need of the operator
[Groover M P et al.]. For example, the autopilot
feature of the drone flights the drone without a
pilot. The flight path is given to the drone the drone
uses its autopilot feature and flies its own path.
Another example is robots inserted in pipes by
users for repairing and searching the defects the
robots finds its own path in the pipe itself without
the need of the user [Boverie S et al.]. The user only
searches the defect and repair it. The there is
another type of mobile robot which is fully
autonomous it does not relay on the users for
performing a desired task. They make decision by
their own and executes them. For example, they
transport material by navigating in uncertain
terrain and also in continuous environment by their
own system. The first fully autonomous robots
were designed to perform simple tasks like
swimming pool cleaning or lawn mowers robotic.
Valve cleaner by robots are now a days widely
available because it gives is proves likely to build
practically priced robots which can direct an
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environment indoor tangled with resistance. Many
fully autonomous robots are designed in such a way
that they can work like professionals in
environments like of a warehouse. One example of
it is weeding field by robots. This environment is
structured environment, but more advance sensing
sensors are needed for executing the tasks like
recognizing and weed removing. In structural
environment also robots stack the environment
with the user so their sensing should be highly
reliable. In self-driven cars fully, autonomous
robots are getting publicity. These robots are very
hard to develop because of complicated indefinite
environment of controlled traffic and firm
requirements. Space is even more difficult and
dangerous environment. Semi-autonomous mobile
robots are used mainly in space explorations.
Sojourner and Curiosity Mars rover is one semi-
autonomous mobile robot. The Sojourner is online
for three months in 1997. The Curiosity is active
from 2012 since mars landing. Humans control the
robot from earth for various scientific experiments
and the robot rover avoids itself from hazardous
environments. The research and development in the
present day is focusing on improving the sensors of
the robot and the intelligent control. More advanced
sensors can identify complicated condition and more
advanced intelligence control takes the necessary
steps to overcome these dangerous situations that is
why the robot should be highly flexible and
acceptable. Another active field of robots is vision
as cameras are cheap and information, they gather
are very rich. Labour is being done on these robots
to make more flexible by which they can study
human behaviours and acclimate new situations
[Groover M P et al.]. Another most active field is the
human robot interaction is including sensing and
intelligence, it is also very much important to take
into account the interaction like sociology and
psychology.
Humanoid Robots
One of the fully autonomous mobile
robots are the humanoid robots. They have
mechanical extremely complex design for moving
legs and arm. These robots are mainly used to study
the locomotion of the legs and human machine
communications/interactions. Proposal have been
given on these robots for using them in household
applications for maintenance and service and also
in space stations. These robots are also designed is
such a way that them look similarly like humans
for this reason these robots can be used for elder
persons monitoring and proving care so that they
do not feel anxious by seeing them as humans but
not as like a machine [Rehg J A et al.]. On the other
hand, human like robots can create dislike this
phenomenon is known as uncanny valley. These
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robots are very complex and very complicated to
design and control. Because of multiple joints used
these robots are very much expensive and
complicated to build. On the other hand, robots
having wheels or tracks are less expensive, simple
and robust.
Robotic Arms
For a robot to act and move on its
environment the robot must have an actuator one of
the main components of a robot. In the industry
mainly the robotic affects the environment through
gripper end effectors [Groover M P et al.]..
Actuators are mainly the motors for movement of
the robots, vacuum pump and cleaner. In educational
robots they contain the actuator for movement and
display unit like a display screen for light sound etc.
By robotic kits end actuator can be built or by pre-
assembled robots though educational robots’ arms
do exists [Keramas J G et al.]. Falsification objects
causes design complexity. As end effectors and
almost same like the algorithm of the simple mobile
robot we will assume only robot has motors and
display units [25].
APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS
Right now, robots are performing various
different complicated tasks in various fields and are
rising day by day. So the best way will be to divide
the types with respect to the application types
[Groover M P et al.], [Rehg J A et al.].
Industrial Robots
These robots are used mainly in the
industries for performing various tasks like painting,
material handling, welding etc. These are articulated
arms specifically designed for these tasks.
Domestic or Household Robots
These robots are mainly designed for
executing household tasks like cleaning, sweeping
etc. These robots have many types of gears like
robotic sewer cleaners, robotic vacuum cleaner,
robotic sweepers and various others which execute
household tasks.
Medical Robots
With the present technology combined
with the medical facilities the robots are used in
healthcare operations [Janvier M A et al.]. Which is
why various robots are being employed in various
medical applications fields for various tasks for
example surgical robots and rehabilitation robots
 Journal of
Mechanical Robotics
www.matjournals.com
etc. Assistive and therapeutic robots are also being
progressing very fast. These robots help patients
rehabilitate serious situations like stroke, empathic
robots assist the mentally challenged patients, route
tasking are done by industrial robots, like room
sterilization and moving medical equipment and
supplies including medicines. Six top uses of robots
in medical fields are listed below.
Telepresence
In remote and rural areas physicians uses
telepresence are used in a room for the patients
where they can communicate with a physician
without the need of the physician to be present. The
robot contains navigation facility within emergency
room (ER) and precise camera for physical
examination.
Surgical Assistants:
These are remote controlled robots used for
minimally invasive surgeries and these robots assists
surgeons with performing surgeries. The robotic arm
is controlled by a workstation outside the operation
room from the workstation the surgeons operate is a
hallmark of these robots [Janvier M A et al.]. The
development of the additional features of these
robot’s technology is still going, with more
advanced 3DHD technology will allow surgeons to
perform more complicated surgeries including more
enhanced natural stereo visualization, combined
with augmented reality.
REHABILITATION
These robots are used for recovery of the
patients from various disabilities like improving
mobility, coordination, and life quality.
Programming are done on these robots for adapting
patient specific conditions like brain and spinal
injury, stroke, traumatic brain neuromuscular
diseases etc. Walking, motor function, improve
balance can be improved by rehabilitation robots
integrated with the virtual reality.
MEDICAL
These robots supply medicines and meals
to the patients and staff members which results in
increasing communications between the doctors and
hospital staffs and patients. Many of these robots
have self-navigating feature which helps the robots
to move throughout the facility. For improving the
robustness of these robot’s navigation capabilities
should be improved and which is done by sensor
fusion location technology.
SANITATION
These robots are used by the healthcare
staffs for protecting themselves from the harmful
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viruses like Ebola, hepatitis, HIV etc and various
harmful antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Currently, UV
and hydrogen peroxide vapors are used for
disinfectants with these robots the disinfectants are
done within few minutes and also reduce the
chances of infection for the healthcare staffs.
MILITARY ROBOTS
These robots are used in various military
operations like exploration drones, shipping robots,
bomb discarding etc. Most often at the beginning for
military and armed forces can be hired in law
enforcement, other associated fields, salvage etc.
Military is always been a cutting-edge technology,
so it is not very surprising that most of the robots are
made keeping in the mind of the military
applications. Many of these robots are used for
support purpose rather than destroying targets.
FUTURE OF ROBOTICS
We all know the future of the robots and
what will be the future of mankind with robots.
Robots are being used in the industries for various
applications. Entrepreneurs are voicing and are very
much optimistic about the uses of the robots in
various industries. Industries like FMCG,
manufacturing, pharmaceutical, packaging and
inceptions are captured by robots. Little bit uses of
robots are also being seen in healthcare sectors
mainly for skill improvement and assistive
improvement. The huge progress of the robotic
technology day by day captured the robots in various
healthcare engineering fields specially in three-
dimensional printing technology [Datta S et al.].
Other sectors like education and defense are also
using robots. Mankind has come across PC
revolution after that mobile cell phone revolution it
is now time for robotic revolution. FESTO,
GOOGLE and Tesla are investing money in robotics
with substantial improvement in robotic enthusiasts.
It can be predicted that within 5 to 10 years robotic
significant development will occur.
CONCLUSION
Robotic technology is entering in
industrial, space and other application sectors very
fast so it is opening opportunities for the
employment and entrepreneurship for the peoples
who wants to join the growing and demanding field.
From the sections given earlier in this paper it is
evident that robots is entering various fields day to
day and soon will do things which are totally
impossible for humans. It should be always
remembered that human brain created the robots not
the vice versa. Soon these manmade brain children
of mankind will walk step by step with the humans
in every field. Micro-nano robot allows to solve
fundamental problem in cellular scale due to their
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