…

✓ Habits and routines; things that are always true. He/she/it add an -s. Be
careful with the spelling! → She works, she studies, she plays, she finishes…
Always, usually, often, sometimes (before the main verb, exc. verb
“BE”)… On Mondays, on Tuesdays, every day, every month, every
Saturday, once a month, once a year, etc.
✓ To talk about transport timetables, or other things that have a schedule:
The train leaves at 6 p.m. (it always leaves at that time).
Don’t forget we have a meeting tomorrow.

✓ To talk about things that are happening now, right now, at the moment,
at present.
✓ When there is a change in a routine: I go to school on foot every day, but
today (but this week, but this month), I’m taking the bus.
✓ To describe what’s happening in a photo: The woman is wearing an apron.
She’s making biscuits in the kitchen.
✓ When I talk about arrangements and things that are definitely happening
in the (near) future: I’m travelling to Paris this summer. (I have already
booked the tickets and the hotel room. Everything’s ready.)

✓ To talk about things that happened in the recent past and still have an effect
on the present:
I’ve cooked dinner. It’s ready now.
I’ve eaten all the cake. The plate’s empty.
We’ve bought a new house. We’re moving in June.
✓
A: I haven’t seen Joan recently. Where is she?
B: She’s gone to Florida. (She’s still in Florida)

A: Hi Joan, your hair looks great!

B: Thanks! I’ve (just) been to the hairdresser’s. (I just returned from the
hairdresser’s)

✓
We use present perfect + for/since to talk about actions and states that
started in the past and are still happening now or are still true now:

FOR + PERIOD OF TIME

I’ve lived in Manchester for twenty years. (I arrived in Manchester twenty
years ago and I’m still living in Manchester).
How long have you been married? I’ve been married for 30 years.

PAST SIME: I was married for 30 years. (I’m not married now.)
PRESENT PERFECT: I’ve been married for 30 years. (I got married
in 1991 and I’m still married)

SINCE + THE BEGINNING OF A PERIOD OF TIME

I’ve lived in Manchester since 2001.
How long have you been married? I’ve been married since 1991.
I’ve been afraid of spiders since I was a child.

✓ To talk about things that happened at a specific time in the past: I got my
driver’s license 10 years ago. I finished my homework yesterday. The Second
World War ended in 1945.
Yesterday, last night, last week, last year, in 1983, in 1945, a week
ago, a month ago, a year ago, etc.
✓ To talk about actions that used to happen (que solían ocurrir): I played
videogames when I was 10 years old (something I used to do, algo que solía
hacer). I went to my grandparents’ house every summer when I was a child.
✓ To talk about actions or events that were in progress at some time in the
past:
Yesterday at 2 p.m., I was having lunch with my parents.
I was watching a series on Netflix, while my husband was working.
I was mowing the lawn when you called.
He was sunbathing when it started to rain.
I was taking a photo when a monkey grabbed my camera.

✓ This is used with the Past Simple when I want to talk about something that
happened earlier/before:
The traffic was bad because a car had broken down on the road.
She had already read the play by the time she went to see it.
When we arrived at the stadium, the match had already started.
✓ To make a prediction of what you think will happen:
In the year 3000, I think we will live on Mars.
Jane will probably love the new house. It’s really nice.
They’ll enjoy their trip to Venice.

TOP TIP: Remember to use the future with “going to” for
predictions based on current evidence.

✓ To describe a decision you’ve just made:

I know! I’ll buy Aaron a surfboard for his birthday!
Oh, it’s raining! I’ll take my umbrella.
There’s no juice, so I’ll have some water instead.
I’ll have a burger with chips, please (when ordering something at a
restaurant)

TOP TIP: Remember to use the future with “going to” for
decisions made before the time of speaking, things you have the
intention of doing!

✓ To offer to do something for someone:

You look frozen. I’ll make you some soup.
That exercise seems difficult. I’ll help hou.
Since you cooked, I’ll do the washing-up.

✓ To make a promise:
We’ll be there on time. Don’t worry!
I promise I’ll never leave you.

✓ It is used when asking for a decision, or making offers or suggestions. In

these cases, it is only used with “I” or “we.”
I’m bored, shall we go out for a walk?
Shall I cook chicken or beef tonight?
✓ “Going to” is used to talk about future events that have been planned in
advance, that we have the intention of doing:
Sam’s going to get fit before his wedding.
I’m not going to eat any chocolate this month.
We’re going to cycle from Coruña to Santiago this weekend.
What are you going to wear to the party tomorrow? I don’t know yet, maybe
a dress.
✓ “Going to” is also used to make predictions when there is evidence in the
present moment:
Look! The waiter is going to drop those plates!
He’s wearing a raincoat, so he’s not going to get wet.
The’re going to break a window if they’re not careful!
 ✓ Who/that: people
✓ Which/that: things, animals
✓ Where: places (it needs a subject!). We can also say “a place which”:
A post office is a place which sells stamps.

…
1 syllable Bigger
1 syllable -ed More stressed
Happier
2 syllables -y
Crazier
More intelligent
2 or more syllables
More beautiful Than
Better
Worse
Irregular Farther/further
More
Less

1 syllable The biggest

1 syllable -ed The most stressed
The happiest
2 syllables -y
The craziest
The most intelligent
2 or more syllables
The most beautiful
The best
The worst
Irregular The farthest/furthest
The most
The least
✓ After “like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy, prefer…” & Verbs on page 244:
We really dislike jogging! We’re so out of shape.
He doesn’t mind staying late at work when he has to.

WOULD LIKE TO: After would + like/love/hate/enjoy… I need the

preposition “to”: I would love to see that film. They’ve told me it’s really
good.

✓ After preposition:
She said that she was interested in working abroad.
Before falling asleep, Jane always reads a book.
✓ Verb is the subject:
Smoking is bad for your health. You should really consider quitting.
✓ Verb is the object:
Do you miss skiing now that summer is here?

✓ After the verbs on page 244:

We need to go to the supermarket. We don’t have any milk.
✓ After adjectives:
It’s always nice to see you.
✓ After who, what, where, when, why…
I don’t know where to apply for university.
✓ To say why you do/did something:
I’m studying English to improve my job opportunities.

✓ Must vs Have to
Must: personal obligation, something that your parents tell you to do.
Have to: external, official obligation (often related to laws and rules).
PAST OF BOTH : Had to.
✓ Mustn’t
Prohibition
✓ Don’t have to/Needn’t
 Something is not necessary.
✓ Should/shouldn’t/ought to/ought not to
To give advice.

If I were you,… Second conditional structure also used to give

advice: If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that.

✓ May/may not/Might/might not

Possibility. To say that perhaps somebody will or won’t do something
Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow. = We may/might have a picnic
tomorrow.
I may not take my laptop on holiday.

Verb/preposition Poss. Det. Poss. Pronouns

Subject
+ Object + noun + noun
I Me My Mine
You You Your Yours
He Him His His
She Her Her Hers
It It Its Its
We Us Our Ours
You You Your Yours
They Them Their Theirs
Conditional sentences can start with “if” or with the consequence, but if the
sentence begins with “if” there needs to be a comma between the if-clause and the
consequence.
✓ Type 1: Possible:

If I study, I will pass.

I will pass if I study.

UNLESS: if… not…

If I don’t study, I won’t pass. = Unless I study, I won’t pass.

✓ Type 2: Hypothetical:

’
’
If I studied, I would pass.
I would pass if I studied.

I/He/she/it + was/were. BUT: If I were you,… Always use “were”.

*If I were you, I would join a gym.
*If I were you, I wouldn’t eat so much chocolate.
*If I were you, I’d try that restaurant.
We can say things in two ways: active or passive.
ACTIVE: Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. (the focus is on Alfred Nobel)
PASSIVE: Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel. (the focus is on dynamite)
The passive is also used when the agent is obvious, unknown, or unimportant. It
is also useful when describing a process where the result of the action is
important.
Examples:
➢ My car was stolen last week. (the criminal is still at large, he/she is
unknown)
➢ Volvo cars are made in Sweden. (the result of the action is important)
STRUCTURE:

TOP TIPS:

The passive voice is used much

more frequently than in Spanish.
➢ The passive voice is often used
in formal texts.
➢ BY: if the agent is obvious,
unknown or a pronoun, we don’t
include it.
Use these structures to keep the conversation going.
1. Let’s go to the cinema!
2. Shall we go to the cinema?
3. Why don’t we go to the cinema?
4. What about going to the cinema?
5. How about going to the cinema?
Mediation message:

Hi (friend’s name), NO OPINIONS!

I saw an advertisement online…
Short (60-80 words)
(INFORMATION)
See you soon, OR Talk to you soon, Open + close.
(Your name)

TASK 1: Informal e-mail

Hi (friend’s name), (COMMA)

How are you? OR I’m so happy to hear from you!

(PARAGRAPHS; link them with connectors)

See you soon. OR Talk to you soon. OR I’m looking forward to hearing from
you.

Kisses, /Love, /Regards, / Best wishes,

Name

TASK 1: Formal e-mail

Dear Sir/Madam, (COMMA)

I am writing…

I would like to… (PARAGRAPHS; link them with connectors: however,

nevertheless,… )

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

Full name

Your name.
REMEMBER:
NO abbreviations: I am (not I’m)
Try to be as formal/polite as possible:
“please, thank you… Would it be possible to…?”

TASK 2: blog post/describing where you live/a biography/an

article…

REMEMBER:
1. Make an outline. Write your topic down and the vocabulary
that you have learned this year that may be useful.
2. Remember that English sentences ALWAYS need a subject!
3. Organize your ideas in separate paragraphs, using
connectors and other linking devices (first, secondly… on the
one hand, on the other hand, besides, in order to, finally, in
conclusion, to sum up…)
4. Always write an introduction and a conclusion or opening
and closing remarks.
5. Follow the structure of the task: if it is a blog post, for
instance, open with “Hello everyone! Today I’m going to talk
about…” Just like we practised in class.