1. Epidemiology is concerned with the study of diseases in populations.

2. The most important factor considered when defining a public health problem is morbidity.
3. Screening for a disease, for example diabetes in an elderly person, is considered a service of
secondary prevention.
4. All of the above (morbidity, etiology, and mortality) must be considered when defining a public
health problem in epidemiology.
5. Identifying health indicators is the most important condition in determining the epidemiologic
profile of a population.
6. Analytic epidemiology constitutes a quantitative study of factors contributing to high morbidity
rates due to a given chronic disease in a given community.
7. All of the above (control of primary source of food supply, regular inspection of canteen, effective
medical diagnosis of foodborne infection) may be included in food safety measures in
epidemiology.
8. Herd immunity is population-wide acquired immunity for a specific disease in a given community.
9. Adding the rabies vaccine to the country’s immunization schedule is the best public health
measure for rabies.
10. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious form of meningitis.
11. Obesity is not a risk factor of meningitis.
12. Dehydration is what is about cholera that is likely to kill an infected person.
13. Opportunity cost is the concept called upon when market value of a resource may not be an
adequate reflection of opportunity cost.
14. True - the market and market structure can determine what to be produced, how to produce, and
for whom to produce.
15. Healthcare is not usually demanded because it is pleasurable.
16. Health does not have characteristics that more conventional goods have because it cannot be
manufactured, everyone needs it, and people are willing to pay for it.
17. Health economists generally interpret a healthcare need as the effective demand from it because
not all wants are needs and vice versa.
18. Marginal change is a change in an economic variable that is caused by the smallest possible
change in another variable.
19. True - horizontal equity in the distribution of healthcare mainly examines whether or not people
with the same need for healthcare make the same use of healthcare services.
20. Vertical equity in the distribution of healthcare is usually interpreted to mean whether individuals
with different levels of ill-health have different levels of use that are appropriate to that
difference.
21. Renal insufficiency is not a complication of pericarditis.
22. Redness and erythema is not a sign or symptom of gas gangrene.
23. Pain, redness, itching, and headache are clinical manifestations of conjunctivitis.
24. Muscle spasms and stiffness are the most prominent signs and symptoms of Clostridium tetani
infection.
25. A health district is home to 100,000-300,000 people.

1. The mitral valve is most commonly affected by endocarditis.

2. The incubation period of shigella ranges from 1-7 days.
3. The most serious complication of varicella is pneumonia.
4. A patient taking isoniazid for TB should be monitored for vitamin B6 deficiency.
5. Surveillance of disease refers to the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of
health data in order to guide public health action.
6. Four roles of a school nurse include:

 Providing first aid and emergency care to students and staff

 Assessing and monitoring student health needs and developing care plans
 Administering medications and treatments as prescribed by healthcare providers
 Promoting health education and disease prevention initiatives among students and staff

7.

a) An endemic pattern of disease occurrence refers to the constant presence of a disease within a
population or geographical area at a relatively stable rate. b) An epidemic pattern of disease
occurrence refers to a sudden increase in the incidence of a disease above what is normally
expected within a population or geographical area. c) A pandemic pattern of disease occurrence
refers to an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents. 8. The role of an
occupational health nurse includes promoting and maintaining the health and safety of workers
by identifying and assessing workplace hazards, providing education and training on injury and
illness prevention, conducting health screenings and assessments, managing workers'
compensation claims, and collaborating with employers to develop and implement policies and
procedures that promote a healthy and safe work environment. 9. Two methods of small-scale
water treatment include boiling and chlorination, while two methods of large-scale water
treatment include coagulation/flocculation and filtration. 10. A health district is a defined
geographic area with a population served by a specific health authority, while a health area is a
smaller geographic area within a health district that may have its own health services and
facilities. 11. i. Co-financing and co-management are strategies for joint resource mobilization and
management in healthcare. Co-financing refers to the sharing of costs between multiple entities,
such as the government, private sector, and donors, while co-management involves the sharing of
responsibility and decision-making power between different stakeholders. ii. Decentralization of
healthcare involves the transfer of power and decision-making authority from central authorities
to lower-level institutions or communities. This can improve efficiency, accountability, and
responsiveness to local health needs. 12. The three services of healthcare offered by the
integrated healthcare approach in Cameroon include:

 Prevention and health promotion, through initiatives such as vaccination campaigns and health
education programs
 Curative care, including diagnosis and treatment of common illnesses and injuries
 Rehabilitation services, including physical therapy and support for individuals with disabilities or
chronic conditions.

13.

a. Vector transmission refers to the spread of disease through organisms that act as
intermediaries, such as mosquitoes that transmit malaria. b. Airborne transmission refers to the
spread of disease through respiratory droplets or aerosols, as is the case with tuberculosis.
1. Waste is defined as any material or substance that is no longer needed and is discarded,
removed, or intended to be discarded or removed.
2. Communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, or messages between individuals or
groups. IEC in health education and health promotion stands for Information, Education, and
Communication, and it is a multidirectional process of sharing relevant health information,
promoting understanding and awareness of health issues, and empowering individuals and
communities to take action towards positive health outcomes.
3. Demography is the study of human populations, including their size, composition, and
distribution. Immigration refers to the movement of people into a country, while emigration refers
to movement out of a country. Net migration is the difference between immigration and
emigration within a particular population or geographical area.
4. The market and market structure can determine what healthcare goods and services are
produced, how they are produced, and who they are produced for, based on factors such as
demand, supply, competition, and pricing. For example, if there is high demand for specialized
cancer treatments in a particular region, the market may respond by increasing production of
those treatments and allocating more resources towards research and development to improve
their efficacy. Conversely, if there is low demand for certain preventive health services, such as
vaccinations, the market may not prioritize their production or distribution, potentially leading to
lower uptake and increased risk of disease transmission.
5. a) Primary healthcare is a comprehensive approach to health and wellbeing that focuses on
addressing the underlying social, economic, and environmental determinants of health, and
meeting the primary healthcare needs of individuals and communities using participatory and
community-based strategies. b) The components or elements of primary healthcare include:

 Health education and promotion

 Disease prevention and control
 Essential curative care
 Maternal and child health services
 Mental health services
 Nutrition and food security
 Safe water and sanitation c) The purpose of the re-orientation of primary healthcare in Cameroon
is to shift focus from a disease-centered approach to a more comprehensive and integrated
model that emphasizes community participation, equity, and social justice.

6. a) Prophylaxis refers to measures taken to prevent or reduce the risk of developing a disease or
infection. b) i) Obligatory declaration involves mandatory reporting of certain diseases or
conditions to public health authorities, which enables prompt detection and response to
outbreaks or epidemics. ii) Early screening involves proactive testing and detection of diseases or
risk factors, such as cancer or hypertension, before symptoms appear, which increases the
likelihood of successful treatment and improves outcomes. iii) Destruction of insects involves
measures to control or eliminate vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes or flies, through the use
of insecticides or environmental modifications, which reduces the risk of transmission to humans.