Introduction to Human

Anatomy and Physiology

Part 2
Organ Systems
Body Position and Directions
Body Regions
Body Planes and Sections
Body Cavities
Body Quadrants
Arnold Jann L. Cariaso
• Organ System
The 12 organ systems include
the respiratory system, digestive
and excretory system, circulatory
system, urinary system,
integumentary system, skeletal
system, muscular system, endocrine
system, lymphatic system, nervous
system, and reproductive systems.
There are other systems in the body
that are not organ systems.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Integumentary System
• The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that
forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the
internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.
• The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Skeletal System
• The skeletal system is the body system composed of bones,
cartilages, ligaments and other tissues that perform essential
functions for the human body.
• Bone tissue, or osseous tissue, is a hard, dense connective tissue
that forms most of the adult skeleton, the internal support
structure of the body.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Muscular System
• The muscular system is composed of
specialized cells called muscle fibers.
Their predominant function is
contractibility.
• Muscles, attached to bones or internal
organs and blood vessels, are
responsible for movement. Nearly all
movement in the body is the result of
muscle contraction.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Nervous System
• The nervous system is the major controlling,
regulatory, and communicating system in the
body.
• It is the center of all mental activity including
thought, learning, and memory.
• Together with the endocrine system, the
nervous system is responsible for regulating
and maintaining homeostasis.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones.
Hormones are the body's chemical messengers.
• They carry information and instructions from one set of cells to
another. The endocrine system influences almost every cell, organ,
and function of our bodies.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Cardiovascular System
• Human cardiovascular system, organ system
that conveys blood through vessels to and from
all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and
oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide
and other wastes.
• It is a closed tubular system in which the blood
is propelled by a muscular heart.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic system, or
lymphoid system, is an organ
system in vertebrates that is
part of the circulatory system
and the immune system.
• It is made up of a large network
of lymph, lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, lymphatic or
lymphoid organs, and lymphoid
tissues.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Respiratory System
• The respiratory system is the network
of organs and tissues that help you
breathe. It includes your airways,
lungs and blood vessels.
• The muscles that power your lungs are
also part of the respiratory system.
These parts work together to move
oxygen throughout the body and clean
out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Digestive System
• The digestive system includes the
mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, and anus.
• It also includes the salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which
make digestive juices and enzymes
that help the body digest food and
liquids.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Urinary System
• The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
• The purpose of the urinary system
is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood
pressure, control levels of
electrolytes and metabolites
, and regulate blood pH.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Reproductive System
• The male reproductive system is a network of external and internal
organs that function to produce, support, transport, and deliver
viable sperm for reproduction.
• Sperm is produced in the testes and is transported through the
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
ORGAN SYSTEM
Reproductive System
• The female reproductive
system is made up of the
internal and external sex
organs that function in
reproduction of new
offspring.
• In humans, the female
reproductive system is
immature at birth and
develops to maturity at
puberty to be able to
produce gametes, and to
carry a foetus to full
term.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Reproductive System
• The major function of the
reproductive system is to
ensure survival of the
species. Other systems in
the body, such as the
endocrine and urinary
systems, work
continuously to maintain
homeostasis for survival
of the individual.
• Body Positions
The anatomical position, or
standard anatomical position, refers
to the positioning of the body when
it is standing upright and facing
forward with each arm hanging on
either side of the body, and the
palms facing forward. The legs are
parallel, with feet flat on the floor
and facing forward.
BODY POSITION
Supine Position
• A horizontal position with the face and upper body facing up. In the
supine position, the ventral side is up and the dorsal side is down.
• A number of surgical procedures use the supine position,
particularly when access to the thoracic area/cavity is needed.
Supine is the typical starting position for human dissection as well
as for autopsies.
BODY POSITION
Prone Position
• A horizontal position with the face and upper body facing down. In
the prone position, the dorsal side is up and the ventral side is
down.
• A number of surgical procedures use the prone position. It is most
commonly used for surgeries requiring access to the spine. The
prone position also helps to increase oxygenation in patients with
respiratory distress.
BODY POSITION
Right Lateral Recumbent Position
• The word "lateral" means "to the side," while "recumbent" means
"lying down." In the right lateral recumbent position, the individual
is lying on their right side.
• This position makes it easier to access a patient's left side.
BODY POSITION
Left Lateral Recumbent Position
• The left lateral recumbent position is the opposite of the right
lateral recumbent position. In this position, the individual is lying on
their left side. This position makes it easier to access a patient's
right side.
BODY POSITION
Fowler’s Position
• Fowler’s position is the most common position for patients resting
comfortably, whether in-patient or in the emergency department.
• Also known as sitting position, Fowler’s patient positioning is
typically used for neurosurgery and shoulder surgeries.
• Variations of the Standard Fowler’s Position include Low Fowler’s
Position, Semi Fowler’s Position, and High/Full Fowler’s Position.
BODY POSITION
Standard Fowler’s Position
• Standard Fowler's position, also known as sitting position, is typically used for
neurosurgery and shoulder surgeries. The bed angle is between 45 degrees
and 60 degrees. The legs of the patient may be straight or slightly bent. This
position is often used for head, chest, and shoulder surgeries.
• Standard Fowler’s
position is the preferred
position to combat
respiratory distress
syndrome. Due to the
positioning of the bed,
Standard Fowler's
position allows for better chest
expansion, improving
breathing by facilitating
oxygenation. Other
advantages include
an increase in blood and
cerebral spinal fluid
drainage and improved
hemostasis.
BODY POSITION
Low Fowler’s Position
• Low Fowler’s, like Supine Position, is when a patient’s head is
included at a 15–30-degree angle. This position can be used post-
procedure, to reduce lower back pain, administer drugs and
prevent aspiration during tube feeding.
• Low Fowler’s position is
considered the best
position for patients to
rest.
BODY POSITION
Semi-Fowler’s Position
• In Semi Fowler’s Position, the patient is usually on their back. The bed
angle is between 30 degrees and 45 degrees. The legs of the patient may
be straight or bent.
• Semi Fowler’s Position can be used when the patient faces difficulty
breathing or is undergoing breathing treatments and when drainage
occurs after an abdominoplasty. Due to the positioning
Semi Fowler’s position
is the preferred position
during childbirth to
improve the comfort
of the mother. Also,
patients experience less
nausea in this position
compared to patients
lying down.
BODY POSITION
High/ Full Fowler’s Position
• In High Fowler’s position, the patient is usually seated upright with their spine
straight. The upper body is between 60 degrees and 90 degrees. The legs of
the patient may be straight or bent. This Position is commonly used when the
patient is defecating, eating, swallowing, taking X-Rays, or to help with
breathing.
• High Fowler’s position
is usually prescribed to
elderly patients as it is
scientifically proven to
aid in the digestion
process and help the
patient overcome
breathing problems.
Resting in a High Fowler’s
position for an extended
period can cause
discomfort and increase
the development of
pressure ulcers.
BODY POSITION
Trendelenburg Position
• The Trendelenburg position is a position for a patient on the
operating table, most commonly used during lower abdominal
surgeries and central venous catheter placement. In Trendelenburg
position, the patient is supine on the table with their head declined
below their feet at an angle of roughly 16°
BODY POSITION
Reverse trendelenburg Position
• Reverse Trendelenburg position is used for laparoscopic surgeries
including gallbladder, biliary tract, and stomach procedures, as well
as head and neck surgeries. In Trendelenburg, the patient’s head is
positioned down, and feet positioned up. In Reverse Trendelenburg,
their head is up, and feet are positioned down.
• Body Regions
The anatomical directional terms
are like the directions on a compass
rose of a map. Like the directions,
North, South, East and West, they
can be used to describe the
locations of structures in relation to
other structures or locations in the
body.
BODY REGIONS
BODY REGIONS
Head and Neck
The head rests
on the top part
of the vertebral
column, with the
skull joining at
C1 (the first
cervical vertebra
known as the
atlas). The
skeletal section
of the head and
neck forms the
top part of the
axial skeleton
and is made up
of the skull,
hyoid bone,
auditory ossicles,
and cervical
spine.
BODY REGIONS
Thorax
The thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic
vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does
not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic
cavity, as well as many blood vessels.
BODY REGIONS
Abdomen
The right and left
hypochondriac regions are
found superiorly on either
side of the abdomen,
while the epigastric region
sits between them in a
central, superior position.
The right and left lumbar
regions surround the
umbilical region, which is
central and has the
umbilicus as its centre
point.
BODY REGIONS
Upper Extremeties
The right and left hypochondriac
regions are found superiorly on either
side of the abdomen, while the
epigastric region sits between them in
a central, superior position. The right
and left lumbar regions surround the
umbilical region, which is central and
has the umbilicus as its centre point.
BODY REGIONS
Lower Extremeties
The lower extremity refers to the part
of the body from the hip to the toes.
The lower extremity includes the hip,
knee, and ankle joints, and the bones
of the thigh, leg, and foot. Many
people refer to the lower extremity as
the leg. In fact, the leg is the part of
the body between the knee and ankle
joints.
• Body Directions
The anatomical directional terms
are like the directions on a compass
rose of a map. Like the directions,
North, South, East and West, they
can be used to describe the
locations of structures in relation to
other structures or locations in the
body.
BODY DIRECTIONS
Anterior
• Anterior refers to the front of the human body when used to
describe anatomy. The opposite of anterior is posterior, meaning
the back of the human body.
BODY DIRECTIONS
Posterior
• Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located
on the posterior side of the body). ... Lateral - away from the
midline of the body.
BODY DIRECTIONS
Distal
• A structure that is distal to
something else is farther away from
the limb's point of attachment. Less
precisely but still occasionally used
in the trunk of the body itself to
indicate whether something is
closer to (proximal) or farther away
from (distal) something else.
Proximal
• Proximal means nearer to the
center (trunk of the body) or to the
point of attachment to the body. If
another reference point is given,
such as the heart, the proximal
point of another organ or extremity
is the point closest to the heart,
central rather than peripheral.
BODY DIRECTIONS
Superior or cranial - toward the
head end of the body; upper
(example, the hand is part of the
superior extremity). Inferior or
caudal - away from the head;
lower (example, the foot is part of
the inferior extremity).
BODY DIRECTIONS
The internal organs are the
organs that are present inside the
human body these are heart,
lungs and kidneys whereas the
external organs are the organs
that are present outside the body
skin, nose, external ear and
others.
External Towards the surface, .
. superficial
Internal Away from the
. surface, deep
BODY DIRECTIONS
Deep refers to structures closer to
the interior center of the body.
For example, bones in an
appendage are located deeper
than the muscles. Superficial is
used to describe structures that
are closer to the exterior surface
of the body. For example, the
outer layers of skin are superficial
to deeper layers of skin.
BODY DIRECTIONS
The opisthenar area (dorsal) is
the corresponding area on the
posterior part of the hand. The
heel of the hand is the area
anteriorly to the bases of the
metacarpal bones, located in the
proximal part of the palm.
The front, or palm-side, of the
hand is referred to as the palmar
side. The back of the hand is
called the dorsal side. There are
27 bones within the wrist and
hand. The wrist itself contains
eight small bones, called carpals.
BODY DIRECTIONS
The dorsum of foot is the area
facing upwards while standing.
The sole is the bottom of the foot.
In humans the sole of the foot is
anatomically referred to as the
plantar aspect.
• Body Planes and Section
Body planes are hypothetical
geometric planes used to divide
the body into sections. They are
commonly used in both human
and zoological anatomy to
describe the location or
direction of bodily structures.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
SAGITTAL PLANES
A vertical plane running
from front to back; divides
the body or any of its parts
into right and left sides.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
The midsagittal (median)
plane is in the midline
through the center of the
body, and all other
sagittal planes are
parallel to it. The coronal
plane (frontal or Y-X
plane) divides the body
into dorsal and ventral
(back and front) portions.
It also separates the
anterior and posterior
portions.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Parasagittal-A plane
situated alongside or
parallel to the sagittal
plane, but not including
the median plane
passing through the
midline. Supplement. An
example is the
midclavicular line
crossing through the
clavicle
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
A coronal or frontal plane divides
the body into dorsal and ventral
(back and front, or posterior and
anterior) portions.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A

horizontal plane; divides the body
or any of its parts into upper and
lower parts.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
An Oblique Plane is a diagonal cross section attained by slicing,
actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the
body or anatomic structure, in any plane that does not parallel the
longitudinal axis or intersect it at a right angle, that is, that is neither
longitudinal (vertical) nor transverse (horizontal).
• Body Cavities
A body cavity is any space or
compartment, or potential
space, in an animal body.
Cavities accommodate organs
and other structures; cavities as
potential spaces contain fluid.
The two largest human body
cavities are the ventral body
cavity, and the dorsal body
cavity.
BODY CAVITIES
BODY CAVITIES
Serous Membranes.
The serous membrane is made of two layers of mesothelium joined by
a layer of loose connective tissue and sitting on a basal lamina. An
internal visceral layer surrounds the organs, while a parietal layer
forms the walls of the body cavities.
BODY CAVITIES
Thoracic cavity, also called chest cavity, the second largest hollow
space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and
the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal
cavity (the body's largest hollow space) by a muscular and
membranous partition, the diaphragm.
BODY CAVITIES
Abdominal cavity, largest hollow space of the body. Vertically it is
enclosed by the vertebral column and the abdominal and other
muscles. The abdominal cavity contains the greater part of the
digestive tract, the liver and pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys, and the
adrenal glands located above the kidneys.
BODY CAVITIES
The pelvic cavity is a funnel-shaped space surrounded by pelvic bones
and it contains organs, such as the urinary bladder, rectum, and pelvic
genitals, to name a few.
BODY CAVITIES
Dorsal cavity: The cavity in the back
of the body that contains the cranial
and vertebral cavities, which house
the brain and spinal cord
respectively.
The cranial cavity, or intracranial
space, is the space formed inside the
skull. The brain occupies the cranial
cavity, which is lined by the
meninges and which contains
cerebrospinal fluid to cushion blows.
• Body Quadrants
Abdomenopelvic region
Abdominal Quadrants
BODY CAVITIES
right upper quadrant fossa (RUQ)
right lower quadrant fossa (RLQ)
left lower quadrant fossa (LLQ)
left upper quadrant fossa (LUQ)

Right Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right

kidney, pancreas, and the right adrenal gland.
Left Upper Quadrant: Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen,
and the left adrenal gland.
Right Lower Quadrant: appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter.
Left Lower Quadrant: left ureter, reproductive organs
NOTE: All four quadrants contain portions of the small and large
intestines.
BODY CAVITIES
The nine regions are smaller than
the four abdominopelvic quadrants
and include the right hypochondriac,
right lumbar, right illiac, epigastric,
umbilical, hypogastric (or pubic), left
hypochondriac, left lumbar, and left
illiac divisions. The perineum is
sometimes considered to be the
tenth division.
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