Aim # 3 What are isomers?

Isomers have the same molecular formula but

are rearranged in a different structure with
different chemical and physical properties.
• At least 4 carbons must be present in a
molecule to have isomers
• Methane, ethane, and propane DO NOT
have any isomers
What are isomers?
Butane is the first molecule to have isomers. The
larger the molecule (the more carbon atoms),
the more isomers the molecule will have

3 ways to make an isomer:

1. Make a branch (on a non-terminal
carbon)
2. Move a branch
3. Move a multiple bond (a double or
triple bond)
What are isomers?
Pentane Isomers
What are isomers?
Pentene Isomers
 Aim # 4 How can we name &
draw substituted hydrocarbons?
1. Count the longest parent chain of carbon atoms –
name that chain
2. Scan the chain and take note of anything that is not a
C or H
3. Indicate the lowest number carbon that has the
substitution
4. Name the substitution (F-fluoro, Cl-chloro, Br- bromo, I-
iodo, CH3- methyl, CH2 - ethyl)
 Notice that if there are more than one substitutions,
you must indicate all of their locations (which # C
they’re attached to), and put a numerical prefix in
front of the substitution name (“di-” for 2, “tri-” for 3,
“tetra-” for 4)
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

chloromethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

dichloromethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

F H

H-C–C–H

H H
1-fluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

1,1 -difluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

F H

H-C–C–H

H F
1,2 - difluoroethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1-fluoro, 1,2 – dibromo ethane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1,2 – dichloropropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?
1,3 - dicholoropropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2-methylpropane
How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2,2 – dimethyl butane

How can we name and draw
substituted hydrocarbons?

2, 2, 3 – trimethyl pentane
Aim # 5 What are functional
groups?
 Although hydrocarbons are the most basic
organic compounds, many other organic
compounds form when other atoms replace one
or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon
 These atoms or groups of atoms, called functional
groups, replace hydrogen atoms in a
hydrocarbon and give the compound distinctive
physical and chemical properties
 The naming of these compounds is made easy
because they derive their names from the
hydrocarbon with the corresponding number of
carbon atoms
Halides- Have one of the halogens
as a branched group
F (fluoro)
Cl (chloro)
Br (bromo)
I (iodo)
Chloromethane Fluoromethane

1, 2 dibromo ethane
 Alcohols
a) Have an –OH group
b) Flammable, soluble
c) NOT bases (covalently bonded) and NOT
electrolytes
d) Has the suffix “-ol” and must also state the location of
the –OH along the carbon chain (using lowest #
location)
Organic Acids
a) Have a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the last
carbon
b) Also known as carboxylic acids: weak acids/weak
electrolytes because they generate H+ ions in solution
c) Has the suffix “-oic acid”
Aldehydes
a) CHO group found at the end of the
hydrocarbon chain
b) Soluble and reactive
c) Has the suffix “-al”
 Ketones
a) CO group located on an interior carbon
atom
a) Can NEVER be a terminal carbon, or
it would be an aldehyde!
b) Has the suffix “-one”
c) Somewhat soluble, needs at least 3
carbons
 Ester
a) Contains COO
connecting parent chain to branch
a) Smell nice! Found in perfumes, foods
b) Has the suffix -anoate
Amine
a) Nitrogen is present
b) Used in dyes, found in proteins,
DNA
c) Has the suffix -amine
Amide
a)Contains
b)Used in dyes
c) Has the suffix -amide

propanamide
 Ether

Dimethyl ether

a) look for –O- somewhere in the

middle
b) anesthetic, soluble
c) Name small chain, then the large
chain and follow with suffix “-ether” Methyl ethyl ether
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
a) 6 carbons are in a closed ring with alternating double and single
bonds
b) Called benzene

c) It is very stable
d) Can be substituted

Methylbenzene 1,4-dichloro benzene