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Need For Inventions in
18th and 19th Century
England
Original Title: Need for Inventions in 18th and 19th Century England
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The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the movement in which
machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of
manufacture. The scientific revolution in England prepa…
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Need for inventions in 18th and 19th century England

During the 18th and 19th centuries - the period from 1700 to 1899 - lots of things were invented that made it easier to
make things and get work done. One invention led to another, so that there were lots of important changes in a short
period of time. These inventions didn't make things a little different, they made them a lot different.
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Most products people in the industrialized nations use today are turned out swiftly by the process of mass production,
by people (and sometimes, robots) working on assembly lines using power-driven machines. People of ancient and
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medieval times had no such products. They had to spend long, tedious hours of hand labor even on simple objects. The
energy, or power, they employed in work came almost wholly from their own and animals' muscles. ShareThe
QuoteIndustrial
Revolution is the name given the movement in which machines changed people's way of life as well as their methods of
manufacture.

1.England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labour force for industry
2.England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution,
cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution. These developments had built surplus capital and an
infrastructure
3.The scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry
4. A spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and construction) stimulated a search for
alternatives.
5.. England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction.
6. England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of cotton from overseas
markets as an alternative raw material which led to the invention of cotton spinning jennies & later power looms for
weaving clothes.
7. England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbours which provided easy transportation by
water to many areas.
8.To over come shortage of wood for burning, coal was used as an alternative source, which led to the invention of
steam engine & later improved version of the same.
9. to solve the problem of transport, rail roads & steam engines were used.
By the end of 19th century England was ahead of other nations in the continent due to its position of an island as well
as other countries were involved in wars constantly during that period. England had passed various land act kicking
many peasants off of their master's properties (bringing a complete end to serfdom in England) many of whom
emigrated to the US. Also, England was the first nation to end the slave trade. With no slaves or serfs and yet the same
amount of work to do, new ideas were needed to produce what was once done by blood, sweat, and tears
Production did not keep pace with the demand

Inventors and their story

Watt, James (1736-1819): [Image]

Watt was born at Greenock, Scotland. His father was a merchant. As a young man Watt received training
as a mathematical-instrument maker, and, as such, attempted to establish himself at Glasgow.
(Apparently, he wasn't able to set himself up in business because of the troubles which the local unions, or
guilds, gave to him; being hired by the university, however, Watt was able to carry on with his trade as an
instrument builder.) Due to the nature of his work (and more likely to the nature of Watt, himself) Watt
was led into a number of related activities, including being involved in the survey work needed for the
building of canals and the deepening of the Scottish rivers such as the Clyde and the Forth. One day, in
1759, being the handy man he was, Watt was called upon to fix a Newcomen steam engine [named after
its English inventor, Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729), an engine which had long been used to lift water out
of mines.] Well, Watt fixed this engine, alright, and, in the process of striping it down, realized that a

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number of practical improvements might be made to it. By 1774, patents having been secured, and in
partnership with Matthew Boulton, new and improved steam engines were being turned out at the Soho
Engineering Works located at Soho, Birmingham.

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 - Oct. 18, 1931) was an American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world
record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the world's first industrial research laboratoryEdison was the seventh and
last child--the fourth surviving--of Samuel Edison, Jr., and Nancy Elliot Edison. At an early age he developed hearing
problems. His mother then home schooled him.[2] Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of
Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union. Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey,
with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention which first gained him fame
was the phonograph in 1877.He loved reading and experimenting and had his own laboratory.The light bulb was the
most famous one. After many experiments with platinum and other metal filaments, Edison returned to a carbon
filament. The first successful test was on October 22, 1879,[23] and lasted 40 hours.His experiments continued and the
bulb did really light up the entire world.

Science/technique behind the invention

Separate condenser
A Scottish instrument maker, James Watt, was given the job in 1763 of repairing a model Newcomen engine for the
University of Glasgow, and noted how inefficient it was. In 1765, while wandering across Glasgow Green he conceived
the idea of a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine. Watt's idea was to separate thecondensation system
from the cylinder, injecting the cooling water spray in a second cylinder, connected to the main one. When thepiston
had reached the top of the cylinder, the inlet valve was closed and the valve controlling the passage to the condenser
was opened. External atmospheric pressure would then push the piston towards the condenser. Thus the condenser
could be kept cold and under less than atmospheric pressure, while the cylinder remained hot.Watt also realised that the
new operating cycle might increase engine speed and the power produced; low pressure steam could now be substituted
for atmospheric pressure. If the top of the cylinder was closed off, the steam could act upon the piston during the power
stroke; the low steam pressure would not be sufficient to move it in normal circumstances, but it could if acting upon a
vacuum.This led to the fully developed version of 1775 that actually went into production [1].

Opposition/reaction

Offering a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency, the new design replaced Newcomen engines in areas where coal was
expensive, and then went on to be used in the place of most natural power sources such as wind and water. Firstly, the
responce given to the steam engine was not good. The industries had not started using it as soon as it was improved by
james watt. But gradually the invention and its benefits came into news and the industrialists started buying the steam
engines for their factoriesThe Watt steam engine was a different story. The people laughed at it and said it was too
noisy(it scared horse's) and complicated and they said " it will never replace the horse."

Specifically both of these inventions were well received. The light bulb was a boon to mankind and embraced fairly
quickly. The entire world started using bulb.thinking of its numerous advantages there was hardly any
opposition.Opposition came from those who were displaced and out of work due to the new inventions and many of the
Enlightenment Philosophers were against this move for they new that industrialization would lead to urbanization and
with it loss of property ownership and therefore freedom (think of today).

Evolution of the inventions

Incandescent
These are the standard bulbs that most people are familiar with. Incandescent bulbs work by using electricity to
heat a tungsten filament in the bulb until it glows. The filament is either in a vacuum or in a mixture of
argon/nitrogen gas. Most of the energy consumed by the bulb is given off as heat, causing its Lumens per Watt
performance to be low. Because of the filament's high temperature, the tungsten tends to evaporate and collect on
the sides of the bulb. The inherent imperfections in the filament causes it to become thinner unevenly. When a bulb
is turned on, the sudden surge of energy can cause the thin areas to heat up much faster than the rest of the
filament, which in turn causes the filament to break and the bulb to burn out.

Traditional Incandescent
Bulbs

Halogen
Halogen bulbs are a variation of incandescent bulb technology. These bulbs work by passing electricity through a
tungsten filament, which is enclosed in a tube containing halogen gas. This halogen gas causes a chemical reaction
to take place which removes the tungsten from the wall of the glass and deposits it back onto the filament. This
extends the life of the bulb. In order for the chemical reaction to take place, the filament needs to be hotter than
what is needed for incandescent bulbs. The good news is that a hotter filament produces a brilliant white light and
is more efficient

Various types of halogen

bulbs (more lumens per watt). The bad news is that a hotter filament means that the tungsten is
evaporating that much faster. Therefore a denser, more expensive fill gas (krypton), and a higher pressure, are used
to slow down the evaporation.

Fluorescent
These bulbs work by passing a current through a tube filled with argon gas and mercury. This produces ultraviolet
radiation that bombards the phosphorous coating causing it to emit light (see: “How Fluorescents Work”). Bulb life
is very long - 10,000 to 20,000 hours. Fluorescent bulbs are also very efficient, producing very little heat. A
common misconception is that all fluorescent lamps are neutral or cool in color appearance and do not have very
good color-rendering ability. This is largely due to the fact that historically the "cool white" fluorescent lamp was

the industry standard. It had a very cool color appearance (4200K) and poor CRI rating (62). This is simply no
longer the case. Regarding color, a wide variety of fluorescent lamps (T12, T8, T5, etc.), using rare-earth tri-
phosphor technology, offer superior color rendition (as high as 95) and a wide range of color temperature choices
(from 2700K to 5000K and higher). Fluorescent bulbs are ideal for lighting large areas where little detail work will
be done (e.g. basements, storage lockers, etc.). With the new type bulbs, and style of fixtures coming out,
fluorescents can be used in most places around the home. Most fluorescent bulb cannot be used with dimmers.

Fluorescent tube bulbs

Compact Fluorescent
(CFL)

PL type bulb (CFL)

Note that fluorescent bulbs need components called ballasts to provide the right amount of voltage. There are
primarily two types - magnetic and electronic. Electronic ballasts solve some of the flickering and humming
problems associated with magnetic ballast, and are more efficient, but cost more to purchase. Some ballasts need a
“starter” to work along with it. Starters are sort of small mechanical timers, needed to cause a stream of electrons
to flow across the tube and ionize the mercury vapor (see: “How Fluorescents Work”).

. Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are a modern type of light bulbs, that work like fluorescent bulbs, but in a
much smaller package. Similar to regular fluorescent bulbs, they produce little heat and are very efficient. They are
available to fit screw type base fittings and pin type (snap-in). Most CFLs either consist of a number of short glass
sticks, or two or three small tubular loops.

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