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Auditpedia 5.0 by CA Ravi Agarwal
Auditpedia 5.0 by CA Ravi Agarwal
AUDITPEDIA 5.0
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CA MENTORING PROGRAM
CA RAVI AGARWAL
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
CA Ravi Agarwal's
AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
01
01
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01
Reason for
changes to
Planning
Decisions
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CA Ravi Agarwal Mentorship Program Reviews
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RiSK ASSESSMENT &
iNTERNAL CONTROL
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02
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF AUDITING
IN AN AUTOMATED ENVIRONMENT
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03
Ø Packaged Software (off the shelf application) used by micro & small business. Eg. Tally &
Quickbooks
Ø Small ERPs in small to medium business. Eg Tally ERP, SAP Business One, Focus ERP
Ø ERP- Med to large Cos à Eg. SAP ECC, Oracle Enterprise Business Suite
For eg: ERP For eg: Webservers For eg: Wide Area For eg: Servers,
Applications SAP, like Apache, Oracle, Networks, Local Data centers,
Oracle E Business Fusion, IIS Area Networks Backup & storage
suite, Core Banking devices
Applications
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·when obtaining an understanding of the business process and performing walkthroughs the use of
IT systems and applications should be considered;
·while assessing entity level controls (ELCs) the aspects related to IT governance need to be
understood and reviewed;
·pervasive controls including segregation of duties (SOD), general IT controls (GIT) and applications
should be considered and reviewed;
·during testing phase, the results of general IT controls would impact the nature, timing and extent
of testing;
·when testing of reports and information produced by the entity (IPE) generated through IT
systems and applications;
·at completion stage, evaluation of control deficiencies may require using data analytics and CAATs.
In a controls-based audit, audit approach can be classified into 3 broad phases comprising of planning,
execution, and completion. In this approach, considerations of automated environment will be relevant at
every phase as given below:
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IV.Reporting
•Evaluate Control Deficiencies.
•Significant deficiencies, Material weaknesses.
•Remediation of control weaknesses.
03
•Internal Controls Memo (ICM) or Management Letter.
•Auditor's report.
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Define business Identify events that Assess likelihood & Respond & Assess residual
objectives & goals affect achievement impact mitigate risk risk
of business objectives
03
Types of Controls:
General Controls: Policies & proceduresrelate to many applications& support effective functioning
of application controls. They apply to mainframe, miniframe, and end user environment. The GIT
controls that maintain integrity of info & security of data commonly include controls over
following:
ØData center & network operations
ØSystem of software acquisition, change & maintenance
ØProgram change
ØAccess security
ØApplication system acquisition, development & maintenance
Application Controls: They include both automated or manual controls that operate at business
process level. Application controls can bepreventive as well as detectivein nature and designed to
ensure integrity of accounting records. Automated Application controls are embedded into IT
applications viz., ERPs and help in ensuringcompleteness, accuracy and integrityof data in those
systems.
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03
process or sub-process level, account balance level, at a sufficient level of precision, to prevent,
detect or correct a misstatement in a timely manner.
Eg. Business performance reviews, Internal Audit
2.Indirect ELCs: do not relate to any specific business process , transaction or account balance and
hence, cannot prevent or detect misstatements. However, they
contribute indirectly to the effective
operation of direct ELC and other control activities.
Eg. Co code of conduct and ethics policies, HR Policies, Employee job roles & responsibilities
When auditing in an automated environment, auditors can apply concepts of data analytics for
several aspects of an audit including following:
Ÿ preliminary analytics;
Ÿ risk assessment;
Ÿ control testing;
Ÿ non-standard journal analysis;
Ÿ evaluation of deficiencies;
Ÿ fraud risk assessment.
Standards, Guidelines & Procedures- Using Relevant Frameworks & Best Practices
ŸStandards
· on Auditing issued by ICAI, are required to be followed for an audit of financial statements.
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Section 143 of Companies Act 2013 requires statutory auditors to provide an Independent Opinion
on the Design and Operating Effectiveness of Internal Financial Controls Over Financial
Reporting (IFC-FR) of the company as at Balance Sheet date. For this purpose, the Guidance
Note on Audit of Internal Financial Controls Over Financial Reporting issued by ICAI, provides
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Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, commonly known as SOX, is a requirement in America. Section 404
of this act requires public listed companies to implement, assess and ensure effectiveness of
internal controls over financial reporting and auditors independent opinion on the design and
operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) – which is similar to
the requirements of IFC-FR for Indian companies.
ISO 27001:2013 is the Information Security Management System (ISMS) standard issued by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard provides the framework,
guidelines and procedures for implementing information security and related controls in a
company. For eg, this std covers password security, application security, physical security, backup
and recovery.
ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) and ISO 20000 provide a set of best practice
processes and procedures for IT service management in a company. For example, change
management, incident management, problem management, IT operations, IT asset management
are some of the areas that could be relevant to audit.
The Payment Card Industry – Data Security Standard or PCI-DSS, is the most widely adopted
information security standard for the payment cards industry. Any company that is involved in
the storage, retrieval, transmission or handling of credit card/debit card are required to
implement the security controls in accordance with this standard.
The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has published a framework under the
Statements on Standards for Attest Engagements (SSAE) No.16 for reporting on controls at
service organisation that include
❖ SOC 1 for reporting on controls at a service organization relevant to user entities' ICFR.
❖ SOC 2 and SOC 3 for reporting on controls at a service organization relevant to security,
availability, processing integrity, confidentiality or privacy i.e., controls other than ICFR.
❖ While SOC 1 and SOC 2 are restricted use reports, SOC 3 is general use report.
The Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) published by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology is one of the most popular framework for improving critical infrastructure
cybersecurity. This framework provides a set of standards and best practices for companies to
manage cybersecurity risks
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COMPANY AUDIT
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04 COMPANY AUDIT
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Filling of Casual Vacancy [Sec 139(8)]
i)In case ofnon – Government Company -by BOD within30 days
If due to resignation by auditor then Board Approval & shareholder's approval at GM within 3
months of recommendation of Boardand Auditor shall hold office
upto next AGM
ii)In case ofGovt Co- by CAGwithin 30 days.In case of Failure - BOD within next 30 days
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Note:
In case of Resignation the Auditor shall file within a period of 30 Days Form ADT – 3 with the
company, registrar and CAG(In case of Government Companies)
Penalty if Failure : Lesser of 50000 or Remuneration (If Continuing – 500 / Day Maximum – 2 L.)
Where at any AGM, no auditor appointed or re-appointed, existing auditor shall continue to be
auditor of company.
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Relative: Members of HUF + Husband wife + Father (including step- father), Mother (including step-
mother), Son (including stepson), Son's wife, Daughter, Daughter's husband, Brother (including step-
brother), Sister (including step- sister)
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Ÿ Public Companies: PSC more than or equals 10 Cr
Ÿ Pvt ltd: PSC more than or equals 50 Cr
Ÿ Companies with borrowings from Financial institutions, banks or public deposits more than or
equals 50 Cr
Companies. for which Rotation provision are applicable, shall not appoint or re-appoint-
(a)an individual as auditor for more than one term of five consecutive years ; and
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(b)an audit firm as auditor formore than two terms of five consecutive years
.
Notes on Rotation:
Ÿ It shall not prejudice the Right of Company to remove auditor or right of auditor to resign
from such office of Co.
Ÿ Members of a company may resolve to provide that-
(a)in audit firm appointed by it, auditing partner and his team shall be rotated at
such intervals as may be resolved by members; or
(b)audit shall be conducted by more than one auditor.
Manner of Rotation
Ÿ Audit committee(AC) shall recommend to BOD the name of auditor
Ÿ If no AC, then Board forward its own recommendations for appointment at AGM to members
Ÿ If a partner, who is in charge of audit firm and also certifies F.S. of the Company, retires from
said firm and joins another firm of CAs, such other firm shall also be ineligible to be appointed
for a period of 5 yrs.
Ÿ a break in term for a continuous period of 5 yrs shall be considered as fulfilling requirement
of rotation
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Manner & procedure for selection & appointment of Auditor
Ÿ AC or Board shall consider Qualification & Experience along with if any, pending proceedings
relating to professional conduct
Ÿ AC shall recommend name to BOD
Ÿ If board agrees, it Will forward to AGM
Ÿ If board disagrees, it will refer back to AC along with reasons
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Ÿ If AC doesn't reconsider, board will record reasons of disagreement & forward its
own recommendation to AGM
Ÿ Auditor will hold office till conclusion of 6th AGM
Appointment of Auditor other than retiring Auditor who was removed (Sec 140)
v Special notice shall bereqd for resolution at AGM for appointing auditor
lPerson other than retiring auditor or
lProviding expressly that retiring auditor will not be reappointed (except where
rotation timeline completed)
v On receipt of notice of such a resolution, Company shall forward to retiring auditor
v On receipt of notice if retiring auditor makes representation to Co. in writing &
request notification to members, then Co. shall
ª In notice of meeting to members state fact that representation has been made &
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04
Ceiling on Number of Auditor:
Maximum appointment 20 Companies – other than following
OPC
Small Company
Dormant Company
Private companies PSC < 100 Cr ( Not defaulter in Filling FS & Annual Report)
Eg. While conducting audit of limited co. for year ended 31st Mar,2020, auditor wanted to refer to
Minute Books. BOD refused to show Minute Books to auditor.
Section 143 of Companies Act, 2013 grants powers to auditor that every auditor has right of access,
at all times, to books and account including all statutory records such as minute books, fixed assets
register, etc. of Co. for conducting audit. In order to verify actions of Co. and to vouch and verify
some of transactions of Co , it is necessary for auditor to refer to decisions of shareholders and/or
directors.
Therefore, essential for auditor to refer to Minute Books
. In absence of Minute Books, auditor may
not be able to vouch/verify certain transactions of Co.
Conclusion: In case directors have refused to produce Minute Books, auditor may consider extending
audit procedure and also consider modifying/ qualifying his report in appropriate manner.
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Sec 146 – Right & duty to attend AGM
ª All notices & other communication of GMs to be forwarded to auditor
ªAuditor shall attend (unless exempted) by himself or authorised representative (qualified to be
auditor)
ªShall have right to be heard at such meet on any part of business which concerns him as auditor
Right of Lien:
04
Auditor may exercise right of lien in cases of cos BUT it is mostly impracticable for legal and
practicable constraints. His working papers being his own property, question of lien does not arise.
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(g)whether any director is disqualified from being appointed as a director u/s 164(2)
(h)any qualification, reservation or adverse remark relating to the maintenance of accounts and
other matters connected therewith;
(i)whether the company has adequate internal financial controls with reference to financial
statements in place and the operating effectiveness of such controls;
(j)such other matters as may be prescribed.
04
Rule 11 of Cos. (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014 other matters to be included in auditor's report
namely:-
a)whether Co. has disclosed impact, of pending litigations on its financial position in its financial
statement;
b)whether Co. has made provision, as required under any law or accounting standards, for material
foreseeable losses, if any,on long term contracts including derivative contracts;
c)whether there has been delay in transferring amt, to Investor Education and Protection Fund by Co.
d)Omitted
e)i) Whether mgt has represented to best of knowledge & belief, other than disclosed in notes, no
funds advanced, loaned or invested by Co. in any person or entity including foreign entity with
understanding that Intermediary will lend or invest in another entity or provide guarantee or
security on behalf of Co. (Ultimate Beneficiary)
ii)Whether mgt has represented to best of knowledge & belief, other than disclosed in notes, no
funds received by Co. from any person or entity including foreign entity(Funding Parties) with
understanding that Co. will lend or invest in another entity or provide guarantee or security on
behalf of Funding Party (Ultimate Beneficiary)
iii)Auditor has found no material misstatement in above representations
f)Whether Dividend declared & paid as per Sec 123
g)In respect of FY commencing after 1.4.22 - Co. used a/c software to maintain books of a/c
having audit trail & same operated throughout year & audit trail hasn't been tampered &
preserved by Co. for retention.
Note: Auditors of public cos. Required to report remuneration to directors within limits u/s 197
under the Section Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements.
Sec143(3) Duty to state reason for qualification or negative report Sec 143(9) Auditor's duty to
comply with As
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Report on Frauds [Sec 143(12)]
sIf auditor has reason to believe offence of fraud involving amount of 1 Cr or above committed in
Co. by its officers or employees
sAuditor shall report to CG within such time & manner as prescribed
Manner of reporting to CG
04
sReport to Board or Audit Committee within 2 days seeking their reply within 45 days
sOn receipt of reply, forward his Report, Reply or observation of board or AC, With his comments
within 15 days of receipt of reply
sIf no reply received, then shall forward only his report
sSend to Secretary, MCA in sealed cover by Regd post with acknowledgment due (RPAD) or by
Speed post followed by e-mail
sReport format - ADT 4
l On letter head of auditor with post address, e-mail, mobile no., & signed by auditor with Seal +
Membership no.
If fraud < 1 Cr - report to AC or Board within 2 days specifying following:
a)Nature of fraud
b)Amount involved
c)Parties involved
Disclosure on Board Report: Nature of fraud, amount, parties involved (if remedial action not taken) or
remedial action taken (fraud < 1 Cr)
The auditor is also required to report under clause (xi) of para 3 of CARO, 2020 on whether any
fraud by company or any fraud on Company has been noticed or reported during year. If yes, nature
and amount involved is to be indicated.
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sBranch auditor (if different) shall share his report with Co. Auditor
sSA 600 shall apply in such case
sRight of principal auditor to visit component & examine books & records, if necessary
sObtain SAAE that other auditor's work adequate for him
sOrdinary procedures:
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Ø Advise other auditor of use of his work
Ø Coordinate at planning stage
Ø Inform about areas requiring spl considerations
Ø Procedures for identifying inter-component transactions that require disclosure
Ø Time-table for audit completion
Ø Advise about significant a/c, auditing & reporting requirements
Ø Obtain representation as to compliance with them
sMight discuss audit procedures applied or obtain written summary of other auditor's procedures
sIn form of Questionnaire/checklist
sNTE of procedures will depend on circumstances of engagement & knowledge about competence of
other auditor
sKnowledge can be enhanced through review of previous audit work
Non-Applicability
ØRevenue from exports in forex > 75% of total revenue or
ØOperating from SEZ
ØEngaged in generation of electricity for captive consumption through captive generating plant Rule5
- every Co. covered by Rule 3 maintain cost records in Form CRA-1
Who can be a Cost Auditor? Cost Accountant appointed by Board + Cos' auditor can't be cost auditor
CARO Clause: As per Clause (vi) to Para 3 of CARO 2020
, auditor has to report whether maintenance
of cost records has been specified by the CG under section 148(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 and
whether such accounts and records have been so made and maintained.
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
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AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
ØAudit report to be submitted in form CRA-3 within 180 days of closure of FY & forward to BOD
ØCo. within 30 days of receipt of copy of report furnish to CG in Form CRA-4 in XBRL format +
explanation to every qualification or reservation
ØIn case of any default of these rules è Penalty u/s 147 for Co., officers & Cost auditor
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Section 131: Voluntary Revision of F/S or Board's report
If it appears to directors of Co. that F/S or Board Report, don't comply with Sec 129/134, they may
prepare revised f/s or Board Report of any 3 preceding FY after obtaining Tribunal's approval & copy of
Tribunal's order filed with ROC
04
NFRA shall:
a)Shall make recommendation to CG on formulation & laying down of a/c & auditing policies &
standards
b)Monitor & enforce the compliance with a/c & auditing stds
c)Oversee quality of service of professions ensuring compliance with standards & suggest measures
for improving quality of service
d)Perform such other functions as may be prescribed
Applicability to Companies:
a)Listed Companies
b)Unlisted public companies
Ø Paid up capital >= 500 Cr or
Ø T/o >= 1000 Cr or
Ø Loans/Deposits/Debentures >= 500 Cr as on st31 March of preceding FY
c)Insurance, banking companies, cos. engaged in generating electricity,
d)Any BC or Co. or person referred to NFRA by CG in public interest
e)A BC incorporated or regd o/s India which is subsy/associate of Companies referred in (a) to (d),
if Income/NW > Consol Income/NW of such Co.
Above companies will be governed by NFRA rules for 3 years after it ceases to fulfil above conditions
*Co. not governed by NFRA rules will inform NFRA about Auditor's appointment within 15 days form
NFRA-1Every auditor referred to in Rule 3 shall file return with the NFRA on or before 30th Nov.
every year in Form NFRA-2
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Audit of Dividend
Ÿ Dividend out of profits after providing for depreciation under Schedule II
Ÿ Transfer to reserves optional : Co. may transfer such percentage of profits it considers
appropriate to reserves irrespective of size of declared dividend
Ÿ Out of Past profits: If current profits inadequate, it may declare out of past profits
Ÿ Dividend only from free reserves
Ÿ Dividend includes Interim dividend which can be out of profits of that FY
Ÿ If loss during FY upto last qtr à Rate of dividend <= average of preceding 3 FY
Ÿ It should bedeposited within 5 daysin separate a/c in scheduled bank from date of declaration
Ÿ It must bepaid within 30 days from date of declaration
Ÿ If not paid within 30 days, interest @18% p.a. applicable + defaulting director (upto 2 yrs +
1000/day)
Ÿ No offence on part of Co. if:
Ønon-payment due to operation of any law
Øshareholder given directions & those directions can't be complied & this told to Shareholder
Ødispute regarding right to receive dividend
Ødividend adjusted lawfully against sum due from shareholder
Øany other reason, not due to fault of Co.
Ÿ If authorised by articles may pay in proportion of paid up amount of share
Ÿ Board may deduct amount receivable by Co. on account of calls while paying dividend
Ÿ If dividends are declared after the bal. sheet date but before F.S. are approved for issue, check
that dividends have not been recognised as a liability as per AS 4 and Ind AS 10- Events after
the Reporting Period, but disclosure of the same has been made in the notes.
Unpaid Dividend Account (Sec 124)
Ø Dividend unpaid/unclaimed for 30 days
Ø Transfer to this A/C within 7 days of expiry of 30 days
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Ø If default, interest @ 12% p.a.
Ø Statement showing names, address & amount on website of Co. within 90 days of transfer
Ø If it remains unpaid for 7 years à transfer to Investor Education & Protection Fund
(IEPF)
Penalty for non-comp
Co: 1L + 500/Day - Max 10 L Officer: 25k + 100/day à 2L
04
The Investor Education & Protection Fund shall be utilised for the following purposes in accordance
with such rules as may be prescribed-
Right to dividend, rights shares and bonus shares to be held in abeyance pending registration of
transfer of shares (Sec 126)
Payment of dividend and allotment of bonus and right shares to transferee to be held in abeyance till
title to shares is decided. Where any instrument of transfer of shares has been delivered to Co. for
registration and transfer of such shares has not been regd., it shall transfer dividend in relation to such
shares to spl. account referred to in section 124 i.e. Unpaid Dividend Account unless Co. is authorised by
regd. holder of such shares in writing to pay such dividend to transferee specified in such instrument of
transfer. Further, Co. shall also keep in abeyance in relation to such shares, any offer of right shares and
any issue of fully paid up bonus shares.
Power to close register of members or debenture-holders or other security holders (Sec 91)
Co. may close register of members or debenture-holders or other security holders for any period not
exceeding aggregate 45 days in each year, but not exceeding30 days at any one time
, subject to giving
of previous notice of at least 7 daysor such lesser period as may be specified by SEBI for listed cos. or
cos. which intend to get securities listed.
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
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Notes:
Ø residual value of asset shall not be more than 5% of original cost of asset
Ø Useful life of asset shall not ordinarily be different from useful life specified in Part 'C' to
Schedule II
Ø If asset is used for double shift, depreciation will increase by 50% for that period and in case
of triple shift depreciation shall be calculated on the basis of 100% for that period.
04
Accordingly, it is necessary for the auditor to qualify his report and such qualification should bring out
the manner in which the accounts don't disclose a “true and fair” view of state of affairs of Co.
and the profit or loss of the company.
An example of manner in which report on balance sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss may be
qualified in this respect is given below:
“The company has not provided for taxation in respect of its profits and the estimated aggregate
amount of taxation not so provided for is ` ............ including ` ............. for the Year ended on
To
the extent of such non-provision for the year, profits of Company for FY under report have been
overstated and to extent of such aggregate non provision, reserves of company appearing in said
balance sheet have been over-stated and current liabilities and provisions appearing in said balance
sheet have been understated”.
Appointment of Auditor: The auditor may be appointed by designated partners (DPs) of LLP –
1. At any time for 1st FY but before the end of first financial year,
2. At least30 days prior to the end of each financial year (other than the first financial year),
3. To fill the causal vacancy in the office of auditor,
4. To fill the casual vacancy caused by removal of auditor.
Note: The partners may appoint the auditors if DPs have failed to appoint them.
LLP's are required to maintain books of accounts which shall contain:
1. Particulars of all sums of money received and expended by the LLP and the matters in respect of
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which the receipt and expenditure takes place,
2. A record of the assets and liabilities of the LLP,
3. Statements of costs of goodspurchased, inventories, work-in-progress, finished goods and COGS,
4. Any other particulars which the partners may decide.
04
1. Auditing the accounts of LLP helps in detecting errors & frauds & verification of financial
statements.
2. Disputes, if any between any partners in the matter of accounts can be settled
3. Banks & financial institutionslend money to the firms only on the basis of audited accounts.
4. Periodical visits & suggestions by the auditor will be helpful in improving the management of
the LLP.
5. For settling accounts between partners at the time of admission, death, retirement, insolvency,
insanity, etc., audited accounts are accepted by those concerned who have dealings with the LLP.
3.The auditor should read the LLP agreement & note the following provisions:
a)Nature of the business of the LLP.
b)Amount of capital contributed by each partner.
c)Interest – in respect of additional capital contributed.
d)Duration of partnership.
e)Drawings allowed to the partners.
f)Salaries, commission etc., payable to partners.
g)Borrowing powers of the LLP.
h)Rights & duties of partners.
i)Method of settlement of accounts between partners at the time of admission, retirement,
admission etc.
j)Any loans advanced by the partners.
k)Profit sharing ratio.
4.If partners maintainminute book he shall refer it for any resolution passed regarding the accounts.
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Miscellaneous Topic:
AS 1 - Disclosure of Accounting Policies -In case of a Co, members should qualify their audit
reports in case:
(a)a/c policies required to be disclosed under Schedule III or any other provisions of Companies Act,
2013, have not been disclosed, or
04
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CA Ravi Agarwal Mentorship Program Reviews
(CAmentoringprogram.org)
COMPANIES AUDITOR'S REPORT
ORDER, 2020 (CARO 2020)
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
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Applicability:
Applies to every company including a foreign company Except following:
ŸA banking company
05
(d)whether company has revalued its PPE (including Right of Use assets) or intangible assets or
both during the year and, if so, whether revaluation is based on valuation by Registered Valuer;
specify amount of change, if change is 10% or more in aggregate of net carrying value of each
class of PPE or intangible assets;
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(e)whether any proceedings initiated or pending against company for holding any benami property
under Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 and rules made thereunder, if so, whether
Co. has appropriately disclosed details in its F.S.;
05
whether any discrepancies of 10% or more in aggregate for each class of inventory were noticed
and if so, whether they have been properly dealt with in books of a/c;
(b) whether during any point of time of year, company has been sanctioned working capital limits
in excess of 5 cr, in aggregate, from banks or financial institutions on basis of security of
current assets; whether quarterly returns or statements filed by company with such banks or
financial institutions are in agreement with books of a/c of Company, if not, give details;
(iii) Loans, Investments, Guarantee & Securities (LIGS)
whether during year Co. has made investments in, provided any guarantee or security or granted any
loans or advances in nature of loans, secured or unsecured, companies, firms, LLPs or any other
parties, if so,-
(a)whether during year Co. has provided loans or provided advances in nature of loans, or stood
guarantee, or provided security to any other entity [not applicable to companies whose principal
business is to give loans], if so, indicate-
(A)aggregate amt during year, and balance o/s at BS date w.r.t. such loans or advances and
guarantees or security (LAGS) to subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates;
(B)Agg. amt during year, and balance outstanding at BS date w.r.t such LAGS to parties other than
subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates;
(b)whether investments made, guarantees provided, security given and T&Cs of grant of all loans
and advances in nature of loans and guarantees provided are not prejudicial to the company's
interest;
(c)in respect of loans and advances in nature of loans, whether schedule of repayment of principal
and payment of interest has been stipulated and whether repayments or receipts are regular;
(d)if amount is overdue, state total amount overdue for more than 90 days, and whether
reasonable steps have been taken by company for recovery of principal and interest;
(e)whether any loan or advance in the nature of loan granted which has fallen due during the year, has
been renewed or extended or fresh loans granted to settle the overdues of existing loans given to the
same parties, if so, specify the aggregate amount of such dues renewed or extended or settled by fresh
loans and percentage of aggregate to total loans or advances in the nature of loans granted during
year [not applicable to companies whose principal business is to give loans];
(f)whether company has granted any loans or advances in the nature of loans either repayable on
demand or without specifying any terms or period of repayment, if so, specify the aggregate amount,
percentage thereof to the total loans granted, aggregate amount of loans granted to Promoters,
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AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
related parties as defined in clause (76) of section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013;
Deposits
05
(v)in respect of deposits accepted by the company or amounts which are deemed to be deposits, whether
directives issued by RBI and provisions of Sec 73 to 76 or any other relevant provisions of Companies
Act and the rules made thereunder, where applicable, have been complied with, if not, the nature of
such contraventions be stated; if an order has been passed by Company Law Board or NCLT or RBI or
any court or any other tribunal, whether the same has been complied with or not;
Cost records
(vi)whether maintenance of cost records has been specified by CG under section 148(1) of Companies Act
and whether such accounts and records have been so made and maintained;
Statutory dues
(vii)(a) whether company is regular in depositing undisputed statutory dues including GST, PF, ESI,
income-tax, sales-tax, service tax, customs duty, excise duty, VAT, cess and any other statutory dues
to appropriate authorities and if not, extent of arrears of o/s statutory dues as on last day of the
financial year concerned for a period of more than 6 months from date they became payable, shall be
indicated;
(b) where statutory dues referred to in sub-clause (a) have not been deposited on account of any
dispute, then amounts involved and forum where dispute is pending shall be mentioned (a mere
representation to the concerned Department shall not be treated as a dispute);
Income Disclosure
(viii)whether any transactions not recorded in the books of account have been surrendered or disclosed as
income during year in the tax assessments under Income Tax Act, 1961, if so, whether the previously
unrecorded income has been properly recorded in the books of account during the year;
Repayment of loans
(ix)(a) whether Co. has defaulted in repayment of loans or other borrowings or in payment of interest
thereon to any lender, if yes, the period and the amount of default to be reported as per the format
below:-
Nature ofborrowing, Name oflender Amt not paidon Whetherprincip No. of daysdelay Remarks,if any
including debt due date al or interest or unpaid
securities
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*lender wise details in case of default to Bank, financial institutions & Govt
(b) whether company is a declared wilful defaulter by any bank or financial institution or other lender;
(c) whether term loans were applied for purpose for which loans were obtained; if not, amount of loan so
diverted and purpose for which it is used may be reported;
(d) whether funds raised on short term basis have been utilised for long term purposes, if yes, nature and
amount to be indicated;
05
(e) whether Co. has taken any funds from any entity or person on account of or to meet obligations of
its subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures, if so, details thereof with nature of such transactions and
the amount in each case;
(f) whether company has raised loans during the year on the pledge of securities held in its subsidiaries,
joint ventures or associate companies, if so, give details thereof and also report if company has
defaulted in repayment of such loans raised;
Fraud
(xi) (a) whether any fraud by the company or any fraud on the company has been noticed or reported
during the year, if yes, nature and amount involved is to be indicated;
(b) whether any report under 143(12) of Companies Act has been filed by the auditors in Form ADT-
4 as prescribed under rule 13 of Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014 with the Central
Government;
(c) whether the auditor has considered whistle-blower complaints, if any, received during the year by
company;
Nidhi Company
(xii) (a) whether Nidhi Company has complied with the Net Owned Funds to Deposits in ratio
of 1:20 to meet out liability;
(b) whether the Nidhi Company is maintaining 10% unencumbered term deposits to meet out
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
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the liability;
(c) whether there has been any default in payment of interest on deposits or repayment thereof
for any period and if so, the details thereof;
Related Parties
(xiii) whether all transactions with related parties are in compliance with sections 177 and 188 of
Companies Act where applicable and the details have been disclosed in the financial statements, etc.,
05
Internal Audit
(xiv) (a) whether the company has internal audit system commensurate with the size and
nature of its business;
(b) whether reports of Internal Auditors for the period under audit were considered by the
statutory auditor;
RBI
(xvi) (a) whether company is required to be registered under section 45-IA of Reserve Bank of India
Act, 1934 (2 of 1934) and if so, whether the registration has been obtained;
(b) whether company has conducted any Non-Banking Financial or Housing Finance activities
without a valid Certificate of Registration (CoR) from the Reserve Bank of India as per the Reserve
Bank of India Act, 1934;
(c) whether company is a Core Investment Company (CIC) as defined in the regulations made by the
Reserve Bank of India, if so, whether it continues to fulfil the criteria of a CIC, and in case the
company is exempted or unregistered CIC, whether it continues to fulfil such criteria;
(d) whether the Group has more than one CIC as part of the Group, if yes,indicate the number of CICs
which are part of Group;
Cash Losses
(xvii) whether company has incurred cash losses in financial year and in immediately preceding
financial year, if so, state the amount of cash losses;
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has taken into consideration the issues, objections or concerns raised by the outgoing auditors;
Going Concern
(xix) on basis of financial ratios, ageing and expected dates of realisation of financial assets and
payment of financial liabilities, other information accompanying the financial statements, auditor's
knowledge of Board of Directors and management plans, whether the auditor is of the opinion that no
material uncertainty exists as on date of the audit report that company is capable of meeting its
liabilities existing at date of balance sheet as and when they fall due within a period of 1 year from BS
05
Date;
CSR Reporting
(xx) (a) whether, in respect of other than ongoing projects, company has transferred unspent
amount to a Fund specified in Schedule VII to the Companies Act within a period of six months of the
expiry of financial year in compliance with second proviso to section 135(5) of the said Act;
(b) whether any amount remaining unspent under section 135(5) of the Companies Act, pursuant to
any ongoing project, has been transferred to special account in compliance with section 135(6) of the
said Act;
Qualifications in CFS
(xxi) whether there have been any qualifications or adverse remarks by respective auditors in the
Companies (Auditor's Report) Order (CARO) reports of the companies included in the consolidated
financial statements, if yes, indicate details of companies and paragraph numbers of CARO report
containing qualifications or adverse remarks.
Operating Cycle
An operating cycle is time b/w acquisition of assets and their realization in cash or cash equivalents.
Where normal operating cycle can't be identified, it is assumed to have a duration of 12 months.
Current Liability
Liability shall be classified as current when it satisfies any of following criteria:
(a) expected to be settled in Co's normal operating cycle;
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(b) held primarily for purpose of trading;
(c) it is due to be settled within 12 months after reporting period; or
(d) Co. doesn't have an unconditional right to defer settlement of liability for at least 12 months after
reporting date. Terms of a liability that could, at option of counterparty, result in its settlement by
issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.
All other liabilities shall be classified as non-current.
05
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(ii)Reco. similar to PPE.
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Investment
(i)Investments shall be classified as:
(a)Investments in Equity Instruments;
(b)Investments in Preference Shares;
(c)Investments in Government or trust securities;
(d)Investments in debentures or bonds;
(e)Investments in Mutual Funds;
(f)Investments in partnership firms; or
(g)Other investments (specify nature)
Under each classification, details shall be given of names of bodies corporate that are-
(i)subsidiaries,
(ii)associates,
(iii)joint ventures, or
(iv)structured entities,
in whom investments made and nature and extent of investment made in each body corporate
(partly- paid investments shown separately). lnvestment in partnership firms alongwith names
of firms, their partners, total capital and shares of each partner disclosed separately.
(ii)The following shall also be disclosed:
(a)Aggregate amt of quoted investment and market value thereof:
(b)Aggregate amt of unquoted investment: and
(c)Aggregate amt of impairment in value of investment.
Trade Receivables:
(i)Trade receivables shall be sub-classified as;
(a)Trade Receivables considered good - Secured;
(b)Trade Receivables considered good - Unsecured;
(c)Trade Receivables which have significant increase in Credit Risk; and
(d)Trade Receivables - credit impaired
(ii)Allowance for bad and doubtful debts shall be disclosed under the relevant heads separately.
(iii)Debts due by directors or other officers of co. or any of them either severally or jointly with any other
person or by firms or pvt companies respectively in which any director is a partner or a director or a
member should be separately stated.
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Trade Receivables Ageing Schedule
Receivables
– which have significant
increase in credit risk
# similar info. shall be given where no due date of payment is specified in that case
disclosure shall be from date of the transaction
Loans:
(i)Loans shall be classified as-
(a)omitted
(b)Loans to related parties (giving details thereof); &
(c)Other loans (specify nature).
(ii)Loans Receivables shall be sub-classified as:
(a)Loans Receivables considered good - Secured;
(b)Loans Receivables considered good - Unsecured;
(c)Loans Receivables which have significant increase in Credit Risk; and
(d)Loans Receivables - credit impaired;
The above shall also be separately sub-classified as-
(a)Secured, considered good;
(b)Unsecured, considered good; and
(c)Doubtful. Allowance for bad and doubtful loans shall be disclosed under the relevant
heads separately.
(iv) Loans due by directors or other officers ….(same as Trade Receivables)
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Other Financial Assets
(i)Security Deposits
(ii)Bank deposits with more than 12 months maturity
(iii)others(to be specified);
Other non-current asset: Other non-current assets shall be classified as-
(i)Capital Advances; and
(ii)Advances other than capital advances;
05
(1)Advances other than capital advances shall be classified as:
(a)Security Deposits;
(b)Advances to related parties (giving details thereof; and
(c)Other advances (specify nature).
(2)Advances to directors or other officers of Co. or any of them either severally or jointly with any
other persons or advances to firms or private companies respectively in which any director is a
partner or a director or a member should be separately stated, ln case advances are of nature of
financial asset as per relevant Ind AS, these are to be disclosed under other financial assets
separately.
(iii)Others (specify nature).
Current Assets
Inventories:
(i)Inventories shall be classified as-
(a)Raw materials;
(b)Work in-progress;
(c)Finished goods;
(d)Stock-in-trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading);
(e)stores and spares;
(f)Loose tools; and
(g)Others (specify nature).
(ii)Goods-in-transit shall be disclosed under the relevant sub-head of inventories.
(iii)Mode of valuation shall be stated.
Investment;
Similar to non-current
Trade Receivables Similar to non-current
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and cash equivalents shall be classified as:-
a.Balances with Banks (of the nature of cash and cash equivalents);
b.Cheques, drafts on hand;
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c.Cash on hand; and
d.Others (specify nature).
Loans:
Similar to non-current
Other current assets (specify nature): This is an all-inclusive heading, which incorporates current
assets that do not fit into any other asset categories. Other current assets shall be classified as-
05
Contingent Liabilities and Commitments: (to the extent not provided for)
(i) Contingent Liabilities shall be classified as-
(a) claims against the company not acknowledged as debt;
(b) guarantees excluding financial guarantees; and
(c) other money for which the company is contingently liable.
(ii)Commitments shall be classified as-
(a) estimated amt of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not
provided for;
(b) uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid; and
(c) other commitments (specify nature).
Equity
Equity Share Capital: For each class of equity share capital:
(a)no. and amt of shares authorised;
(b)no. of shares issued, subscribed and fully paid, and subscribed but not fully paid;
(c)par value per Share;
(d)reconciliation of no. of shares outstanding at beginning and end of period;
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(e)rights, preferences and restrictions attaching to each class of shares including restrictions
on distribution of dividends and repayment of capital;
(f)shares in respect of each class in the company held by its holding or ultimate holding co.
including shares held by subsidiaries or associates of holding or ultimate holding co. in
aggregate;
(g)shares in company held by each shareholder holding more than 5% shares specifying no. of
shares held;
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(h)shares reserved for issue under options and contracts or commitments for sale of shares
or disinvestment, including terms and amounts;
(i)for period of 5 years immediately preceding the date at which Balance Sheet is prepared
•aggregate no. and class of shares allotted as fully paid up pursuant to contract without received
in cash;
•aggregate no. and class of shares allotted as fully paid up by way of bonus shares; and
•aggregate no. and class of shares bought back;
(j)terms of any securities convertible into equity shares issued along with earliest date
of conversion in descending order starting from farthest such date;
(k)calls unpaid (showing aggregate value of calls unpaid by directors and officers);
(l)forfeited shares (amount originally paid up)
(m)Disclosure of Promoter Shareholding
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(v)Under the sub-head 'Other Equity', disclosure shall be made for the nature and amount of
each item.
Non-Current Liabilities
Borrowings:
(i)borrowings shall be classified as-
(a)Bonds or debentures
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(b)Term loans
(I)from banks
(II)from other Parties
(c) Deferred payment liabilities
(d)Deposits.
(e)Loans from related parties
(f)omitted
(g)Liability component of compound financial instruments
(h)Other loans (specify nature);
(ii)borrowings shall further be sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall
be specified separately in each case.
(iii)where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, aggregate amount of such loans
under each head shall be disclosed;
(iv)bonds or debentures (along with rate of intt, and particulars of redemption or conversion) shall be
stated in descending order of maturity or conversion, starting from farthest redemption or
conversion date where bonds/debentures are redeemable by instalments, the date of maturity for
this purpose must be reckoned as date on which first instalment becomes due;
(v)particulars of any redeemed bonds or debentures which company has power to reissue shall be
disclosed;
(vi)terms of repayment of term loans and other loans shall be stated; and
(vii)period and amt of default as on balance sheet date in repayment of borrowings and intt shall be
specified.
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(a)Loans repayable on demand
(I)from banks
(II)from other parties
(b)Loans from related parties
(c)Deposits
(d)Other loans (specify nature);
(ii)borrowings further sub-classified as secured and unsecured. Nature of security shall be
05
specified separately in each case;
(iii)where loans have been guaranteed by directors or others, agg. amt of loans under each head
shall be disclosed;
(iv)period and amt of default as on B.S. date in repayment of borrowings and intt,
specified separately in each case.
(v)Current maturities of long term debt shall be disclosed separately
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supplier at end of each accounting year;
(b)amt of interest paid by buyer in terms of sec 16 of MSME Development Act, 2006,
along with payment made to supplier beyond appointed day during each accounting year;
(c)amt of interest due and payable for period of delay in making payment (which have been
paid but beyond the appointed day during year) but without adding interest specified
under MSME Development Act, 2006;
(d)amt of interest accrued and remaining unpaid at end of each accounting year; and
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(e)amt of further interest remaining due and payable even in succeeding years, until such date
when interest dues above are actually paid to small enterprise, for purpose of disallowance of a
deductible expenditure under sec 23 of MSME Development Act, 2006.
The presentation of liabilities associated with group of assets classified as held for sale and
non- current assets classified as held for sale shall be in accordance with the relevant Ind
AS.
Dividends
The amount of dividends proposed to be distributed to equity and preference shareholders for
the period and related amount per share shall be disclosed separately. Arrears of fixed
cumulative dividends on preference shares shall also be disclosed separately.
Where the company has not used borrowings from banks and financial institutions for specific
purpose for which it was taken at balance sheet date, company shall disclose details of where
they have been used.
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(ii)The Co. shall disclose as to whether the fair value of investment property is based on valuation by
a regd valuer as defined under rule 2 of Companies (Registered Valuers and Valuation) Rules, 2017.
(iii)Where Co. has revalued its PPE (including Right-of-Use Assets), disclose as to
whether revaluation is based on valuation by a regd valuer.
(iv)Where Co. has revalued its intangible assets, disclose as to whether revaluation is based on
valuation by a regd valuer.
(v)The following disclosures shall be made where Loans or Advances in nature of loans are granted
to promoters, directors, KMPs and related parties (as defined under Companies Act, 2013),
either severally or jointly with any other person, that are:
(a)repayable on demand; or
(b)without specifying any terms or period of repayment,
CWIP Schedule < 1 year 1-2 years 2-3 years >3 years * Total
Projects in Progress
Projects temporarily suspended
For CWIP, whose completion is overdue or exceeded its cost compared to original plan,
following CWIP completion schedule shall be given:
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(vii)Similar schedules to be given for Intangible Assets under Development
(b)Amount thereof,
(c)Details of Beneficiaries,
(d)If property is in the books, then reference to the item in the Balance Sheet,
(e)If property is not in the books, then the fact shall be stated with reasons,
(f)Where there are proceedings against Co. under this law as an abetter of the transaction
or as the transferor then the details shall be provided,
(g)Nature of proceedings, status of same and company's view on same.
(xi)where Co. has borrowings from banks or financial institutions on basis of security of
current assets, it shall disclose following:-
(a)whether quarterly returns or statements of current assets filed by Co. with banks or
financial institutions are in agreement with books of accounts;
(b)if not, summary of reconciliation and reasons of material discrepancies, if any to be
adequately disclosed.
(x)Wilful Defaulter
Where a Co. is declared wilful defaulter by any bank or financial Institution or other
lender, following details shall be given:
(a)Date of declaration as willful defaulter,
(b)Details of defaults (amount and nature of defaults)
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(xiv)Following Ratios to be disclosed:-
(a)Current Ratio,
(b)Debt-Equity Ratio,
(c)Debt Service Coverage Ratio,
(d)Return on Equity Ratio,
(e)Inventory turnover ratio,
(f)Trade Receivables turnover ratio,
05
(g)Trade payables turnover ratio,
(h)Net capital turnover ratio,
(i)Net profit ratio,
(j)Return on Capital employed,
(k)Return on investment.
The company shall explain items included in numerator and denominator for computing above
ratios. Further explanation shall be provided for any change in the ratio by more than 25% as
compared to the preceding year.
(A)Where company has advanced or loaned or invested funds (either borrowed funds or share
premium or any other sources or kind of funds) to any other person(s) or entity(ies),
including foreign entities (Intermediaries) with the understanding (whether recorded in writing
or otherwise) that the Intermediary shall
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(III)date and amount of guarantee, security or the like provided to or on behalf of the
Ultimate Beneficiaries
(IV)declaration that relevant provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 and
Companies Act has been complied with for such transactions and transactions are not
violative of Prevention of Money-Laundering act, 2002.
(B)Where a company has received any fund from any person(s) or entity(ies), including foreign
05
entities (Funding Party) with understanding (whether recorded in writing or otherwise) that
Co.shall
Preference Shares
Pref. shares including premium recd on issue, shall be classified and presented as 'Equity' or 'Liability' in
accordance with relevant Ind AS. Disclosure and presentation applicable to relevant class of equity or
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liability shall be applicable mutatis mutandis to the pref. shares. For eg, plain vanilla redeemable pref.
shares shall be classified and presented under 'non-current liabilities' as 'borrowings' and disclosure
requirements in this regard applicable to such borrowings shall be applicable mutatis mutandis to
redeemable pref. shares.
Compound Financial Instruments such as convertible debentures, where split into equity and liability
components, as per requirements of relevant Ind AS, shall be classified and presented under relevant
05
heads in 'Equity' and 'Liabilities'
Regulatory Deferral Account Balances shall be presented in the Balance Sheet in accordance with
the relevant Indian Accounting Standards.
Doubt regarding Valuation of Assets
If, in opinion of Board, any of assets other than PPE and non-current investments don't have a value on
realization in ordinary course of business at least equal to amt at which they are stated, fact that
Board is of that opinion, shall be stated.
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(c)other non-operating income (net of expenses directly attributable to such income)
Other Comprehensive Income(OCI) shall be classified into-
(A)Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
(i)Changes in revaluation surplus;
(ii)Re-measurements of defined benefit plans;
(iii)Equity Instruments through OCI;
(iv)Fair value changes relating to own credit risk of financial liabilities designated at fair
05
Additional Information:
Disclose via notes, additional info regarding aggregate expenditure and income on following items:
(a)employee Benefits expense (showing separately (i) salaries and wages, (ii) contribution to
PF and other funds, (iii) share based payments to employees, (iv) staff welfare expenses).
(b)depreciation and amortisation expense;
(c)any item of income or expenditure which exceeds 1 % of revenue from operations or 10L
whichever is higher, in addition to consideration of 'materiality ';
(d)interest Income;
(e)interest Expense
(f)dividend income;
(g)net gain or loss on sale of investments;
(h)net gain or loss on foreign currency transaction and translation (other than considered as
finance cost);
(i)payments to the auditor as (a) auditor, (b) for taxation matters, (c) for company law
matters, (d) for other services, (e) for reimbursement of expenses;
(j)in case of companies covered under section 135, amount of expenditure incurred on CSR
activities; and
(k)details of items of exceptional nature;
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(l)Undisclosed income
The Company shall give details of any transaction not recorded in books of accounts that has been
surrendered or disclosed as income during the year in tax assessments under Income Tax Act, 1961 (such
as, search or survey or any other relevant provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961), unless there is immunity
for disclosure under any scheme and shall also state whether the previously unrecorded income and
related assets have been properly recorded in the books of account during the year.
05
(m)Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Where the company covered under section 135 of Companies Act, following shall be disclosed with
regard to CSR activities:-
(i)amount required to be spent by the company during the year,
(ii)amount of expenditure incurred,
(iii)shortfall at the end of the year,
(iv)total of previous years shortfall,
(v)reason for shortfall,
(vi)nature of CSR activities,
(vii)details of related party transactions, e.g.,contribution to a trust controlled by the company
in relation to CSR expenditure as per relevant Accounting Standard,
(viii)where a provision is made with respect to a liability incurred by entering into a contractual
obligation, the movements in the provision during the year shall be shown separately.
(n)details of Crypto Currency or Virtual Currency
Where the Company has traded or invested in Crypto currency or Virtual Currency during the financial
year, the following shall be disclosed:-
(i)profit or loss on transactions involving Crypto currency or Virtual Currency,
(ii)amount of currency held as at the reporting date,
(iii)deposits or advances from any person for purpose of trading or investing in Crypto Currency
or virtual currency.
For Consolidated Financial Statements
·All subsidiaries, associates and JV (whether Indian or Foreign) will be covered under CFS.
·An entity shall disclose list of subsidiaries or associates or JV which have been consolidated in
CFS along with reason of not consolidating.
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AUDIT COMMITTEE & CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE:
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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:
Ÿ System by which companies are directed & governed by management, in the best interests of the
stakeholders & others, for better management, greater transparency &Timely reporting of financial
statements.
06
Ÿ Responsibility of Board of Directors.
Applicability of LODR:
Unless otherwise provided, these regulations shall apply to the listed entity who has listed any of
the following designated securities on recognised stock exchange(s):
Ÿ specified securities listed on main board or SME Exchange
Ÿ non-convertible securities;
Ÿ Indian depository receipts;
Ÿ securitised debt instruments;
Ÿ security receipts;
Ÿ units issued by mutual funds;
Ÿ any other securities as may be specified by the Board
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Equity shares - only Independent Director(ID)]
ØAll financially literate + at least 1 member accounting or Financial Management expertise
ØChairperson - ID + present at AGM to answer shareholder queries
ØCS - secretary to the committee
ØDiscretion to invite finance director/ head of finance/internal audit/ representative of stat auditor
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listed entity as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours of receipt of such reasons from auditor.
Further, conditions to be complied with upon resignation w.r.t. limited review / audit report as per
SEBI LODR Regulations, are as under
06
If auditor resigns within 45 days If auditor resigns after 45 If auditor has signed LR/AR of
from end of Qtr of a FY, then days from end of Qtr of a FY, 1st 3 Qtrs then before such
auditor shall, before resignation, then auditor shall, before resignation auditor shall issue
issue limited review/ audit report resignation, issue limited LR/AR for last qtr as well as
for such Qtr. review/ audit report for such AR for such FY
Qtr as well as next Qtr
The practicing CS shall certify compliance by listed entity on above in annual secretarial
compliance report
Note: Above provisions will not apply if the auditor is disqualified due to Section 141
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üAnnual statement of funds utilised for purpose other than stated in offer doc/prospectus/notice
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of Directors [or as a manager] is taken at the next general meeting or within a time period of three
months from the date of appointment, whichever is earlier.
(x)Provided that the appointment or a re-appointment of a person, including as a managing director or a
whole-time director or a manager, who was earlier rejected by the shareholders at a general
meeting, shall be done only with the prior approval of the shareholders:
(xi)Provided further that the statement referred to under sub-section (1) of section 102 of the
Companies Act, 2013, annexed to the notice to the shareholders, for considering the appointment
or re-appointment of such a person earlier rejected by the shareholders shall contain a detailed
06
explanation and justification by the Nomination and Remuneration Committee and the Board of
directors for recommending such a person for appointment or re-appointment
Obligations With Respect To Employees Including Senior Management, Key Managerial Persons,
Directors And Promoters & Provision relating to Board Meetings:
Ÿ Meetings at least 4 times in a year with max gap 120 days in between
Ÿ Quorum: Top 2000 listed entities à 1/3rd or 3 (higher) include 1 ID [VC & Audio visual
means counted]
Ÿ Director shall not be member in more than 10 Committees or Chairperson of more than 5
committees of public ltd cos. (including stakeholder relationship)
Ÿ Periodically review compliance reports of all laws applicable
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Ÿ ID hold at least 1 meeting in a FY without presence of Non -ID
Ÿ The place of ID in case of resignation shall be replaced within, Later of next BM or 3 month
Ÿ Senior management to disclose all material financial and commercial transactions, where they
have personal interest, and are potential conflict to the interest of the company
Code of Conduct
(i)The Board shall lay down code of conduct for Board members and senior Management.
(ii)All Board members and senior Management shall affirm compliance with code on annual
06
basis.
(iii)The Annual Report of co. shall contain declaration to this effect signed by CEO.
(iv)The code of conduct shall be posted on website of company.
(v)The Code of Conduct shall suitably incorporate duties of Independent Directors laid down in
Companies Act, 2013.
Auditor should Assertain if such code is present & obtain the copy of same, And also verify all board
member, Senior Management have provided confirmation & it is posted on website.
Vigil Mechanism:
The listed entity shall establish Vigil Mechanism
Ÿ For directors or employees to report genuine concerns
Ÿ Provide for adequate safeguards against victimisation of directors/employees & provide for
direct access to Chairperson of AC in exceptional cases
Ÿ Such Details are to be disclosed on website & in the board report
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Ÿ Policy for determining material Subsidiary shall be disclosed in Annual Report
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Composition of NRC:
rd
Ÿ At least 3 directors, all NED & atleast 2/3 - ID
Ÿ Chairperson shall be ID
rd
Ÿ Quorum shall be atleast 2 or 1/3 (higher) with at least 1 ID to be present
Ÿ shall Meet at least once a year
Ÿ Chairperson maybe present at AGM to answer Shareholder queries Role of NRC:
i.Formulation of criteria for determining qualifications, positive attributes & independence of a director
and recommend policy to BOD, relating to remuneration of directors, KMP & other employees;
ii.Formulation of criteria for evaluation of performance of independent directors & BOD;
iii.whether to extend or continue the term of independent director, on basis of their performance
evaluation report.
iv.Devising a policy on Board diversity;
v.Identifying persons qualified to be directors and can be appointed in senior Management as per
criteria, & recommend their appointment & removal to Board;
vi.recommend to board, all remuneration, in whatever form, payable to senior Management.
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reports/statutory notices by the shareholders of the company.
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Ÿ to registrar to an issue and/or
Ÿ share transfer agents.
The auditor should also verify from records maintained to ascertain whether delegated authority has
attended to share transfer formalities at least once in a fortnight. The auditor may verify whether
any transfer request are pending for more than a fortnight and are not attended to in terms of this
Regulation.
Compliance Certificate
06
The CEO and CFO shall certify to Board that:
(a)They have reviewed f/s and CFS for year and that to best of their knowledge and belief:
i.These statements do not contain any materially untrue statement or omit any material fact or
contain statements that might be misleading;
ii.These statements together present true and fair view of listed entity's affairs and are in
compliance with existing accounting standards, applicable laws and regulations.
(b)There are, to best of their knowledge and belief, no transactions entered into by listed entity
during year which are fraudulent, illegal or violative of listed entity's code of conduct.
(c)They accept responsibility for establishing and maintaining internal controls for financial
reporting and that they have evaluated effectiveness of internal control systems of listed entity
pertaining to financial reporting and have disclosed to auditors and Audit Committee,
deficiencies in design or operation of internal controls, if any, of which they are aware and
steps taken to rectify deficiencies.
(d)They have indicated to auditors and Audit Committee:
i.Significant changes in internal control over financial reporting during year;
ii.Significant changes in accounting policies during year and same have been disclosed in notes to
F.S; &
iii.Instances of significant fraud of which they have become aware and involvement therein, of
Management or an employee having significant role in listed entity's internal control system
over financial reporting.
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(h)Material developments in Human Resources / Industrial Relations front, including number of
people employed.
Other Disclosures :
Disclosure of events or information
Ÿ Every listed entity shall make disclosures of material events or information.
Ÿ BOD shall authorise 1 or more KMPs to determine materiality, their contact details shall be
on website.
06
Ÿ Such disclosures shall be hosted on website for minimum period of 5 years and thereafter as
per archival policy of listed entity, as disclosed on its website.
RPT Disclosures
Ÿ Quarterly compliance report on Corporate Governance to RSE 21 days from end of Quarter
Ÿ The report shall be signed either by the Compliance Officer or Chief Executive Officer.
Ÿ Policy to be disclosed on website & weblink provided in annual report
Ÿ Disclose transactions with promoter having 10% or more shareholding.
Ÿ Submit within 30 days from SFS & CFS half year results, disclosure of RPTs on
consolidated basis to RSE (format as per a/c std) & publish on website
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CA Ravi Agarwal Mentorship Program Reviews
(CAmentoringprogram.org)
AUDIT OF CONSOLIDATED
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
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AUDIT OF CONSOLIDATED
07 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Ÿ Sec 129(3) à where Company has one or more Subsidiary, including JVs & associates, its shall
in addition to its own F.S. prepare CFS of Company & all its Subsidiary
07
Ÿ Sec 129(4) à Provisions relating to preparation, adoption & audit (PAA) of F.S. of Holding
Company shall apply mutatis mutandis to CFS
Ÿ CFS shall be made as per Sched III & A/c standards
Ÿ A Company which isn't reqd to prepare CFS, it shall be sufficient if it complies with provisions
of CFS under Sched III
However, the requirement related to CFS shall not apply if it meets the following conditions:
Ÿ It is a wholly-owned or partially-owned subsidiary of another company and all its other
members, including those not otherwise entitled to vote, having been intimated in writing and do
not object to the company not presenting consolidated financial statements;
Ÿ Company whose securities are not listed or not in the process of listing
Ÿ Its ultimate or any intermediate holding company files CFS with the Registrar
Note: An investment entity need not present CFS if it measures Subsidiary at FVTPL (Fair value
through P&L)
However, parent of Investment entity shall prepare CFS unless parent is also an Investment entity.
Responsibility of Parent
The responsibility of CFS is of the management of Parent which includes:
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07
prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the FRF under which the parent prepares the
CFS in addition to reporting on the additional matters as required under the Companies Act, 2013
and any other statute to the extent applicable :
SA's, Statements and Guidance Notes issued by the ICAI apply in the same manner to audit of CFS
as they apply to standalone financial statements
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Audit Plan for CFS
The auditor should plan his work to enable him to conduct an effective audit in an efficient and
timely manner:
(a)Understanding of group structure and group-wide controls including assessment of IT system
and related general and applications IT related controls (manual and automated) for
consolidation process;
(b)understanding of accounting policies of parent and its components as well as of consolidation
process including process of translation of F.S. of foreign components;
07
Audit Completeness
To ensure completeness, the auditor should perform the following procedures:
(a)review his working papers for prior years for known components;
(b)review parent's procedures for identification of various components;
(c)make inquiries of management to identify any new components or any component which goes
out of consolidated financial statements;
(d)review investments of parent as well as its components to determine shareholding in other
entities;
(e)review joint ventures and joint arrangements as applicable; (Jvs)
(f)review other arrangements entered by parent that have not been included in CFS
(g)Identify changes in shareholding that might have taken place during reporting period.
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Current Period Consolidation Adjustment
These adjustments made in accounting period for which consolidation of F.S. is to be done. These
primarily relate to intra group transactions & account balances including:
i.Intra-group interest paid or received
ii.Unrealized intra group profit on assets acquired/ Transfered from /to other Subsidiary
iii.Record deferred tax on unrealized inter Company profits elimination as per As 12
iv.Intra-group indebtedness
v.Adjustment to harmonizing different accounting policies being followed by Parent & its
07
components
vi.Adjustments to recognize subsequent events or transactions that occur between balance sheet
date & date of auditor's report
vii.Adjustment for effects of significant transactions or events b/w date of component's b/sheet
(not already recognized) & auditor's report on Group's CFS
viii.Foreign component, adjustments to convert from Component's local GAAP to GAAP under which
CFS are prepared
ix.Determination of movement in equity attributable to the minorities /NCI
The auditor should review the memorandum records to verify the adjustment entries made in the
preparation of consolidated financial statements:
Apart from reviewing the memorandum records, the auditor should Verify:
Ÿ Intra group transactions and account balances have been eliminated;
Ÿ CFS have been prepared using uniform accounting policies
Ÿ Adequate disclosures have been made in accordance with AS 21 (ensure conformity with the
group's accounting policies in accordance with Ind AS 110)
Ÿ Adjustments made to harmonise the different accounting policies including adjustments made
by management to convert a component's FS prepared under the component's GAAP to the GAAP
under which the CFS are prepared;
Ÿ verify the calculation of minorities/NCI;
Note:
In any case, difference between reporting dates of component FS & date of CFS should not be more
than six months in case of FS under AS and three months in case of financial statements under Ind
AS.
Following information is also required to be disclosed in CFS separately for parent and each of its
components (including foreign component) which has been consolidated:
(i)amount of net assets and net assets as a percentage of consolidated net assets;
(ii)amount of share in profit or loss(P&L) and percentage share in P&L as percentage of
consolidated P&L;
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(iii)amount in other comprehensive income (OCI) and percentage of OCI as a percentage of
Consolidated OCI
The Following information in the notes to CFS need not be given
i.Source from which bonus shares are issued
ii.Disclosure of unutilized monies out of issue indicating form in which they have been invested
iii.Disclosure under MSME Development Act 2006
iv.A statement of investments separately classifying trade investments and other investments,
showing the names of the bodies corporate in whose shares or debentures, investments have
07
been made.
v.Value of imports on CIF basis by Company during FY in respect of:
a)Raw material
b)Components & spare parts
c)Capital Goods
vi.Expenditure in forex during FY on account of Royalty, know how etc
vii.Value of imported Raw material, spare parts & components consumed & value of indigenous RM,
SP & C consumed & percentage of each to total consumption.
Reporting
1.When Parent's Auditor is also Auditor of all its Components
Ø Auditor should report whether principles and procedures for preparation and presentation of CFS
as laid down AS have been followed.
In case of any departure or deviation, auditor should consider requirements given in SA 705 in
audit report so that users are aware of such deviation.
Ø Auditor should issue an audit report expressing opinion whether CFS give true and fair view of
state of affairs of Group as on balance sheet date and whether consolidated P&L statement
gives true and fair view of results of consolidated P&L of Group for period under audit.
Ø Where CFS also include cash flow statement, auditor should also give his opinion on true and
fair view of cash flows presented by consolidated cash flow statements.
2.When the Parent's Auditor is not the Auditor of all its Components
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Ø Auditor should consider requirement of SA 600.
Ø As per SA 706, if auditor makes reference to work of other auditor in his audit report on CFS,
disclose clearly magnitude of portion of FS audited by other auditor.
Ø This may be done by stating aggregate amts, or percentage of total assets, revenues & cash
flows included in CFS not audited by parent's auditor.
Ø Total assets, revenues and cash flows not audited by the parent's auditor should be presented
before giving effect to permanent and current period consolidation adjustments.
Ø Reference in the report of auditor on CFS to fact that part of the audit of the group was made
07
by other auditor(s) is not to be construed as a qualification of the opinion but rather as an
indication of divided responsibility between auditors of parent and its subsidiaries.
3.When the Component(s) Auditor Reports on Financial Statements under an Accounting Framework
Different than that of the Parent
Ø Parent's Management performs conversion from component's audited FS from FRF in which its
prepared to FRF for CFS.
Ø The conversion adjustments are audited by Principal Auditor.
Ø The component auditor might prepare FS as per parent's accounting polices based on Group
Accounting Manual (GAM)
Ø Parent auditor shall check if GAM comply with GAAP applicable to Parent
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AUDIT OF BANKS
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08 AUDIT OF BANKS
08
Ÿ extensive dependence on IT to process transactions;
Ÿ effect of the statutory and regulatory requirements;
Ÿ continuing development of new products and services and banking practices which may not be
matched by the concurrent development of accounting principles and auditing practices.
Ÿ Evolution of technology and providing services through Net Banking and Mobiles has exposed banks
to huge operational and financial risk.
Co-operative Societies Act 1912 for Co-operative Banks RBI Act, 1934
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 SBI Act 1955
Banking Companies (Acquisition & Transfer of Securitization & Reconstruction of Financial Assets &
Undertakings) Act, 1970 Enforcement of Security Interest Act 2002
Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976 SBI (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959
Banking Companies (Acquisition & Transfer of Payments & Settlement System Act 2007
Undertakings) Act, 1980
Information Technology Act, 2000 Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act 2005
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 Companies Act 2013
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case of nationalised banks
Ø Scope of assignment which included spl certificates or reports to be given by CSAs
Ø Basis of computation of audit fee and scale of travel and related allowances and conveyance charges
and other expense reimbursement entitlements, if any.
Conduct of Audit
1. Initial Considerations
Ÿ Acceptance & Continuance: Assessing engagement risk prior to acceptance.
Ÿ Declaration of Indebtness: Written confirmation that credit facilities obtained by auditors & their
family members have not become NPAs.
Ÿ Internal Assignments in Banks by Statutory Auditors: Not take stat audit assignment if associated
with internal audit assignment
Ÿ Terms of Audit Engagements: As per SA 210, agree terms of engg before beginning fieldwork
Ÿ Communication with Previous Auditor: As per Clause 8 of Part I of First Schedule of CA Act 1949
Ÿ Planning: Documenting NTE of audit procedures & flexible to make changes
Ÿ Establish Engagement Team: Qualified & experienced professionals to manage engg risk
2.Understanding
Ÿ Understanding the Bank and Its Environment including Internal Control
Ÿ Understand Bank's Accounting Process
Ÿ Understanding Risk Management Process
Ø Oversight by TCWG: They should approve risk mgt policies consistent with bank's objectives,
strategies, regulatory requirement etc
Ø Identification, Measurement and Monitoring of Risks: Risks should be identified, measured &
monitored against pre-approved criteria
Ø Control Activities: Segregation of duties, verification & approval of transactions, physical security
Ø Monitoring Activities: Conducted by independent risk mgt unit
Ø Reliable information systems: That provide adequate compliance, financial & operational info
3.Risk Assessment
Ÿ Identifying and assessing ROMM: As per SA 315, Identifying & assessing ROMM at F.S. level &
assertion level for Class of transn, a/c balance & disclosures
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Ÿ Assess the risk of fraud including Money Laundering: As per SA 240, assess risk due to fraud
Ÿ Assess specific risk: ROMM at F level relating to banking industry & use of IT
Ÿ Risk of outsourcing activities: Used for reducing costs as well as making use of services of an expert
not available internally but risk associated with it.
4.Execution: Engagement team discussion, Response to assessed risks, Establishing Audit strategy,
Determining audit materiality, Consider Going concern
08
Special considerations in IT Environment:
Considering the importance of IT systems in preparation and presentation of financial statements, it is
imperative that bank should share detailed information with auditors like: -
Ÿ Overall IT policy, structure and environment of Bank's IT system
Ÿ Data processing and data interface under various systems
Ÿ Data integrity and data security
Ÿ Business Continuity plans and disaster control plans
Ÿ Accounting manual and critical a/c entries, their processes and involvement of IT systems
Ÿ Controls over key aspects, use of various a/c heads,expense booking,overdue identification etc.
Ÿ Controls on recording of various e-banking and internet banking products and channels
Ÿ MIS reports being generated and their periodicity
Ÿ Major exception reports and process of generation including embedded logic
Note:
Ÿ Overall review of IT environment and computerized a/c system has to be taken at HO level.
Ÿ Branch auditors don't have access to IT policy and processes implemented by bank.
Hence, based upon guidance and info received from SCAs, branch auditors need to ensure that data review
and analysis through CBS is carried out and TOCs and substantive checking of sample transactions is
carried out at branch level and results are shared with SCAs.
Key control aspects that an auditor needs to address while undertaking audit in a Computerised bank.
ØEnsure authorised, accurate and complete data available for processing
ØEnsure in case of power failure, system restarts without affecting completion of entries/records
ØEnsure system prevents unauthorised amendments to programme
ØVerify segregation of duties ensured while granting system access to users
ØVerify balance in general ledger tallies with subsidiary book
ØVerify backup media stored in fireproof cabinet with lock & key. offsite backup for emergency.
ØVerify that exceptional transaction are authorised and verified on a daily basis. It is important for auditor
to understand the nature of exception and its impact on financials
ØVerify latest anti-virus software installed.
ØVerify access to computer system only to authorised persons.
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Stress Testing
These are designed to understand whether bank has enough capital to survive plausible adverse economic
conditions and to maintain enough buffer to stay afloat under extreme scenarios.
for measuring capital adequacy, thereby evolving methods of determining regulatory capital and ensuring
efficient use of capital.
Aim:
a)improving the banking sector's ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress
b)improving risk management and governance practices
c)strengthening banks' transparency and disclosure standards.
Risk-based Internal audit is conducted based upon risk assessment of business and control risks of
branches.
The risk assessment process includes: -
Ÿ Identification of inherent business risks in various activities undertaken by branches (Business risk)
Ÿ Assessment of effectiveness of control systems for monitoring inherent risks of business activities
of branch (Control risk)
Ÿ Making an assessment of level and direction of various risk areas and assess level and direction of
overall business risk and control risk
Ÿ Drawing up of risk matrix taking into account factors viz. Risk of branch
Internal Controls
General:
Ÿ The staff of bank shifted from one position to another frequently and without prior notice.
Ÿ Work of one person should always be checked by another person (Internal check)
Ÿ The arithmetical accuracy of books should be proved independently every day.
Ÿ All bank forms (e.g. Cheque books, demand draft/pay order books, travelers' cheques, foreign currency
cards etc.) should be kept in possession of an officer, and another officer should verify issuance and
stock of such stationery.
Ÿ Mail should be opened by a responsible officer. Signatures on all letters and advices received from other
branches of bank or its correspondence should be checked by officer with the signature book.
Ÿ Signature and telegraphic code book kept with responsible officers and access should be allowed only
to authorised officers.
Ÿ The bank should take out insurance policies against loss due to all the risks such as fire, natural
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calamities, theft and employees' infidelity.
Ÿ Surprise inspection of HO & Branches by Internal Audit Dept
Cash:
ØCash should be kept in joint custody of 2 responsible officers.
ØTest-checked daily and counted in full occasionally by a responsible officer other than those handling the
cash.
ØThe cashier should have no access to customer's ledger accounts and the Day Book.
08
ØPayments should be made only after vouchers (e.g. cheques, demand drafts etc.) have been passed for
payment
ØHigh value cash receipts and payments should be verified by a higher officer/ branch manager
Clearings
Ø Under Cheque Truncation System (CTS) implemented by RBI, electronic image of cheque is
transmitted to paying branch through clearing house, along with relevant info. like data on MICR
band, date of presentation, presenting bank, etc. This effectively eliminates associated cost of
movement of physical cheques, reduces time reqd for their collection.
Ø As per RBI guidelines, branch is required to either call customer or email him for any cheque recd for
amt of 5L & above in respect of inward clearings. Auditor may verify compliance on test check basis.
Ø Auditor is to check whether sign of drawer of cheque is being verified by staff or not as else there will
be liability of paying bank under all circumstances.
Ø The unpaid cheques received in outward clearing should be either sent to customers at their recorded
address or customers be informed to collect the same from bank branch.
Bills Purchased
Ø All documents of title should be assigned to bank
Ø Sufficient margin à cover decline in value of security
Ø Unable to collect on due date à immediate steps to recover amt.
Ø Irregular a/c report to H.O.
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4Make advances after verifying creditworthiness of borrowers & Obtaining sanction from proper
authorities of bank.
4All the necessary documents (e.g., agreements, demand promissory notes, letters of hypothecation,
etc.) Should be executed by the parties before advances are made.
4Sufficient margin should be kept against securities taken to cover any decline in the value thereof.
4Securities should be kept in Joint custody of two responsible officers.
4All securities are accompanied by documents sufficient to give title of the bank.
4Market value of goods in the possession of bank should be checked by officers of the bank By personal
08
Demand Drafts
ØCheck signature with signature book
ØDD sold/ issued confirmed by advice to paying branch
ØPaying branch not receive confirmation or credit in account à steps to ascertain reasons
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£ Reimbursement to merchants should be made only after verification of validity of merchant's
acceptance of cards.
£ All reimbursement (gross of commission) should be immediately charged to customer's account.
£ There should be a system to ensure that statements are sent regularly and promptly to customer.
£ There should be a system to monitor and follow-up customers' payments.
08
check compliance.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio: Required to maintain gold/cash/govt approved securities/other liquid assets.
Report submitted to top mgt & RBI.
·Correctness of compilation of DTL
·Maintenance of liquid Assets
Ÿ Verify compliance on 12 odd dates, not being Fridays
Ÿ Report to management and RBI, covering
ØCorrectness of compilation of DTL position
ØMaintenance of liquid assets u/s 24 of Banking Regulation Act
Ÿ Audit procedure:
ØUnderstand circular/direction of RBI
ØRequest branch auditor à weekly trial balance on Friday-consolidation at H.O. Also on dates
selected by auditor. Specific request examine cash balance on selected dates.
ØTest basis examine consolidation Demand Time Liability position with reference to branch returns
ØExclusions from liabilities:
ü Paid up capital, reserve, any cr. balance in P&L a/c of bank, amt of loan taken from RBI and amt
of refinance taken from EXIM bank, NHB, SIDBI and NABARD
ü Part amounts of recoveries from borrowers in respect of debts considered bad and doubtful.
ü Amounts recd in Indian currency against import bills and held in sundry deposits pending
receipts of final rates.
ü Un-adjusted deposits/balances lying in link branches for agency business like dividend, interest
warrants etc. to the extent of payment by other branches but not adjusted by link branched
ü Margins held & kept in sundry deposits for funded facilities
ØInclusions in liabilities:
ü Net credit balance in branch adjustment accounts including relating to foreign branches.
ü Borrowings from abroad by banks in India considered as 'liability to other' taken at gross level
can't be netted off (Adverse balance in Nostro Mirror A/C)
ü interest accrued but not accounted for in books
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Verification of Assets
VERIFICATION OF INVESTMENTS
Ÿ Internal Control Evaluation & Review of Investment Policy
ü To ensure that they are in accordance with the RBI's guidelines.
ü To ensure that investment objectives are separate for the Investments on its own account &
investments on behalf of customers.
Ÿ Separation of Investment Functions
ü Check the segregation of duties in terms of Executing trades, settlement & monitoring of such
08
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and AFS and shifting of securities is as per regulatory norms and laid down policy. Examine whether
the shifting of the investments from 'available for sale' to 'held to maturity' is Approved by the Board
of Directors of the bank.
08
Ø Revenue items requiring adjustment/write off
Ø Other cr. and debit entries originated in Statement provided by RBI remaining
responded for more than 15 days.
ŸWR from mgt. for reasons of old outstanding bal. in BRS unadjusted for 1 year.
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internal inspection/RBI inspection team.
Ÿ Examine list of restructured a/cs to ensure that restructure is as per RBI
guidelines. Remember restructured a/c portfolio requires additional provisioning.
Ÿ Examine quick/early mortality accounts. Any advance slippage to NPA within 12 months
of its sanction is called as quick/early mortality case.
Ÿ Examine all large advances & others on sample basis
Ÿ Completeness & accuracy of interest charged
Ÿ Carry out appropriate analytical procedures
08
ÜRecoverability of advances
ØReview periodic statements submitted by borrower
Ø Latest financial statements of borrower
Ø Reports on inspection of security
Ø Review audit report à borrower enjoying cr limit >=10 Lakh for working capital
Provisioning of NPA
Classification & Provision
Ÿ Verify whether bank has a system of ongoing identification and classification of
advances through CBS without manual intervention and its accuracy in crystallising
date of NPA.
Ÿ Examine classification appropriate à particularly those advances with threat to recovery
Ÿ Examine-secured & unsecured portion segregated correctly and calculation of provision
Ÿ Review and compare date of NPA of loan a/cs mentioned in current year statements with
that of PY. Reasons for any change should be ascertained.
Ÿ A/c regularised before b/s date à payment from genuine sources à need not be classified as
NPA
Ÿ If subsequently, branch lends funds to borrower à auditor assess genuineness of source of
payment
Ÿ Inherent weakness in a/c à deemed NPA
Ÿ Classification as per position as on date and review of all std accounts on balance sheet date
Ÿ Recognition on basis of Past Due/Overdue Concept & not based on balance sheet date.
Drawing power calculation (DP)
Ÿ Ensure calculation as per extant guidelines i.e. credit policy of bank formulated by Board & agreed
by stat auditors reflected in respective sanction letters
Ÿ Spl consideration should be given to proper reporting of sundry creditors and stocks covered under
LCs/guarantees for purposes of calculating drawing power.
Ÿ Stock audit for a/c funded exposure > stipulated limits. Review report of stock auditor with spl.
focus to comments
Ÿ Calculated carefully à working capital advances to Cos. in construction business. Valuation of WIP
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proper & consistent manner. Mobilisation advance reduced to calculate DP.
Accounts with temporary deficiencies
Ÿ Banks shouldn't classify an advance a/c as NPA merely due to existence of some deficiencies which
are temporary in nature such as non-availability of drawing power (DP) based on latest available
stock statement, balance o/s exceeding the limit temporarily and non-renewal of limits on due date.
Ÿ However, stock statements relied upon by banks for determining DP should not be older than 3
months.
Ÿ The o/s in the account based on DP calculated from stock statements older than 3 months are
08
considered as irregular. Ensure adherence to these guidelines.
Agricultural Advance
Ÿ Ensure NPA norms applied in accordance with crop season determined by State Level Bankers'
Committee in each State. Depending upon the duration of crops – short term/ long term - raised by an
agriculturist, NPA norms would also be made applicable to agricultural term loans availed of by them.
Also ensure that these norms are made applicable to all direct agricultural advances listed in Master
Circular on lending to priority sector.
Ÿ In respect of agricultural loans, other than those specified in circular, ensure that identification of NPAs
has been done on the same basis as non-agricultural advances.
Restructured Advance
Restructuring is an act in which a lender, for economic or legal reasons relating to borrower's financial
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difficulty, grants concessions to borrower.
It may involve modification of terms of advances including alteration of amount of instalments/alteration
of repayment period/rate of interest/sanction of additional credit facilities etc. to help in curing of default.
ª The auditor should verify compliance with requirements of circular issued in this regard.
ª Banks may restructure a/cs classified under std, substandard or doubtful categories. Banks can't
restructure a/cs with retrospective effect.
ª Once bank receives an application/proposal in respect of an a/c for restructuring, it implies that
08
account is intrinsically weak. Accordingly, during the time account remains pending for restructuring,
auditors need to take a view whether provision needs to be made in respect of such a/cs, pending
approval for restructuring.
ª On restructuring, account will be downgraded from Standard to substandard. NPAs will remain in same
category.
Upgradation of Account
ŸExamine all accounts upgraded from NPA to std. category during the year, to ensure that upgrading of
each account is strictly in terms of RBI guidelines.
ŸThere can be a possibility of incorrect upgradation of a/c on basis of partial recoveries made in the a/c
and overdue portion might not have wiped out completely. There can also be a possibility of
recoveries being made in account after cut-off date and a/c being upgraded as on date of balance
sheet.
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Ø Capital adequacy – 100% risk weight to NPAs purchased from other banks
Ø
ØStationery & Stamps
Ø Ensure that item “Stationery and Stamps” includes only exceptional items of expenditure on
stationery like bulk purchase of security paper which is to be written off over period of time. Such
items should be valued at cost. Normal expenditure on stationery is charged to p&l a/c. Therefore, this
item may not appear at branch level as considerable part of stationery is supplied to branches by head
office.
Ø Check Internal Controls
08
Ø Physical verification at year end
Ø Check cost charged to p&l
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Ø Intt accrued but no due shown under 'other liab & provisions’
Ø
Ø Borrowings
Ø Obtain & verify confirmation certificates & other docs
Ø SA 505, “External Confirmation” –audit evidence to respond to significant risks
Ø Examine- clear distinction b/w rediscount and refinance, as rediscount doesn't appear in this head
Ø Examine borrowing at call & short notice-authorised
Ø
Ø Bills payable
08
Ø Evaluate the existence, effectiveness and continuity of internal controls over bills payable. Controls
should usually include the following-
Ø Drafts, mail transfers,etc. made out in std printed forms.
Ø Unused forms relating to drafts, traveller's cheques, etc. kept under custody of responsible officer.
Ø The bank have a reliable private code known only to responsible officers of branches, coding and
decoding of telegrams should be done only by such officers.
Ø The signatures on demand draft, checked by officer with specimen signature book.
Ø All TTs and DDs issued by a branch should be immediately confirmed by advices to the branches
concerned. On payment, paying branch should send a debit advice to originating branch
Ø Examine sample of outstanding items comprised in bills payable accounts with relevant registers.
Reasons for old outstanding debits in respect of drafts or other similar instruments paid without advice
should be ascertained.
Correspondence with other branches after year-end should be examined specially for large value items
outstanding on balance sheet date
Contingent Liabilities
Management Representation:
The auditor should obtain representation from mgt that:-
(i)all off-balance sheet transactions have been accounted in books of a/cs as and when such
transaction has taken place;
(ii)all off balance sheet transactions have been entered into after following due procedure laid down;
(iii)all off balance sheet transactions are supported by the underlying documents;
(iv)all year end contingent liabilities have been disclosed;
(v)disclosed contingent liabilities don't include any crystallised liabilities which are of nature of loss/
expense and which require creation of a provision/adjustment in F.S;
(vi)estimated amounts of financial effect of contingent liabilities are based on best estimates in terms
of AS 29, including consideration of possibility of any reimbursement;
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-Liability for partly paid investments
-Liability on account of outstanding forward exchange contracts.
-Guarantees given on behalf of constituents (within India; outside India)
-Acceptances, endorsements and other obligations
-Other items for which the bank is contingently liable
Audit procedures:
Contingent Liability (CL)
08
Ÿ Adequte Internal Controls ensure transn executed by persons authorised
Ÿ Verify in case of Letter of Credits for import of goods, payments made in terms of LC
Ÿ Test completeness of recorded obligations
Ÿ Review reasonableness of year end contingent liab in light of prev experience
Ÿ Review whether comfort letters issued included in CL
Guarantees
Ÿ Check Internal Controls over issue of guarantees
Ÿ Controls over unused guarantee forms e.g. under custody of responsible officers
Ÿ Examine guarantee register- procedure of marking off expired guarantees
Ÿ Check guarantee register- ensure all included in disclosures
Ÿ If claim risen, provision as per AS 29
Auditor's Reports
In case of nationalized bank, report is issued to Central Govt. stating following:
Ÿ Whether, in auditor's opinion, balance sheet is full and fair balance sheet containing all necessary
particulars and is properly drawn up to exhibit true and fair view of affairs of bank.
Ÿ In case auditor had called for any explanation or information, whether it has been given and whether it
is satisfactory.
Ÿ Whether or not transactions of bank, which have come to auditor's notice, have been within powers of
bank.
Ÿ Whether or not returns received from offices and branches of bank have been found adequate for
purpose of audit.
Ÿ Whether profit and loss account shows true balance of profit or loss for period covered by such
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account.
Ÿ Any other matter which auditor considers should be brought to notice of Central Government.
The consolidation is done at head office level and LFAR for bank is submitted by SCAs to mgt. LFAR, on
the bank, after due examination, should be placed before ACB of bank indicating action taken/proposed to
be taken for rectification of irregularities, if any, mentioned therein; and a copy of LFAR and relative
agenda note, together with Board's views or directions, is submitted to RBI within 60 days of submission of
LFAR by statutory auditors.
Notes:
Ÿ In case of fraud report to:
Ø RBI
Ø Chairman/MD/CEO of bank
Ø CG u/s 143(12)
Concurrent Audit
Scope of Concurrent Audit in Banks
Ø Cash
Ø Deposits Advances
Ø Investments
Ø Foreign Exchange House
Ø Keeping
Ø Other Items
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Coverage of Business/Branches for concurrent Audit
Banks are required to cover 50 % of total deposits and 50 % of total advances under concurrent audit.
Ÿ Large and very large branches
Ÿ Special branches handling Foreign Exchange, Merchant Banking, large Corporate Wholesale
Banking and Forex dealing room operations
Ÿ Large problem branches rated as poor/very poor
Ÿ Head Office department dealing with Treasury/Funds management and handling Investment
portfolio.
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Ÿ Any other branches or departments where in the opinion of the Bank concurrent audit is desirable.
Investments
Ÿ Purchase/sale of securities should as per:
ØHO instructions
ØRates beneficial to bank
Ÿ Securities in books à should be physically held by it
Ÿ Compliance with RBI/HO guidelines
Advances
Ÿ Ensure proper sanction of advances
Ÿ Securities properly recd and regd in name of bank.
Ÿ Proper post disbursement supervision & follow-up
Ÿ LC issued within delegated power
Ÿ BG issued, properly worded & recorded in register
Ÿ Classification as per RBI guidelines
Ÿ Claims to ECGC & DICGC submitted in time
Ÿ Foreign Exchange
Ÿ Check foreign bills negotiated under letters of credit.
Ÿ Check FCNR and other non-resident accounts whether debits and credits are permissible under rules.
Ÿ Check whether inward/outward remittance have been properly accounted for.
Ÿ Examine extension and cancellation of forward contracts for purchase and sale of foreign currency.
Ensure that they are duly authorised and necessary charges have been recovered.
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Ÿ Ensure that balances in Nostro accounts in different foreign currencies are within prescribed limit.
Ÿ Ensure adherence to guidelines issued by RBI/HO of bank about dealing room operations.
Ÿ Ensure verification/reconciliation of Nostro and Vostro account transactions/balances.
years. No auditor will continue with a branch/Business unit for more than 3 years.
Ÿ If omission/commission by auditor report to RBI & ICAI & appointment maybe cancelled
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AUDIT OF INSURANCE
COMPANIES
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AUDIT OF INSURANCE
09 COMPANIES
LEGAL FRAMEWORK:
Ü Insurance Act, 1938
Ü IRDA Act 1999
Ü IRDA Regulations
Ü Companies Act 2013
Ü GIC (Nationalization Act,1972)
09
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l Pension or Retirement Plans: A pension plan is retirement solution where policyholder decides the
age retirement age and agrees to pay premium till the time of the retirement and thereafter he has
option to commute the a part of his fund value and take an annuity for the balance.
l Annuities: Annuity is a contract where Insurer in return for the payment at regular intervals till
fixed date make series of agreed payments at regular intervals from fixed date.
l Group Insurance: Group Insurance is an insurance that covers a group of people, who are the
members of the societies, employees of an organisation or professionals in common group.
09
Others
Difference between Life Insurance & General Insurance
Life Insurance can be seen as an investment General Insurance, mostly, doesn’t give any
apart from insurance as it offers maturity maturity benefits but promises
benefits after specific tenures payout in case of loss due to unavoidable
circumstances
Term may be fixed or variable. Term is fixed (usually 1 year).
Pay-outs are certain either as claims or Pay-outs are uncertain as claims may or may
maturity benefits. not arise.
Multi -purpose (e.g. investment, tax Solely for the purpose of insurance.
benefits, insurance).
Requirements of Schedule A to the IRDA (Preparation of Financial Statements and Auditors' Report of
Insurance Companies) Regulations, 2002:
Part I: Accounting Principles for Preparation of Financial Statements
Ü Applicability of Accounting Standards
Ü Premium: shall be recognized as income when due
Ü Acquisition costs: shall be expensed in the period in which they are incurred
Ü The ultimate cost of claims shall comprise the policy benefit amount and specific claims settlement
costs, wherever applicable.
Ü Actuarial valuation- Liability for Life Policies
Ü Insurance companies not only cater valuable death cover under policy but also extend helping hand
by way of granting loan under policies during life time of policyholder
Ü The accounting principles used for valuation of Investments are to be consistent with principles
Ü The funds for future appropriation represent all funds, the allocation of which, either to policyholders
or to the shareholders, has not been determined by the end of the financial year.
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
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AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
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Additional Disclosure
Assets to the extent required to be deposited under local laws or otherwise encumbered
C in or outside India;
09
Percentage of business sector-wise
A summary of financial statements for the last five years, in the manner as may be
prescribed by the Authority
2.Underwriting: While verifying the process of underwriting, the objective of the Audit should be to
review the process of acceptance of risk through the underwriting process, and evaluate and test the
effectiveness of internal controls in place to ensure timely and accurate Insurance policy, adherence
to the IRDA Act and Rules and regulations made thereunder
3.Reinsurance: The primary objective of the audit should be to check and confirm that reinsurance
premium calculation and payment is in accordance with the agreement with the reinsurer. Necessary
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provision has been made for outstanding reinsurance premium and is properly accounted for in
books of accounts under respective heads.
The audit in this regard would normally cover the followings areas of the reinsurance:
Verification of agreements entered with the reinsurer.
Updating/ renewals of agreements and verifying whether Insurer has adhered to the terms and
conditions of the agreement.
Verification of payments made to the reinsurer and verifying whether adequate provisions are carried
out in books.
4.FLC : Free Look cancellation:
FLC refund is calculated as follows:
09
The primary objective of the audit is to check and confirm that FLC requests are received within 15
days from receipt of policy document by the policy holder, verification of signatures of the policy
holder and processing of FLC request within TAT defined by the insurer. Also checking of
appropriate accounting entries are recorded for refund.
6.Policy surrender: Surrender of an insurance policy refers to the voluntary termination of the
insurance contract before the expiry of the term of the contract. The process of surrender is
initiated by the policy holder. A policy becomes eligible for surrender on completion of 3 years from
the commencement of the policy provided that 3 years premium have been paid within the due
dates. Check whether surrender amount is paid only to the policy holder and is paid only as per
terms and conditions mentioned in the policy document and appropriate accounting entries are
passed.
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Renewal premium - premium received for subsequent policy years.
Premium received but not identifiable against any policy would be treated as 'unallocated premium'/
'suspense amount'.
8.Claims:
1. Auditor should review the standard policy document template to ensure that the policy document
prescribes the minimum documentary evidence needed to support a claim. 2.Ensure that the Insurer
maintains a register or record of claims, in which every claim is entered along with the date of the
claim and date on which the claim was discharged.
3.In case the claims are rejected, the reasons for the rejections should be closely reviewed.
4.Check whether all claims received are registered and enter into the system.
09
5.It should be ensured that there is a system of collecting appropriate KYC documents, as required,
and discrepancies, if any, are intimated to the policyholders within 15 days of intimation.
6.It should be ensured that all the processed claims are accounted into the system properly.
7.It should be ensured that appropriate provisioning has been carried out, in the cases of all the claims
intimated but not paid.
8.It should be ensured that Claims cost includes the Claims settlement Cost.
9.In case of living/ survival/ maturity / annuity benefits it should be ensured that liability is
automatically triggered.
10.It should be ensured that there is system of regular reconciliation is carried out between claims
management system and General ledger.
11.Liability of claims should be booked net of reinsurance.
9. Investments: The Auditor during his review of Investment Department should mainly consider the
following:
Review the Investment management structure to ensure adequate segregation of duties between
Investment Front office, Mid Office and Back office;
Review of insurer's Standard Operating Procedures which are prescribed by the IRDA Regulations and are
required to cover the entire gamut of investment related processes and policies;
Review of insurer's Investment policy;
Review of functioning and scope and minutes of Investment Committee;
Compliance of all Investment regulations, various other circulars specified by IRDAI and other
regulations specified in the Insurance Act, 1938;
Review of insurer's Disaster Recovery, Backup and Contingency Plan;
Review of access Controls, authorization process for Orders and Deal execution, etc.;
Review of insurer's Cash Management System to track funds available for Investment considering the
settlement obligations and subscription and redemption of units, etc.
Determine the extent of activities outsourced and the controls over such activities; Controls over NAV
computation and declaration;
Controls over various system interfaces such as Seamless integration of data, between front office and
back office, in the Investments accounting system;
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Flow of data from PMS to the Investment Accounting system;
Controls around personal dealings, insider trading and front running.
10. Agent's commission: The Auditor during his review of Commission paid to Agents should mainly consider
the following:
Review the system established by the Insurer with respect to calculation of commission to eligible
agents accurately and processing the same in timely manner.
Review the commission payment system is in sync with the premium collection system.
Check whether commission paid is within the limit prescribed under Insurance Act.
Check whether commission is clawed-back on the cancelled policies.
Check the completeness of commission processing system.
09
ÜSOLVENCY MARGIN-
1)REQUIREMENT OF SOLVENCY MARGIN - Every insurer and re-insurer shall at all times
ÜMaintain an excess of value of assets over the amount of liabilities of,
ÜMaintain a MINIMUM SOLVENCY RATIO OF 150% of the amount of minimum capital.
2)NON-COMPLIANCE OF SOLVENCY MARGIN - Insurer or re-insurer, who does not comply with
ÜRequirement of solvency margin shall be deemed to be insolvent &
ÜMay be wound-up by court on application made by IRDA.
3)SUBMISSION OF FINANCIAL PLAN- If, at any time insurer or re-insurer does not maintain
ÜRequired level of solvency margin he shall submit a financial plan indicating a
ÜPlan of action to correct deficiency within a specified period not exceeding 6 months.
ÜPREMIUM INCOME-
1)REVIEW OF INTERNAL CONTROL-
Ü Issue of proper cover notes
Ü Serial no. of cover notes
Ü Internal check on stamps, stationery etc.
2)ACCOUNTING-
Ü Recognition of premium income for all risks incepted.
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09
Ü No risk w.r.t premiums received in advance and outstanding
4)CO-INSURANCE-
Ü Proper booking of share of premium.
CLAIMS PAID-
1)REVIEW OF INTERNAL CONTROL-
Ü Payment of only bona-fide claims
Ü Sanctioned by appropriate authority
Ü Collection of information from branches
2)CLAIMS PAID-
Ü Coinsurance - proper booking
Ü Settlement Amount - must include all incidental expenses
Ü Claims communicated after year end - accounting for provisions
Ü Accounting for salvage and letter for subrogation - in accordance with procedure
Ü Amount deposited with Court - not treated as claim till final decision
Ü Unqualified discharge note - in case of final settlement
Ü Calculation of claims incurred but not reported (IBNR) & Claims incurred but not enough
reported (IBNER) is done by Appointed Actuary of insurance company based on probability
weighted estimations & statistical models approved by the Actuarial Standards.
3)CLAIMS OUTSTANDING AT YEAR END-
Ü Provision for all unsettled claims
Ü Provision for legally enforceable claims
Ü Provisions should not be made in excess
Ü Application of average clause.
Ü Consideration of Salvage value.
Ü 4) CLAIMS REGISTER
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COMMISSION
l Role of Auditor: The auditor should, inter alia, do the following for verification of commission:
l Ensure that commission/brokerage is not paid in excess of the limits specified by IRDAI
l Ensure that commission/brokerage is paid as per rates with the agent and rates filed with IRDAI
l Ensure that commission/brokerage is paid to the agent/broker who has solicited the business
l Ensure that the agent/broker is not blacklisted by IRDAI and is not terminated for fraud etc.
l Vouch disbursement entries with reference to the disbursement vouchers with copies of
commission bills and commission statements.
l Check whether the vouchers are authorised by the officers-in–charge as per rules in force and
income tax is deducted at source, as applicable.
09
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vOUTSTANDING ITEMS
Ü Scrutinize & review control account debit balances & their nature should be enquired into.
Ü Examine in-operative balances &
09
üTreatment given for old balances with reference to company rules.
Ü Enquire into the reasons for retaining the old balances.
Ü Verify old debit balances which may require provision or adjustment.
Ü Notes of explanation may be obtained from the management in this regard.
Ü Check age-wise, sector-wise analysis of outstanding premium.
Ü Verify whether outstanding premiums have since been collected.
Ü Check availability of adequate bank guarantee or premium deposit for outstanding premium.
vCONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Ü Partly paid-up investments.
Ü Underwriting Commitments outstanding.
Ü Claims, other than those under policies, not acknowledged as debts.
Ü Guarantees given by or on behalf of the Company.
Ü Statutory demands & Liabilities in dispute, not provided for.
Ü Reinsurance obligations to the extent not provided for in the accounts.
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AUDIT OF GIC - MISCELLANEOUS
CO-INSURANCE
Ü MEANING & CONCEPT
üSharing of Business between more than one insurer at agreed percentages is known as co-
insurance.
üThe Lead Insurer issues documents, collects premium and settles claims.
üStatement of accounts is rendered by the Lead insurer to the other co-insurers.
v INCOMING CO-INSURANCE
üEnsure that Premium Account is credited on the
Ü Basis of statements received from Lead insurer.
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üIn case, the statement is not received, the premium is accounted for on the basis of advices
Ü To ensure that all premium in respect of risks assumed
Ü in any year is booked in the same year.
üFor this purpose, the auditor may examine the communication in the post-audit period &
Ü Obtain a written confirmation to effect that all incoming advices
Ü have been accounted for.
üThe auditor should also verify claims provisions and claims paid
Ü with reference to advice received from the Lead insurer.
vOUTGOING CO-INSURANCE
üAuditor should scrutinize the transactions relating to the outgoing business,
Ü i.e., where company is the Lead Insurer.
üThese should be checked with reference to the relevant risks assumed under policies &
Ü Correspondingly for debits arising to the co-insurer on account of their share of claims.
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AUDIT OF GIC - REINSURANCE
üVERIFICATION OF REINSURANCE INWARD
Ü Evaluate internal control system in the area of reinsurance accepted to ensure determination
üof correct amount for reinsurance accepted, proper valuation of assets & liabilities
üArising out of reinsurance transaction & adherence to legal provisions & regulations.
Ü Ascertain whether adequate guidelines and procedures are established
üwith respect to granting reinsurance.
Ü Reconcile reinsurance underwriting returns received from various units with the
üFigures of premium, claims paid and outstanding claims for the company as a whole.
Ü Examine whether premium received and commission paid on reinsurance accepted
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üis as per the terms of the agreement with the Principal Insurer.
Ü Examine whether claims paid have been accounted on a regular basis.
Ü Examine whether remittances from foreign Principal Insurer
üare as per foreign exchange regulations.
Ü Examine whether confirmations have been obtained regarding balances
üwith Principal Insurer.
Ü Review individual accounts of Principal Insurers.
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v FACULTATIVE AND TREATY REINSURANCE
Ü FACULTATIVE- Reinsurance whereby contract relates to one particular risk &
üis expressed in the reinsurance policy.
üEach transaction has to be negotiated individually. The Insurance is used when-
Ø Automatic cover has exhausted.
Ø Risk is excluded from treaties
Ø Reinsurance treaties have not to be overburdened.
Ø Insurer has no automatic cover.
Ø Technical guidance is required at each stage of acceptance of risk.
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v PROPORTIONAL TREATY –
üThe reinsurer will receive a prorated share of the premiums of all the policies
Ü Sold by the insurance company being covered. Consequently, when claims are made,
Ü the reinsurer will also bear a portion of the losses. Proportion of the premium &
Ü Losses that will be shared by the reinsurer will be based on agreed percentage.
üIn a proportional coverage, the reinsurance company will also
Ü Reimburse insurance company for all processing business acquisition & writing costs.
v NON-PROPORTIONAL TREATY –
üThe reinsurer will only get involved if the insurance company's losses exceed a
Ü Specified amount, which is referred to as priority or retention limit. Hence reinsurer
Ü does not have a proportional share in the premiums & losses of insurance provider.
üThe priority or retention limit may be based on
Ü A single type of risk or an entire business category.
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v AUTO-FAC TREATY-
Ü Amount that remains after cession of its surplus treaties are ceded up to a defined limit.
Ü It is obligatory for the reinsurer to accept reinsurance within the purview of agreement.
üPOOLS- Two or more insurers may form a Pool under an agreement whereby its
Ü Members cede a predetermined portion of a particular category of business
Ü directly written by them into the pool.
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Ø Reinsurer's liability arises only when a claim exceeds a predetermined figure
Ø relating to a specific branch of the ceding company's business.
Ø The treaty would provide for maximum liability as well as the amount up to which,
Ø The ceding company would bear the loss itself, which is called the 'underlying limit'.
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AUDIT OF NBFC
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10 AUDIT OF NBFC
Meaning of NBFC
Sec. 45-I(f) of the RBI (Amendment) Act, 1997 defines a NBFC as
Ÿ A Financial Institution which is a Company
Ÿ A non-banking institution (NBI) which is a Co. & principal business receiving deposits & lending
Ÿ Such other institution as RBI may with approval of CG & notif. in official gazette specify
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Financial Assets (FA) > 50% of total assets & Income from FA > 50% of gross income. If both
criteria fulfilled, qualify as NBFC & regd. with RBI.
Sec 45 IA of RBI Act 1997, No NBFC can do business of NBI w/o
Ÿ Certificate of Reg (CoR) issued by RBI
Ÿ Min Net owned Funds (NOW) of 2 Cr.
Categories of NBFC
Ÿ Deposit taking & Non-Deposit taking (NBFC-ND)
Ÿ Non Deposit taking further classified into Systemically important & Non systemically important
(NBFC-NDSI & NBFC-ND)
Types of NBFC:
Ÿ Investment and Credit Company (ICC)
Ÿ Infrastructure Finance Company
Ÿ Systemically Important Core Investment Company (CIC):
Ÿ Infrastructure Debt Fund-NBFC:
Ÿ Nbfc-Micro Finance Institution (MFI):
Ÿ Non-Banking Financial Company – Factors (NBFC-Factors):
Ÿ Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOFHC):
Cos exempt from RBI registration (Doing financial business but regulated by other regulators)
© Housing Fin Institution (regulated by NHB)
© Merchant banking cos. (SEBI)
© Stock ex. (sebi)
© Stock broking/sub-broking(sebi)
© Venture cap fund (SEBI)
© Nidhi (MCA, GOI)
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© Insurance (IRDA)
© Chit (Chit fund Act)
© Alt Inv Fund Cos.
© Mutual Benefit Cos.
© Mortgage Guarantee Cos.
© Core investment Cos with asset size <=100 Cr not accessing public funds
Prudential Norms
Capital Adequacy Ratio
Ÿ Min capital ratio consisting of tier I & II capital not less than 15% of agg. Risk weighted assets
Ÿ Tier I not less than 10% at any point of time. In case of lending against Gold jewellery, min tier
I cap 12%
Risk Weights
Nos Head Weight
1 Cash Bank 0
2 Approved securities 0
3 Loan & advances fully secured + loans to employees 0
4 TDS Deducted 0
5 Advance tax 0
6 Intt on Govt security 0
7 Fund based claims on CG 0
8 CG Guarantee claims 0
9 SG securiti es 0
10 SG guarantee claims, not in default 90 days 20
11 Bonds of PS Banks 20
12 Post commercial operations date (PCOD) projects exist over 1 yr operation 50
13 Others 100
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Sub Standard asset: 10%
Standard asset: 0.40% for systemically imp. & 0.25% for non-systemically imp
6/3*Months 18/12*Months
*3/12 months in case of NBFC-Systemically Imp. (Deposit taking or Non deposit taking)
Special point for NPA: The lease rental and hire purchase instalment, which has
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become overdue for period of 12 months or more; (NBFC SI its 3 months only)
Audit Procedures
1.Ascertaining business of Co
Ÿ Check MOA & AOA (Memorandum & Articles)
Ÿ Check business policy à ascertain main business of co.
Ÿ Minutes of Board Meeting & discuss with top level management
2.Evaluation of Internal Control System
Ÿ Understand a/c system & related internal controls
Ÿ Review effectiveness of system of recovery
Ÿ Periodical review of advances facilitate monitoring & follow up
3.Registration with RBI
Ÿ Sec 45 IA, min Net owned fund of 2 cr
Ÿ Obtain copy of Certificate of Reg, or copy of application
Ÿ If NBFC holds Public Deposits à invest % in liquid assets as per RBI
Ÿ Qtr return filed with RBI maintenance of liquid assets
4.NBFC Acceptance of Public Deposit Directions (NBFC Acceptance of Public Deposits (Reserve
Bank) Directions, 2016)
i)Check NBFC appropriately classified
ii)Ceiling on quantum of deposits as per credit rating by approved credit rating agency
Ÿ Obtain copy of cr. Rating & check PD as per the rating assigned
Ÿ In event of up/downgrading à increase/decrease deposits à inform RBI
Ÿ If downgraded below min investment grade, regularise excess deposits as under:
ØNot accept fresh deposits & not renew existing ones
ØExisting deposits run off till maturity
ØReport 15 days à Reg. office RBI where its regd
Øno matured public deposit shall be renewed without express and voluntary consent of depositor
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iii)test check intt calculations, to check no excess intt paid
iv)Acceptance/renewal only after written application from depositor on form supplied by NBFC
v)Verify deposit register & test check particulars with supporting receipts
vi)Check investments in liquid assets in safe custody with scheduled comm. Bank
vii)Check filed returns in timely manner
viii)NBFC not accepting/holding PD à BR passed
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accounted for.
(iv)Dividend income on shares & units of MF recog. on cash basis.
(v)Test check bills/contract notes recd from brokers with reference to prices vis-à-vis stock mkt
quotations on respective dates.
(vi)Verify Board minutes for purchase & sale of investments. Ascertain from BR à long term/short
term.
(vii)In respect of shares/securities held through a depository, obtain a confirmation from the
depository regarding the shares/securities held by it on behalf of the NBFC.
(viii)Check whether requirements of AS 13 “Accounting for Investments” have been complied with.
(ix)Check the classification of loans and advances (including bills purchased and discounted) made by a
NBFC into Standard Assets, Sub-Standard Assets, Doubtful Assets and Loss Assets and the adequacy
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of provision for bad and doubtful debts as required by NBFC Prudential Norms.
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i)BOD passed BR non-accept of deposits
ii)Whether Co accepted any deposits during year
iii)Whether Co. complied with prudential norms (I/R, a/c std, Asset classification, PDD)
iv)In respect of NBFC- NDSI
(a)Whether capital adequacy ratio disclosed in NBS-7 correctly arrived & compliant with min CRAR
(b)Whether Co has furnished to RBI, annual statement of capital funds, risk asset ratio in NBS 7
v)Whether NBFC correctly classified as NBFC Micro Finance Institution (MFI) as per the
Directions
unfavourable or qualified, auditor's report shall also state reasons for such unfavourable or qualified
statement, as case may be. Where auditor is unable to express opinion on any of items referred to
in para 3, report shall indicate such fact together with reasons therefor.
It shall be obligation of auditor to make report containing details of unfavourable or qualified statements
and/or about non-compliance in respect of company to concerned Regional Office of Department of Non-
Banking Supervision of RBI under whose jurisdiction regd office of company is located as per first
Schedule to NBFC Acceptance of Public Deposits (Reserve Bank) Directions, 2016.
(II)The duty of Auditor under sub-para (I) shall be to report only contraventions of provisions of RBI
Act, 1934, and Directions, Guidelines, instructions referred to in sub-paragraph (1) and such report
shall not contain any statement with respect to compliance of any of provisions.
Ind AS Applicability:
Accounting period beginning
1.4.18: Listed and unlisted having NW 500 Cr or more
1.4.18: Listed and unlisted having NW 250 Cr or more
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Difference b/w Division II (Ind AS- Other than NBFC) & Division III (Ind AS NBFC) of Schedule III
a)NBFC allowed present items of balance sheet in order of liquidity
b)Disclose by way of note item of 'other income/expense' > 1% of total income. Div II requires
disclosure of item > 1% of Revenue or 10 L (whichever is higher)
c)NBFC separately disclose under receivables debt due from LLP - Director partner/member
d)Disclose items comprising Revenue from operations & other income on face of SPL instead of
only notes
e)Separate disclosure of T/R significant increase in Cr risk or Cr impaired
Condition or restrictions for distribution attached to stat reserves separately disclosed
10
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AUDIT UNDER
FISCAL LAWS
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Audit Report
Form 3CA: Person carrying Business/profession + required audit under any other law (Eg.
Company)
Form 3CB: Person carrying business/profession but no audit required by other law
Form 3CD: Particulars to be furnished with Audit Report
11
the Act.
·Certificate of Practice (COP) is eligible as an auditor under IT Act, 1961
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Tax Audit U/S 44 AB
Ÿ Business - T/o > 1 Cr*
w.e.f AY 20-21 its 5Cr if 95% transn through banking channels
Ÿ Profession - Gross receipts > 50 L
Ÿ Business u/s 44AE, 44BB, 44BBB - claims profits lower than deemed
Ÿ Profession- profits deemed u/s 44ADA - claims profits lower than deemed
Ÿ Business - provision of Sec 44AD(4) applicable i.e. declares profits as per 44AD for AY & fails to
do that in any 5 succeeding AY - ineligible to claim benefit of 44AD
Notes:
Ÿ 44AD isn't applicable to commission income
Ÿ Computation of Turnover to determine eligibility of Tax Audit
11
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Revision of Tax Audit Report
(a)Normally, report of tax auditor cannot be revised later.
(b)However, when accounts are revised in following circumstances, tax Auditor may have to revise
his Tax audit report also.
i.Revision of accounts of company after its adoption in AGM.
ii.Change in law with retrospective effect.
iii.Change in interpretation of law (e.g.) CBDT Circular, Notifications, Judgments, etc.
The Tax Auditor should state it is a revised Report, clearly specifying the reasons for such revision
with a reference to the earlier report.
11
service tax, sales tax, goods and service tax, custom duty, etc.
ŸIf yes, furnish registration no. or GST no. allotted for same.
ŸThus, auditor is primarily required to furnish details of registration nos. as provided to him by
assessee. The reporting is required to be done in manner or format specified by e-filing.
NR Co. engaged in extraction of mineral oils claiming lower than deemed income u/s 44BB
Clause 8: Auditor reqd to mention clause of sec 44AB under which tax audit is conducted.
Clause 12: If p&l includes profits & gains assessable to tax on presumptive basis, indicate the amt &
relevant sections. Tax auditor will state clause (c) of sec 44AB under clause 8 & as per clause 12
report profits u/s 44BB of Income Tax Act 1961.
Non- Maintenance of Stock Register by Printing Entity that receives variety of Job Orders & having
variety of Materials - Is it fine?
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ŸExplanation of entity for use of varieties of raw materials for different jobs undertaken may be
valid.
ŸAuditor needs to verify specified job-orders received and different raw materials purchased for
each job separately.
ŸThe use of different papers (quality, quantity and size) ink, colour etc. may be examined.
ŸAuditor enquire with other similar printers in locality to ensure prevailing custom.
ŸAt the same time, he has to report and certify under the clause 35(b) and clause 11(b) of Form
3CD read with the Rule 6G(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, about details of stock and account
books (including stock register) maintained.
ŸHe (or his deputy) must verify closing stock of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods
of the concern, at least on date of its balance sheet.
ŸIn case the said details are not properly maintained, he has to specifically mention the same with
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Clause 16: Amounts not credited to the profit and loss account, being,-
(a)the items falling within the scope of section 28;
(b)proforma credits, drawbacks, refund of duty of customs or excise or service tax, or sales tax or
VAT, where such credits, drawbacks or refunds are admitted as due by authorities concerned;
(c)escalation claims accepted during the previous year;
(d)any other item of income;
(e)capital receipt, if any.
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schedule from assessee indicating details of all such claims admitted by authorities but not credited
to P&L a/c.
ØCross check the details contained in schedule with the claim papers and other relevant
correspondence including assessment orders.
ØEnsure that claims have been admitted as due by concerned authorities.
ØNote that the item admitted by authorities will mean the item admitted before closing of a/cs.
ØEnsure that accounting of such claims is in accordance with method of accounting regularly
followed by assessee.
ØEnsure that all claims admitted have been cr. to p&l a/c. Any exception should be reported.
ØWhere cash system of accounting is followed then this fact should be stated in the report.
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Ÿ A tax auditor has to report under clause 16© of Form 3CD on any escalation claim accepted
during PY and not credited to P&L account.
Ÿ If such amount not credited to P&L a/c fact should be reported.
Ÿ The system of accounting followed in respect of this particular item may also be brought out in
appropriate cases.
Ÿ If assessee is following cash basis of accounting with reference to this item, it should be clearly
brought out since acceptance of claims during relevant PY without actual receipt has no
significance in cases where cash method of accounting is followed.
Ÿ Escalation claims should normally arise pursuant to a contract (including contracts entered into in
earlier years), if so permitted by contract.
Ÿ Only claims to which other party has given unconditional acceptance could constitute accepted
claims.
Ÿ Mere making claims by assessee or claims under negotiations cannot constitute accepted claims.
After ascertaining relevant factors as outlined above, decision whether to report or not, can be
taken.
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contribution. For e.g., Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme.
(b)Government grant in relation to specific fixed asset where such grant is shown as a deduction
from gross value of asset by concern in arriving at its book value.
(c)Compensation for surrendering certain rights.
(d)Profit on sale of fixed assets/investments to the extent not credited to profit and loss
account.
Sale of Property at Price < Stamp duty Value
Clause 17 of Form 3CD requires tax auditor to furnish information if land or building is transferred
during PY for consideration less than value adopted by any authority of a State Government as
under:
Details Consideration Value adopted Whether provisions of 2nd proviso to subsection (1)
of Received or or assesses or of section 43CA or 4 proviso to clause(x) of sub
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Ø Auditor should obtain list of all properties trfd by assessee during PY and furnish amt of consideration
received or accrued, as disclosed in books of account of assessee.
Ø For reporting value adopted or assessed or assessable, auditor should obtain from assessee copy of
regd sale deed. In case property is not regd, auditor may verify relevant docs from relevant authorities
or obtain third party expert like lawyer, solicitor representation to satisfy compliance of sec 43CA /
section 50C of the Act.
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of capital, personal, advertisement expenditure etc.
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(B)Details of payment on which tax has been deducted but has not been paid during the
previous year or in the subsequent year before the expiry of time prescribed under section
200(1)
(I)date of payment (II) amount of payment (III) nature of payment (IV) name
and address of the Payee (V) amount of tax deducted
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(iii)benefit derived by or accruing to assessee from such expenditure.
Clause 25: Any amount of profit chargeable to tax under section 41 and computation thereof.
The tax auditor should obtain a list containing all the amounts chargeable under section 41 with the
accompanying evidence, correspondence, etc. He should in all relevant cases examine the past records
to satisfy himself about the correctness of the information provided by the assessee. The tax auditor
has to state the profit chargeable to tax under this section. This information has to be given
irrespective of the fact whether the relevant amount has been credited to the profit and loss account
or not. The computation of the profit chargeable under this clause is also to be stated.
The tax auditor should maintain the following in his working papers for the purpose of furnishing
details required in the format provided in the e-filing utility:
S No. Name of person Amt of income Section Description of transn Computation if any
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S No Section Nature of o/s opening Amount paid Amt written Amt unpaid
Liability balance not /set off back to p&l at end of
allowed in PY during year (a) a/c year (b)
S.No Section Nature Amount incurred Amount paid/set off before due Amount unpaid on due of
of in PY but date of filing return/date upto filing of return/date upto
Liability remaining o/s on which reported in tax audit which reported in tax audit
last day of PY(a) report, whichever is earlier. report, whichever is earlier(b)
Clause 27(a): Amount of GST credits availed of or utilized during the PY and its treatment in
profit and loss account and treatment of outstanding GST credits in the accounts.
The amount of CENVAT/GST availed and utilised should be reported under this sub-clause. In some
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cases, CENVAT/GST availed may be lesser than the CENVAT /GST credit utilised during the year on
account of opening balance in CENVAT/GST account or vice-versa and as such it would be advisable, in
order to avoid any misleading conclusion and inferences, to report the opening and closing balances of
CENVAT/GST. Further the sub-clause requires reporting of the credits availed of or utilized during the
previous year, it is desirable to report both the credits availed and the credits utilized.
In so far as the reporting of accounting treatment of CENVAT/GST credit is concerned the clause
requires that its treatment in profit and loss account and the treatment of outstanding CENVAT/GST
credit in the account have to be reported upon.
The tax auditor should verify and maintain the following information in his working papers for the
purpose of reporting in the format provided in the e-filing utility:
11
CENVAT/GST Amount Treatment in P&LA/c
Opening Balance
GST Availed
GST Utilised
Closing balance
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IFOS Reporting [Clause 29]
Clause 29: Whether during PY assessee recd consideration for issue of shares > FMV of shares as ref
in sec 56(2)(viib), if yes, furnish details.
29A: Amt included in IFOS u/s 56(2)(ix), if yes furnish details.
56(2)(ix): Amt recd as advance for capital assetà forfeited à treated as income
29B: Amt of income chargeable to tax u/s 56(2)(x), if yes furnish details
Sec 56(2)(x): where any person receives, in any PY, from any person or persons on or after 1.4.17,—
(a)any sum of money, w/o consideration, > 50,000, whole of aggregate value of such sum;
(b)any immovable property,—
(A)without consideration, SDV > 50,000, SDV of such property;
(B)for a consideration, (SDV- consideration), if amount of such excess is more than higher of
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following amounts:—
(i) 50,000; and
(ii) amount equal to 10% of consideration:
(c)any property, other than immovable property,—
(A)without consideration, aggregate FMV of which exceeds 50,000, whole of aggregate FMV of
such property;
(B)for a consideration < aggregate FMV of property by an amount exceeding 50,000, à (FMV-
Consideration)
Clause 30:
Details of any amount borrowed on hundi or any amount due thereon (including interest on the
amount borrowed) repaid, otherwise than through an account payee cheque. [Section 69D].
Clause 30A.
(a) Whether primary adjustment to transfer price, as referred to in Sec 92CE(1), has been made
during the previous year? (Yes/No)
(b)If yes, please furnish the following details:-
(i)Under which clause of sub-section (1) of section 92CE primary adjustment is made?
(ii)Amount (in Rs ) of primary adjustment:
(iii)Whether excess money available with associated enterprise is required to be repatriated to
India as per the provisions of of section 92CE(2)? (Yes/No)
(iv)If yes, whether the excess money has been repatriated within the prescribed time (Yes/No)
(v)If no, the amount (in Rs) of imputed interest income on such excess money which has not
been repatriated within the prescribed time.
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(a)Whether the assessee has incurred expenditure during PY by way of interest or of similar nature
exceeding 1 Cr as referred to in section 94B(1)?(Yes/No)
(b)If yes, please furnish following details:-
(i)Amount (in Rs) of expenditure by way of interest or of similar nature incurred:
(ii)EBITDA during PY (in Rs):
(iii)Amount (in Rs) of expenditure by way of interest which exceeds 30% of EBITDA
(iv)Details of interest expenditure brought forward as per subsection (4) of section 94B
(v)Details of interest expenditure carried forward as per subsection (4) of section 94B
11
(i)name, address and PAN (if available with assessee) of lender or depositor;
(ii)amt of loan or deposit taken or accepted;
(iii)whether loan or deposit was squared up during PY;
(iv)maximum amt o/s in the account at any time during PY;
(v)whether loan or deposit was taken or accepted by cheque or bank draft or use of ECS through a
bank a/c; (v) in case loan or deposit was taken or accepted by cheque or bank draft, whether
the same was taken or accepted by an account payee cheque or an a/c payee bank draft.
*(These particulars need not be given in the case of Govt co., banking company or corporation
established by a Central, State or Provincial Act.)
For reference:
Sec 269SS: Prohibits Accepting loan/deposit from a person(cumulatively) >= 20,000 otherwise than
by a/c payee cheque/bank draft
Section 269ST: no person shall receive >=2L from a person/day in a single transaction/event/occasion
during PY other than a/c payee cheque/bank draft/ECS
Clause 31 (ba) particulars of each receipt in an amount exceeding limit specified in Sec 269ST (i.e. 2L), in
aggregate from a person in a day or in respect of a single transaction or in respect of transactions relating
to one event or occasion from a person, during PY, where receipt is otherwise than by cheque or bank draft
or use of ECS through bank account:-
i.Name, address and PAN (if available with assessee) of payer
ii.Nature of transaction
iii.Amount of receipt
iv.Date of receipt
Particulars need not be given in case of receipt by or payment to a Govt. company, a banking
Company, a post office savings bank, cooperative bank
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Speculation loss on Purchase & sale of securities [Clause 32(e)]
A tax auditor has to furnish details of speculation loss incurred during PY, under Clause 32(e) of Form
3CD, regarding whether Co. is deemed to be carrying on speculation business as referred in expln to Sec 73.
Expln. to sec 73 provides that where any part of business of Co. consists in purchase and sale of shares of
other companies, such Co. shall, for purpose of this section, be deemed to be carrying on speculation
business to extent to which business consists of purchase and sale of such shares.
Ÿ Even though tax auditor is not reqd to make detailed study of such report, he has to take note of details
of disqualification or disagreement on any matter/item/value/qty as may be reported/identified by the
cost auditor.
Ÿ The tax auditor need not express any opinion in a case where such audit has been ordered but same has
not been carried out.
Ÿ Details reqd to be furnished for principal items of goods traded or manufactured or services
rendered.
Ÿ These ratios have to be calculated only for assessees who are engaged in manufacturing or
trading activities.
Ÿ This clause is not applicable to assessees carrying on profession.
Ÿ Moreover, ratios have to be given for business as a whole and need not be given product wise.
Demand raised under Tax laws other than Income tax Act (Clause 41)
Please furnish details of demand raised or refund issued during PY under any tax laws other than
Income Tax Act, 1961 and Wealth tax Act, 1957 along with details of relevant proceedings.
·Tax auditor should obtain copy of all demand/ refund orders issued by govt authorities during PY
under other tax laws. Even though demand order issued in current PY it may relate to other PY then
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also reporting reqd.
Adjustments of refund against demand also to be reported
11
(b) If yes, please furnish:
With respect to Form 61, tax auditor should verify whether taxpayer has entered into any transaction
where the other party was required to quote PAN. He should verify whether taxpayer has obtained
declaration in Form No. 60 where the other party has not furnished his PAN. Wherever the taxpayer has
received declarations in Form No. 60, the auditor should verify if the taxpayer has filed Form No. 61
including therein all the necessary particulars.
With respect to Form 61A, the tax auditor should ascertain whether the taxpayer is required to report any
transactions under Section 285BA read with Rule 114E. It may be noted that specified transactions
under Section 285BA include the issue of bonds, issue of shares, buyback of shares by a listed company,
etc. These transactions may not happen every year and hence special attention should be given in the
year when a company taxpayer issues any security or a listed company undertakes buyback of shares.
While verifying the same, the tax auditor should ensure that the provisions of Rule 114E(3) have been
properly considered and applied. Failure to do so may result in a certain transaction not being reported. It
may be noted that the payment may be received for various transactions and on different dates, and
hence these may not be covered under Section 269ST but will have to be reported under Section 285BA.
With respect to Form 61B, the tax auditor should review the due diligence procedures carried out by the
taxpayer in accordance with provisions of Rule 114H and the results of such procedures. The tax auditor
should review the list of Reportable Accounts identified by the due diligence process and the information
to be maintained and reported by the taxpayer.
In case any reportable account has been omitted, or there is any error or omission in Form 61B, the same
may be reported under the Form No. 3CD. The auditor should verify if the taxpayer has filed Form No.
61B for correcting errors or omissions in the form filed originally. In such a case the auditor
should give details of both the forms filed. The errors in the original Form 61B which are corrected in
the revised Form 61B need not be reported under Form No. 3CD.
The tax auditor should verify that Form 61B is duly signed by the designated director and filed.
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Country by Country Reporting
Clause 43 (a) Whether the assessee or its parent entity or alternate reporting entity is liable to
furnish the report as referred to in section 286(2) (Yes/No)
(b) if yes, please furnish following details:
(i)Whether report has been furnished by assessee or its parent entity or an alternate reporting
entity
(ii)Name of parent entity
(iii)Name of alternate reporting entity (if applicable)
(iv)Date of furnishing of report
Ÿ Under Sec 286, international group has to furnish CbCR containing info about whole group
comprising of various constituent entities.
Ÿ Such report is to be filed in India if parent entity is resident of India or international group
11
has appointed constituent entity resident in India to file CbCR on behalf of whole group.
Ÿ The report under Sec 286(2) is filed by parent entity which is resident in India or
alternate reporting entity resident in India.
Ÿ The tax auditor should verify if taxpayer is required to file Form 3CEAC based on
satisfaction of the conditions prescribed.
Ÿ Tax auditor should also verify if taxpayer whose parent is non-resident has filed Form No.
3CEAC.
Ÿ The tax auditor may obtain a necessary certificate from taxpayer in respect of constitution
of the international.
Some situations where Audit Reports and Certificates are required is given below -
(1)Under the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, CA may be required to issue a 'report' on
computation of bonus payable.
The report may be as under:
“We have reviewed the figures in above computation in comparison with books and records produced to us,
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audit of which has already been completed by us and report that subject to the notes given on face of the
computation in our opinion, and to the best of our knowledge and belief and according to information and
explanation given to us, above computation is in due accordance therewith and has been made on a basis
reasonably consistent with provisions of Payment of Bonus Act, 1965.”
Place:
Date:
11
(2)Auditor's Report in accordance with Regulation 54 of the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations, 1993.
(i)All Mutual funds shall be required to get their accounts audited in terms of a provision to that
effect in their trust deeds. The Auditor's Report shall form part of Annual Report. It should
accompany the Abridged Balance Sheet and Revenue Account. The auditor shall report to Board of
Trustees and not to unit holders.
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AUDIT OF PUBLIC SECTOR
UNDERTAKINGS
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12
= Partly by both
= Includes subsidiary Co. of a govt Co.
Articles of Constitution
Article = Appointment of C&AG by President
148 = Special procedure for removal of C&AG, only on the ground of proven misbehaviors or incapacity.
Article = The C&AG's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 defines these functions and
149 powers of C&G.
Article = On the advice of the C&AG, President to prescribe such form in which accounts of the Union
150 and States shall be kept.
Article = Audit reports of C&AG on A/Cs of Central/ State Government should be submitted to
151 President/Governor of State who shall cause them to be laid before Parliament/State
Legislative Assemblies.
C&AG shall hold office for term of six years or upto age of 65 years, whichever is earlier
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Committees:
Parliament & state legislature set up 3 Committees to scrutiny of the annual accounts & audit report
thereon
1.Public Accounts Committee: Duty to satisfy itself that:
(i)that moneys were disbursed legally on service or purpose to which they were applied;
(ii)that expenditure incurred was authorised;
(iii)that re-appropriation has been made in accordance with provisions made (i.e.
distribution of funds).
(iv)to examine statement of accounts of autonomous and semi - autonomous bodies, audit
of which is conducted by C&AG
The various Ministries / Deptt of Govt are required to inform Committees of the action taken
by them on recommendations of Committees (which are generally accepted) and Committees
present Action Taken Reports to Parliament / Legislature;
[Financial committees à Report à Parliament/ State legislature
(observations/recommendations) Ministries/Dept à Inform action à Committees à Action
taken report à Parliament/State legislature]
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wIf A/R couldn't be discussed in detail, written ans. obtained from dept/ministries to ensure
A/R not taken lightly by Govt even if entire report not deliberated by committee
12
Elements of PSU Audit:
Basic Elements Auditor: The role is Fullfilled by SAI, CAG
Three Parties Responsible Party : Auditable Entities,TCWG
Intended User : Individual, Organization to whom the auditor prepare his report
Subject matter Subject Matter : Info, Condition, Activity that is measured
criteria & Subject Criteria : Benchmark used to evaluate
Matter Information Subject Matter Info : Outcome of evaluation Subject matter against Criteria
Financial audits are always attestation engagements, as they are based on financial information
presented by responsible party. Performance audits and compliance audits are generally direct reporting
engagements.
Principles of PSU Audit
General Principles Principles relating to Audit process
mEthics & Independence
mProfessional Judgement, due care and skepticism mPlanning the audit (Agreeing terms of engg,
mQuality Control understanding entity, developing audit plan)
mAudit Team Management & Skill mConducting Audit (Performing audit
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mAudit Risk procedures, evaluating evidence & drawing
mMateriality conclusions)
mDocumentation mReporting & follow up (Reporting based on
mCommunication conclusions & following up on reported matters)
Financial Audit:
It is primarily conducted to :
·Express an Audit Opinion on the Financial Statements:
·Enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the Financial Statement
Compliance Audit
Compliance audit is independent assessment of whether given subject matter is in compliance
with applicable criteria.
Performance Audit
A performance audit is objective and systematic examination of evidence for purpose of providing an
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(ii)Efficiency: Input-output ratio. Max output with min input. Or min input for given quality
& qtyof output
Following to be checked:
wSound procurement policies
12
wResources are protected & maintained
wEfficient utilization of physical, financial & HR
wPublic sector prog/entities/ activities efficiently managed
wObjectives met cost effectively
(iii)Effectiveness: Extent to which objectives achieved & relation b/w intended & actual
impact of activity
Check:
wObjectives & means provided (legal, financial etc) for public sector prog. consistent with
policy
wExtent to which results achieved
wAssess & establish with evidence that social & economic impact due to policy or other
causes
wIdentify factors inhibiting satisfactory performance
wAssess compliance with laws & regulations
wAssess effectiveness of prog or individual components
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internal audit reports, electronic databases and MIS reports, RTI material etc.
(ii)Legislative documents: Legislation, parliamentary questions and debates, reports of Public
Accounts Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Estimates Committee and letters
from MP.
(iii)Policy documents: Documents of Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance etc.
(iv)Academic or special research: Independent evaluations on entity, academic research and
similar work done by other govts and other SAIs.
(v)Past audits: Past financial and performance audits of entity provide major source of info
and understanding.
(vi)Media coverage: Print and electronic media - their systematic documentation on regular
basis in a transparent manner.
Ÿ Defining objectives and scope of audit
Ÿ Determining audit criteria: Stds to determine if program meets expectations
12
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sEstablishing time table and resources
sIntimation of Audit programme to audit entities
Comprehensive Audit
Efficiency cum performance audit. Locate area of weakness and extravagance for management info.
Some of issues examined in comprehensive audit are:
sOverall cost of capital compared with approved planned cost? Is there a substantial
increase? If yes any extravagance or unnecessary expenditure?
sAccepted prodn or output achieved? Underutilisation of installed capacity or shortfall in
performance?
sPlanned rate of return achieved?
sSystem of project formulation and implementation sound?
sAre cost control measures adequate?
sDoes enterprise have R&D program?
12
sDoes enterprise have adequate system of Repair & Maintenance (R&M)
Propriety Audit
Verification of transaction under test of public propriety, commonly accepted customs, & stds of
conduct.
Principles of Propriety
sExpenditure not prima facie more than what occasion demands + sufficient vigilance by
officers
sAuthority utilising power to sanction expenditure not accruing to its own benefit
sFunds not to be utilised to benefit particular person(s)
sApart from agreed remuneration & reward no other avenue benefit indirectly mgt person,
employee or others
Provisions of Cos Act relating to Propriety
1.Sec 143(1) requiring enquiry into certain specified matters (Covered in Co. Audit)
2.143(6) & (7) à Supplementary & test audit
3.Sec 148 àCost records & Audit à Cost consciousness in mgt
4.Additional info. Part II of Schedule III
Parts of Audit Report of C&AG
·Introduction containing general review of working results of Govt Co/ deemed govt co.
·Results of comprehensive appraisals of selected undertakings conducted by Audit board
·Resume of Co. Auditor's report submitted under directions of C&AG & that of comments on
A/Cs of govt cos.
·Significant results of audit of undertakings not taken up for appraisal by audit board.
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LIABILITIES OF
AUDITOR
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13 LIABILITIES OF AUDITOR
Professional negligence:
13
It means negligence, which is culpable (criminal), generally consists of undermentioned
(a)existence of duty or responsibility owed by one party to another to perform some act with certain
degree of care and competence.
(b)Occurrence of a Breach of such duty &
(c)Loss or Detriment, being suffered by party to whom duty was owed as a result of negligence.
Where it is proved that prospectus has been issued with intent to defraud applicants for securities of
company or any other person, every person referred to in subsection (1) shall be personally responsible,
without any limitation of liability, for all or any of losses or damages that may have been incurred by any
person who subscribed to securities on the basis of such prospectus.
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No person shall be liable, if he proves—
(a)that, having consented to become a director of Co., he withdrew his consent before issue of
prospectus, and that it was issued without his authority or consent; or
(b)that prospectus was issued without his knowledge or consent, and that on becoming aware of its
issue, he forthwith gave a reasonable public notice that it was issued without his knowledge or
consent.
person had given the consent required by subsection (5) of section 26 to issue of the prospectus
and had not withdrawn that consent before delivery of a copy of prospectus for registration or, to
the defendant's knowledge, before allotment thereunder
Criminal Liability
Criminal liability for Misstatement in Prospectus –
As per Sec 34 of Companies Act, 2013, where prospectus issued, circulated or distributed includes any
statement which is untrue or misleading, every person who authorises issue of prospectus shall be liable
under section 447.
This section shall not apply to person if he proves that such statement or omission was immaterial or that
he had reasonable grounds to believe, that statement was true or inclusion or omission was necessary.
Punishment for false statement - According to Sec 448 of Companies Act, 2013 if in any return, report,
certificate, financial statement, prospectus, statement or other document required by, or for, purposes of
any of provisions of this Act or rules made thereunder, any person makes a statement —
(a)which is false in any material particulars, knowing it to be false; or
(b)which omits any material fact, knowing it to be material, he shall be liable under section 447.
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Liabilities under Income Tax Act 1961
Sec 288:
wPerson who has been convicted of any offence connected with any Income Tax proceeding or on whom a
penalty has been imposed under said Act is disqualified from representing an assessee.
wCA found guilty of professional misconduct by Council of ICAI, cannot act as a representative for such
time that order of Council disqualifies him from practising.
Sec 278:
Any person who acts or induces another person to make & deliver to IT Authorities false a/c, statement, or
declaration, relating to taxable income which he knows to be false or does not believe to be true is
punishable:
swith imprisonment from 6 months to 7 years & fine if tax evaded exceeds ₹ 25 Lacs
swith imprisonment from 3 months to 2 years & fine if tax evaded is up to ₹ 25 Lacs
13
Rule 12A
wA CA who as authorised representative prepared return filed by assessee, has to furnish to A.O.,
particulars of a/cs, statements and other docs supplied to him by assessee for preparation of return.
wWhere CA has conducted an examination of such records, he has also to submit a report on scope and
results of such examination.
wIf this report contains any information which is false and which CA either knows or believes to be false
- liable to rigorous imprisonment which may extend to 7 years and fine.
Sec. 271J
For incorrect info in any report or certificate furnished under this Act or Rules, A.O. or CIT (Appeals) may
impose a penalty of ₹ 10,000 for each such report or certificate.
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INTERNAL AUDIT,
MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONAL AUDIT
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Internal Audit
Internal Audit provides Independent assurance on effectiveness of internal controls and risk management
processes to enhance governance and achieve organisational objectives
14
Practices
wReview of compliance with laws and regulations: Review of compliance with newly applicable Tax
Regime.
wRisk management: Evaluation and management of Risk Exposure for complex financial instruments
transactions
wGovernance: Assessment of Governance Process in the accomplishment of objectives on ethics
and values.
Internal Auditor
lIndividual/firm/body corporate - CA/Cost aaccountant /any other professional whether in practice or
not
lMay or may not be employee of Co.
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Main Responsibilities of Internal Auditor
wMaintain adequate system of Internal Control (IC) by continuous Examination
wTo operate independently of accounting staff
wNot involve himself in executive functions to maintain objective outlook
wTo observe facts & situations & bring them to notice of authorities
wAssociate closely with Management & keep knowledge upto date about business
wAt all times, enjoy independent status
wReview should consider limitations of Internal Control - cost benefit, human errors, collusion & abuse
by process owner
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Ÿ Whether – detailed enough to be identified with specific operating responsibility
Ÿ Review method of establishing stds & norms
Ÿ Wide divergence – b/w actual performance & std – reasons maybe considered
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3)Internal Auditor shall complete work in highly objective manner. Shall not allow be biased & prejudice
to override objectivity especially while arriving at conclusions or reporting opinion.
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c)Executive summary of key observations covering important aspects & specific to scope of assignment
d)Summary of corrective actions required (or agreed by management) for each observation
e)Nature of assurance, if any, which can be derived from observations.
Content & form depends on Prof judgment of Internal Auditor in consultation with auditee & Draft report
to be issued before Final Report
Follow Up
Ÿ As per SIA 390 Monitoring & Reporting of Prior Audit Issues(PAI), Chief Internal Auditor responsible
for continuous monitoring closure of PAI through timely implementation of action plans.
Ÿ The responsibility to implement action plans stays with the management.
Ÿ Internal Auditor should review follow up action taken by management based on his observations. If no
action taken in reasonable time - draw management attention to it. Where management not acted on
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SA 610 Deals with certain matters with certain aspects on relationship between Internal & External
Auditor:
Determining whether in which Areas & what extent the work of IA function can be used:
Evaluation of IA Function: Includes Appraisal Activity, Evaluation adequacy and effectiveness of
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Internal Controls
Scope of IA Function: Monitoring Internal controls; Review of operating activities
Objective of evaluation of IA Function: Assurance to management, Evaluate and improve the
effectiveness
Sole responsibility of audit opinion à External Auditor
External auditor has to obtain SAAE that work of INTERNAL AUDITOR Function or
Internal auditor providing direct assistance is adequate for purpose of audit
Scope of SA:
a)Using work of INTERNAL AUDITOR Function in obtaining audit evidence &
b)Using internal auditors to provide direct assistance (DA) under Direction, Supervision &
Review of External auditor (DSR)
This SA doesn't apply if entity doesn't have INTERNAL AUDITOR function
Internal Audit Function: A function of entity that performs assurance and consulting activities
designed to evaluate and improve effectiveness of entity's governance, risk management and
internal control processes (GRC).
Direct Assistance: The use of internal auditors to perform audit procedures under direction,
supervision and review of external auditor.
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Evaluating whether work of Internal Audit Function can be used for Audit Purpose
(a)The extent to which internal audit function's organizational status and relevant
policies and procedures support objectivity of internal auditors;
(b)The level of competence of internal audit function; and
(c)Whether internal audit function applies a systematic and disciplined approach, including
quality control. (DISCO)
Determining Nature & Extent of work of Internal Audit Function that can be used
Types of Work of internal audit function that can be used by external auditor include following:
• Testing of operating effectiveness of controls.
• Substantive procedures involving limited judgment.
• Observations of inventory counts.
• Tracing transactions through the information system relevant to financial reporting.
• Testing of compliance with regulatory requirements.
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To determine adequacy of specific work performed by internal auditors for external auditor's purposes,
external auditor shall evaluate whether:
i.The work was performed by internal auditors having adequate technical training and
proficiency;
ii.The work was properly supervised, reviewed and documented;
iii.Adequate audit evidence has been obtained to enable internal auditors to draw reasonable
conclusions;
iv.Conclusions reached are appropriate in circumstances and any reports prepared by internal
auditors are consistent with results of work performed; and
v.Any exceptions or unusual matters disclosed by internal auditors are properly resolved.
Written Agreements: Prior to using internal auditors to provide direct assistance for purposes of audit
(a)Obtain written agreement from authorized representative of entity that INTERNAL AUDITOR will
be allowed to follow external auditor's instructions, and entity will not intervene in work the
internal auditor performs for external auditor; and
(b)Obtain written agreement from internal auditors that they will keep confidential specific matters
as instructed by external auditor and inform external auditor of any threat to their objectivity.
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procedures or evaluating audit evidence gathered is more than limited;
(c)Relate to work with which internal auditors have been involved and which has already been,
or will be, reported to Mgt or TCWG by internal audit function; or
(d)Relate to decisions external auditor makes in accordance with this SA regarding internal audit
function and use of its work or direct assistance.
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Documentation: External auditor uses Internal Auditor to provide direct assistance
(a)Evaluation of existence and significance of threats to objectivity, and level of competence of
internal auditors used to provide direct assistance;
(b)Basis for decision regarding nature and extent of work performed by internal auditors;
(c)Who reviewed work performed and date and extent of that
review in accordance with SA 230;
(d)Written agreements obtained from authorized representative of entity and the internal auditors
(e)Working papers prepared by internal auditors who provided direct assistance on the audit
engagement.
Management Audit
Management Audit and Operational Audit
The scope and content of management audit should cover everything that we know as operational
audit and, in addition, it should also include review of adequacy and competence of objectives, plans,
policies and decisions of top mgt.
¨Management audit is concerned with “Quality of managing”, whereas operational audit focuses on
“Quality of operations”.
¨Management audit is “Audit of management” while operational audit is “Audit for the
management”. The focus of Management audit is on “Quality of Decision Making” rather than
effectiveness or efficiency of operations.
¨The basic difference b/w two audits, then, is not in method, but in level of appraisal. In a
Management audit, the auditor is to make his tests to the level of top management, its formulation
of objectives, plans and policies and its decision making.
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What knowledge necessary to be a mgt. auditor?
i.Purpose for which organization. has been created
ii.Management structure including delegation of authority, planning & budgeting
iii.Reports required & reports actually received for Management
iv.Internal Controls
v.Production Planning
vi.Factory layout, design & installed capacity
vii.Sales Management & sales planning
viii.Personnel policy & personnel mgt including requirements, training, welfare, incentives
& disincentives
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The function should be entirely independent as possible of pressures from various group.
3.Allocation of Personnel
lIt is important that all Persons selected & assigned should have good understanding of
audit theory, fundamentals of organisation & Management, the principles and effective
method of control and requirement of conducting scientific appraisal
lBasic knowledge of:
ØTechnology & commercial practices
ØCommerce, law, tax, cost a/c, Economics, EDP systems
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5.Time & other aspects
Time and other aspects varies Depending on nature & scope of work.
6.Frequency
It is considered to be long time frame, but interval shouldn't exceed 3 years.
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4.Summary written reports:
ØAlso referred as Flash Reports, They summarize individual reports. These are primarily for audit
committees or higher level Management
ØEspecially useful for top level managers who don't actively review individual reports. Also useful
for general auditor to see overall reporting effort with more perspective & on integrated basis
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Solutions to behavioural problems:
There is a need to demonstrate to extent possible that:
1.The audit is part of an overall programme mandated by higher-level authority to meet higher-
level organisational needs for both protection and maximum constructive benefit.
2.The objective of review is to provide maximum service in all feasible managerInternal Auditorl
dimensions.
3.The review will be conducted with minimum interference with regular operations of the
operating personnel.
4.the responsible officers will be kept fully informed and have opportunity to review findings
and recommendations before any audit report is formally released.
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1.Constructive criticism - He should also make obvious in his report the value of his comments in
tangible terms. Only then would suggestions carry weight with the auditees and they will feel
convinced that the auditor has been objective in his remarks in the report.
2.Reporting methods - Adopting friendly but firm tone in report. It is always possible to disagree
without being disagreeable and to criticise without being critical. The reports should concentrate on
areas that need improvement rather than listing inefficiencies and deficiencies in performance of
auditee.
3.Participative approach - Auditor's reports have better acceptability if improvements suggested are
discussed with those who have to implement them and made to feel that they have participated in
the recommendations made for improvements.
Operational Audit
Operational Audit: It involves evaluating the effectiveness & efficiency of operations. Not a one-time
activity should be conducted at least once in 3 years.
Operational vs Internal Audit
The difference in approach of both of these audits is illustrated below:
1.Perception - Traditionally, internal auditors have been engaged in a sort of protective function. They
view and examine internal controls in financial and accounting areas to ensure that possibilities of
loss, wastage and fraud are not there; they check accounting books and records to see, whether
internal checks are properly working and resulting accounting data are reliable.
2.Issues - The basic difference that exists in technique of operational auditing is in auditor's role in
recommending corrections or in installing systems and controls.
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A further distinction lies in attitude and approach to whole auditing proposition. Every aspect of
operational auditing programme should be geared to management policies, objectives and goals.
3.Objectives - Main objective of operational auditing is to verify fulfilment of plans and sound
business requirements as also to focus on objectives and their achievement objectives; operational
auditor should not only have a proper business sense, he should also be equipped with thorough
knowledge of policies, procedures, systems and controls, he should be intimately familiar with
business.
Today, however, concept of modern internal auditing suggests that there is no difference in internal and
operational auditing. The modern internal auditing performs both protective as well as constructive
functions.
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Operational audit is considered as a specialised management information tool to fill the void that
conventional information sources fail to fill. Conventional sources of management information are
departmental managers, routine performance report, internal audit reports, and periodic special
investigation and survey. These conventional sources fail to provide information for best direction of
departments. The shortcomings of these sources can be stated as under:
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(I)Executives and managers are too preoccupied with implementation of plans and achieving of targets.
(ii)Managers or their aides are generally relied upon for transmitting information than for booking for
information or for analysing situations.
(iii)The information that is transmitted by managers is not necessarily objective - often it may be
biased for various reasons.
(iv)Conventional internal audit reports are often routine and mechanical in character and have
definite leaning towards accounting and financial information. They are also historical in nature.
(v)Other performance reports contained in annual audited accounts and routine reports prepared by
operating departments have own limitations.
(vi)Surveys and special investigations, are very useful but these are at best occasional in character.
Also, they are costly, time consuming and keep departmental key personnel busy during the period
they are on.
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Functional Audits: Categorizing the activities of business, Focuss on one function of the organization say
production engineering. Considerable expertise in one area. Disadvantage is it fails to evaluate
interrelated functions.
Organizational Audit: Focusses on entire Organizational unit
Special Assignments: They arise at the request of management.
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accomplished effectively?
2.Does the system or procedure operate within framework of organisational structure?
3.Does system or procedure adequately provide methods of control in order to obtain maximum
performance with least expenditure of time and effort?
4.Does system or procedure provide means for effective coordination between one deptt and another?
5.Have all required functions been established?
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DUE DILIGENCE,
INVESTIGATION &
FORENSIC AUDIT
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Due Diligence:
=Process of investigation,
=Performed by investors,
=Investigation into details of a potential investment
=Such as an examination of operations &
=Management & the verification of material facts.
=It involves conducting inquiries for timely, sufficient &
l Accurate disclosure of all material information which may influence outcome of the transaction
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l Due Diligence: An examination of a potential investment To confirms all material facts of
prospective business opportunity. It involves review of financial & non-financial records as deemed
relevant & material.
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Financial Due Diligence
In order to achieve the objective, the process can include any or all of the following objectives.
a)Brief history of target Co. & background of promoter
b)Accounting policies:
c)Review of F.S.
d)Taxation:
e)Cash flow
It is necessary to check that:
(a)Is the company able to honor its commitments to its trade payables, to the banks, to
government and other stakeholders?
(b)How well is the company able to turn its trade receivables and inventories?
(c)How well does it deploy its funds?
(d)Are there any funds lying idle or is the company able to reap maximum benefits out of the
available funds?
(e)What is investment pattern of company and are they easily realisable?
f)Financial projection: For next 5 years with detailed assumptions & workings
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2. Over-Valued Assets
ØUncollected/uncollectable receivables.
ØObsolete, slow non-moving inventories or inventories valued above NRV
ØUnderused or obsolete Plant and Machinery and their spares; asset values which have been
impaired due to sudden fall in market value etc.
ØIntangible assets of no value
ØLitigated assets and property.
ØInvestments carried at cost though realizable value is much lower.
Ø Investments carrying a very low rate of income / return.
Ø Infructuous project expenditure/deferred revenue expenditure etc.
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Work approach to Due Diligence
Ø Reviewing & reporting on financials submitted by target Co.
Ø Assessing the business first hand by a site visit
Ø Working through the due diligence process with acquisitioning Co. or investor by defining key
areas
Ø Helping prepare an offer based on completing of due diligence
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Ø Executive summary
Ø Intro.
Ø Background of Co.
Ø Objective of DD
Ø Terms of reference & scope of verification
Ø Brief history of Co.
Ø Assessment of Financial Liabilities
Ø Assessment of valuation of assets
Ø Assessment of Net Worth
Ø Comment on future projections.
Ø Sugesstion on ways to improve
INVESTIGATION
Investigation: Systematic & in- depth examination or inquiry to establish a fact or evaluate a specific
situation
Relationship between investigation and Audit:
Basic Investigation Audit
Nature Voluntary Mandatory
Observance of a/c Analytical, involves application of Compliance of GAAP,
principles mind Audit procedures & disclosures
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Periodicity Not limited by rigid time frame Qtrly, half yearly or annually
Reporting To person on whose behalf To owners of business entity
investigation carried out
Scope Governed by statute/non statutory Scope is wide, for statutory audit
governed by law
Steps in Investigation
1.Determination of objectives and establishment of scope of investigation.
2.Formulation of the Investigation programme.
The investigation programme should be drawn up having regard to:
(a)Nature of business
(b)Structure of business organization
(c)Instructions from client embodying objectives and scope of work
(d)Consequent scope and depth of investigation
(e)Necessity to extend investigation into books and records belonging to others.
15
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Factors to consider for studying economic & financial position of business – (Study of overall
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picture):
Ø Adequacy of fixed & working capital
Ø Trend of sales & profits in future?
Ø Whether profit maintained in future would yield adequate return on capital employed?
Ø Whether business operating at 100% capacity or improvements can be made?
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Types of Investigation
Statutory Non-Statutory
Investigation into the affairs of a company by SFIO (Serious Fraud Investigation Office) (Sec 212)
Where report states that fraud taken place in Co. à as a result any director, KMP, other officer of Co. or
any other person or entity, has taken undue advantage or benefit (in form of asset, property or cash or
any other manner) à CG may file application before Tribunal for appropriate orders of disgorgement of
such asset, property or cash and holding such director, KMP, other officer or other person personally
liable without any limitation of liability.
Power of Inspector to conduct investigation into affairs of related companies etc (Sec 219)
It provides that an inspector may also investigate, subject to approval of CG, into affairs
of—
a)any other body corporate which is, or has at any relevant time been company's subsidiary or
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holding Co, or a subsidiary of its holding Co;
b)any other body corporate which is, or has at any relevant time been managed by any person as
MD or as manager, who is, or was, at relevant time, MD or manager of company;
c)any other body corporate whose BOD comprises nominees of company or is accustomed to act in
accordance with directions or instructions of company or any of its directors; or
d)any person who is or has at any relevant time been Co's MD or manager or employee.
Evidence from place o/s India: If in course of investigation, application made to competent court in India by
inspector stating that evidence may be available in a country or place o/s India, such court may issue a
letter of request to court or authority in such country or place for seeking such evidence.
Authentication of Report: under Sec 233 The report shall be authenticated either by
·seal of the Co. whose affairs have been investigated, or
·by a certificate of a public officer having custody of report, and
such report shall be admissible in any legal proceeding as evidence in relation to any matter
contained in report.
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General approach for investigation under Cos. Act,2013
1.Clarity of Terms of reference: Obtain clarity on Term of reference in writing.
2.Scope of investigation: Determined on basis of Term of reference
3.Period of investigation: Based on Term of reference & Scope
4.Framing of programme: For investigating in systematic manner.
5.Using the work of experts: Engineers, lawyers etc
6.Legal requirements & investigation report: Report should be fair & unbiased
Investigation of ownership of Co
Section 216 of Companies Act, 2013, CG may appoint one or more inspectors to investigate and
report on matters relating to company, and its membership for purpose of determining true persons,
(a)Who is financially interested in success or failure, whether real or apparent, of the company; or
(b)Who are able to control or to materially influence policy of company; or
(c)Who have beneficial interest in shares of a company or who are or have been beneficial owners
or significant beneficial owner of a company.
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e.Composition & quality of key personnel
f.Reasons for offer of admission
g.Record of capital employed & rate of return
h.Computation of goodwill on admission & retirement
Ü Correspondingly, it would be high if rate of interest applied is low. A provision of risk factor and
restriction on transfers in value of shares is made by varying the rate of interest applied.
Ü The rate of return that an investor expects to earn in a business of the type in which the Co. is
engaged, is ascertained from prices of the shares of cos. engaged in a similar business quoted on stock
exchange.
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Steps involved in the verification of assets and liabilities included in Balance Sheet of borrower
company which has been furnished to Bank
a.Fixed Assets: Gross value, Depreciation, Charge on asset, Revaluation
b.Inventory : Nature & types, if pledged for loan then disclose amt of loan
c.Trade Receivables:
4 Debts where credit period not expired
4 Debts due within 6 months
4 Debts due but not recovered for over 6 months
d.Investments: Date of purchase, cost, nominal & market value
e.Secured & unsecured loans: Details of assets pledged should be disclosed
f.Provision for tax: PY upto which tax assessed
g.Insurance: Schedule of insurance policies
h.Contingent liabilities: Ensure completeness of disclosure
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•Extra number of employees C h a n g e i n Employing hostile Software Prog. or
•Extra hours computer data malware attacks
•Calculation of net pay by Destroy, suppress Phishing mails
transferring rounding off amount to or insert records Vishing – Voice Mail
personal account. Using open fields Smishing - Text messages
•Not deactivating the retired in computerized Whaling – Targeted phishing on high
employees’ Ids accounting network individuals
•Fictitious employees/ workers paid system Card duplications
salary. Stealing confidential data
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Fraud at operational level employees
(i) Tampering of Cheques/Drafts/On-line payments/receipts: On-line payments generally are
considered a transparent mechanism to prevent the above frauds.
(ii) Off Book Frauds: Fraud perpetrator misappropriates cash before these are recorded in books or
before sale is recorded in books.
(iii) Cash Misappropriation: Cash is misappropriated after accounting entries are already passed in
the books.
(iv) Teeming and Lading: Cash deposits or cheques collected from customers being overlapped with
collections from subsequent customers and amount collected is diverted to personal A/c.
Reconciliation of customer accounts at single point of time and confirmation from customers for
amounts outstanding in their accounts helps in identifying any leakage in collections.
(v) Fraudulent Disbursements: Issuing or submission of false bills, or personal expense bills being
converted into official expenses bills.
(vi) Expense Reimbursement Schemes: Multiple expense claims based on duplicate bills or photostat
copies.
(vii) Payroll Fraud: Payment to non-existent employees or in a contractual arrangement inflating of
15
manpower resources than those actually deployed while billing the client.
(viii) Commission Schemes: The salesman exaggerates sales through fictitious billings to earn higher
commission or alter sales prices of products sold from those stipulated by Co. or share sales volumes
achieved with other employees to share higher commission.
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ü Recoveries from customers and sundry parties should be checked with the copies of receipts issued
to them; deductions made on account of cash discounts should be reviewed.
ü All withdrawals from the bank should be checked by reference to corresponding entries in the bank
pass book.
B.Inflating cash payment – Cash payment frauds may be in the form of:
(i)Making double payment of invoice or paying false invoice.
(ii)Paying personal expenses out of business by falsifying details. e.g., showing betting losses as
advertisement charges.
(iii)Withdrawing unclaimed credit balances of customers or amounts falsely credited in accounts of
parties.
(iv)Falsely adjusting refund in account of customer and withdrawing credit balance.
(v)Wrong totalling of wage sheets and misappropriating the excess amount withdrawn from the
bank for payment of wages.
Audit procedures:
15
ü All evidence as regards cash payments made, including acknowledgement by parties, should
be carefully scrutinised.
ü In case where a figure appears to have been erased or altered on receipts issued by party, on
reference to party concerned, actual amount paid to him should be confirmed.
ü All payments by bearer cheques should be examined.
ü The system of recording of wages should be reviewed, for possible over-totalling of wage
sheets, and entries in them of dummy workmen.
ü The system of ordering and receiving goods reviewed to confirm that no payment made in
respect of supplies not received.
ü Confirmations should be obtained from partners or Directors in respect of amounts shown to
have been paid to them.
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Audit procedures
ü The Purchase Journal should be vouched by reference to entries in Goods Inward Book and suppliers'
invoices to confirm that amounts credited to the accounts of suppliers were in respect of goods, which
were duly received and the suppliers' accounts had been credited correctly.
ü All suppliers should be requested to furnish statements of their accounts to see whether or not any
balance is outstanding or due so as to confirm that allowances and rebates given by them have been
correctly adjusted and were duly authorized by the authorized person/ officer.
ü Examine system of internal control w.r.t purchase orders and possibilities of collusion with suppliers.
D.Customers Ledger
(i)Teeming & lading
(ii)Misappropriating amount collected from customer and subsequently adjusting his account by
crediting amount on account of allowance or a rebate for excess price charged.
(iii)Crediting amount received from a customer to account of another customer and subsequently
withdrawing amount wrongly credited.
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Audit procedures:
ü Spl attention should be paid to allowances adjusted on account of goods returned or difference in price
ü To confirm that accounts of customers have been debited in respect of goods supplied to them, entries in
Order Book should be cross-checked with those in Sales Day Book where the same is kept.
ü The accountant should obtain confirmation of customers in respect of amounts standing in accounts.
ü Those of them who have no balance in accounts should be requested to confirm statement of their
account (which should be sent to them) for ascertaining that the entries shown therein were
genuine.
E.Inventory Fraud
Ÿ Employees remove goods from premises
Ÿ Theft of goods concealed by writing them off
Ÿ Inventory records manipulated by employees
Ÿ Inflating quantities issued for production for defalcating raw material
Verification Procedure for Defalcation of inventory - Such thefts usually are possible through collusion
among no. of persons. Therefore, for their detection, entire system of receipts, storage and despatch of all
goods, etc. should be reviewed to localise the weakness in system.
The determination of factors which have been responsible for theft and establishment of guilt would
be difficult in the absence of:
(a)a system of inventory control, and existence of detailed record of the movement of inventory, or
(b)availability of sufficient data from which such a record can be constructed.
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The step in such an investigation is to establish the different items of inventory defalcated and their
quantities by checking physically the quantities in inventory held and those shown by Inventory Book.
Defalcations of inventory, sometimes, also are committed by mgt, by diverting a part of production and the
consequent shortages in production being adjusted by inflating the wastage in production; similar
defalcations of inventories and stores are covered up by inflating quantities issued for production.
For detecting such shortages, investigating accountant should take assistance of an engineer. For that he
will be more conversant with factors which are responsible for shortage in production and thus will be able
to correctly determine the extent to which the shortage in production has been inflated.
In this regard, guidance can also be taken from past records showing the extent of wastage in production in
the past. Similarly, he would be able to better judge whether the material issued for production was
excessive and, if so to what extent.
The per hour capacity of the machine and the time that it took to complete one cycle of production, also
would show whether the issues have been larger than those required.
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Investigation on behalf of an Individual or Firm Proposing to Buy a Business:
A.Proprietary concerns or partnerships
ü Reasons for sale & effect on turnover & profits
ü Length of lease
ü Unexpired period of patents
ü Age & prospects of employees continuing
ü Valuation of Goodwill
B.Ltd Co.
ü Auth & issued share capital
ü Uncalled liability on shares
ü Capital divided in classes à rights of each class
ü Mortgage or charge on assets à registrar of charges
ü Price at which shares offered
wPublic co -> quoted price
wPvt co -> valuation
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Need for Forensic Audit
Number of fraudulent activities has been increasing all over the world.
Consequently, businesses are exposed to risks of fraudulent activities.
With all of the recent corporate accounting scandals the media has made Forensic Accounting &
Forensic Auditing into a growth industry
Forensic Accounting:
Integration of Accounting, auditing & investigative skills is known as Forensic Accounting. Study &
Interpretation of Accounting evidence.
Application of Accounting Methods
Ÿ to track & collect forensic evidence,
Ÿ usually for investigation & prosecution of criminal acts
Ÿ Such as embezzlement or fraud.
Forensic Accounting can sometimes be referred to as Forensic Auditing.
Forensic Investigation:
15
Ÿ Also known as forensic audit is the examination of documents &
Ÿ Interviewing of people to extract evidence.
Ÿ Forensic Accounting
wExamines individual/company financial records
wAs an investigative measure
wThat attempts to derive evidence suitable for use in litigation.
Fraud Auditing:
Ÿ Precise, careful & detailed review
wof financial documents conducted when fraud is suspected.
Ÿ Some entities do this as
wPrecaution to prevent fraud from happening &
wTo catch it before the loss magnifies.
wFraud Audit however is not an investigation.
Ÿ Fraud auditing is used to identify fraudulent transactions,
wNOT to figure out how they were created.
Ÿ Fraud auditors often go outside the books of accounts to find fraudulent transactions
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Period Accounting period No such limitation
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Skills of Forensic Auditor
Auditing standards,
Accounting & business reporting systems,
Criminology,
Data Analytics,
Evidence Gathering,
IT
15
ØIdentifying alternative means to obtain key facts and information
Areas where services of Forensic Audit are in great demand in following areas
l Criminal Investigation: Matters relating to financial implications services of forensic accountants are
availed of. Report of accountants is considered in preparing and presentation as evidence.
l Arbitration service: Forensic accountants render arbitration and mediation services for business
community. Their expertise in data collection and evidence presentation makes them sought after
in this specialized practice area.
l Fraud Investigation & Risk/Control Reviews: Forensic accountants render such services both when
called upon to investigate specific cases as well for review of or implementation of Internal Controls.
Another area of significance is Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation.
l Settlement of Insurance claims: Insurance cos engage forensic accountants to have accurate
assessment of claims to be settled. In case policyholders seek help of forensic accountant when they
need to challenge claim settlement as worked out by insurance companies. A forensic accountant
handles claims relating to consequential loss policy, property loss due to various risks, fidelity insurance
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and other types of insurance claims.
l Dispute settlement: Business firms engage forensic accountants to handle contract disputes,
construction claims, product liability claims, infringement of patent and trademarks cases, liability
arising from breach of contracts and so on.
2.Develop Plan: Consider the knowledge gained by meeting with client and carrying out initial investigation
and set out objectives to be achieved and methodology to be utilized to accomplish them.
15
3.Obtain relevant evidence: The evidence should be sufficient to ultimately prove identity of fraudster(s),
mechanics of fraud scheme, and amount of financial loss suffered.
5.Reporting
Ÿ Issuing report is final step of fraud audit. Auditors will include info detailing fraudulent activity, if any
has been found.
Ÿ The client will expect report containing findings of investigation, including summary of evidence, a
conclusion as to amount of loss suffered as result of fraud and to identify those involved in fraud.
Ÿ The report may include sections on nature of the assignment, scope of investigation, approach utilized,
limitations of scope and findings and/or opinions.
Ÿ The report will include schedules and graphics necessary to properly support and explain findings.
Ÿ The report will also discuss how fraudster set up the fraud scheme, and which controls, if any, were
circumvented.
Ÿ It is also likely that investigative team will recommend improvements to controls within the
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organization to prevent any similar frauds occurring in future.
Ÿ The forensic auditor should have active listening skills which will enable him to summarize facts in
report. It should be kept in mind that report should be based on facts assimilated during the process
and not on the opinion of person writing the report.
6.Court Proceedings: Evidence gathered will be presented in court proceedings & team members may be
called.
15
(II)Statistical & Mathematical Techniques:
ŸTrend Analysis:
ØBusinesses have cycles and seasons much akin to nature itself.
ØAn expense or event within business that would be analogous to snowy day in middle of summer is
worth investigating.
ŸRatio Analysis:
ØAnother useful fraud detection technique is calculation of data analysis ratios for key numeric fields.
ØLike financial ratios indicate financial health of company, data analysis ratios report on fraud health
by identifying possible symptoms of fraud.
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examples of CSTs.
Ø Their widespread acceptability is due to its instant availability and lower costs.
Ø While spreadsheets may be extremely easy to use due to its simplicity and versatility, other CSTs may
need some practice.
(VIII)Laboratory Analysis of Physical and Electronic Evidences: Use of Computer Forensics & protection of
evidence.
Sample Table of Contents of a Forensic Audit Report may include following:
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background, Origin of Audit, Audit Objective, Proposed Audit Outputs, Audit Implementation Approach
2.RISK ANALYSIS
Internal Environment Risk & External Environment Forces
3.AUDIT PROCESS
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5.AUDIT RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1Logical Framework Approach
15
5.2Preconditions and Risks
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PEER REVIEW AND
QUALITY REVIEW
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Definition:
“Peer Review” means
Ø an examination and review of systems and procedures
Ø to determine whether same have been put in place by Practice Unit (PU)
Ø for ensuring quality of assurance services as envisaged by
Ø Technical, Professional and Ethical (TPE) Stds applicable including other regulatory requirements
and
Ø whether same were consistently applied during period under review.”
16
disturbed while doing work because of peer review.
§Business environ ment is changing so fast that it is necessary for an auditor to keep improving
his audit techniques & seek a stamp of approval about his competence.
ŸWhether auditor has performed his function satisfactorily or not is arising frequently now.
ŸThere is a considerable gap between what society expects auditors to do & what auditors are
actually required perform by law & terms of their engagement.
ŸTherefore, if work of auditor is questioned, auditor's defense would be that work has happened as
per auditing practices which have been peer reviewed.
ŸPeer review is compulsory for all auditors.
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Applicability
Types of Entities
=SCA of any Banks or Insurance Cos.
Level 1 : (Once in 3 years*)
=CSA of PSU & Central Coop societies with turnover > 250 Cr. Or NW > 5 Cr.
PU which has undertaken
=SA of AMCs/ Mfs
audit of any of the below
=Listed Enterprises (India or o/s India) whether equity/debt
entities:
=Body Corp. including trust covered under public interest entities
=NBFC with deposits >= 100 Cr
=Stat. Audit of Entities preparing the F.S. as per Ind AS
=Entities raised funds from public, banks or financial institutions of over 50 Cr
=Entities raised donations/contributions over 50 Cr
=N.W. > 100 Cr or turnover of 250 cr or above
=Funding by CG/SG of over 50 Cr
Level II: Other than level 1 (i)Statutory / Internal / Concurrent / Systems / Tax audit and / or Departmental Review of Branches /
(Once in 4 years*) Offices of -
*PU which has undertaken (a). Public Sector undertaking (b) Any bank (c). Any Insurance Company
any of under-mentioned (ii) Statutory Audit of Non – Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) not covered in L-1 above,
assurance services in period (iii) UDIN’s generated by the PU more than the specified number
under review (iv) Any other Practice Unit providing assurance or other services not covered under (I) (ii), and (iii)
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hereinabove
ŸSpecial Review Case: The board based on specific information received from ICAI, or Disciplinary
Directorate, which is in the opinon of board requires Special review of PU. It may Conduct
Special Review of PU
ŸAny Practice Unit not selected for Peer Review, may suo moto apply to Board for conduct of Peer
Review. Board shall act upon same within 30 days from date of receipt of such request.
ŸAn auditee (Client) may request Board for conduct of Peer Review of its auditor (Practice Unit).
Board shall act upon same within 30 days from date of receipt of such request.
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Eligibility of becoming Peer Reviewer
=Member in practice at least 7 yrs of experience.
=Moved from Industry à Practice then 10 yrs Industry + 3 yrs exp. in practice
=Should undergo Requisite training & test
=Furnish declaration as prescribed by Board & should sign the Declaration of Confidentiality
=A member shall Not be eligible if:
Ø Disciplinary Action pending against him
Ø Guilty of misconduct by Council/BOD/DC
Ø Convicted by Comp. court within or o/s India offence involving Moral Turpitude & imprisonment
Ø Partner or personnel has obligation or conflict of intt with PU
Ø He has undergone training/articleship under any of the partner of Practice Unit
=Reviewer shall not accept professional assignment from PU 2 yrs from/before date of appointment
Qualified Assistant
=Should be a CA & No disqualification u/s 8 or 21 of CA Act 1949
=Name intimated to Board & PU before commencement of Peer review
=Should also Sign Declaration of Confidentiality
16
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Selection of Practice
Unit(PU) & Planning Execution Reporting
appointment of Reviewer
16
reviewers can be identified by Board as per declaration cum questionnaire submitted by PU.
(iii)Name of three Reviewers shall be recommended by Board to Practice Unit so selected.
(iv)PU shall select one out of three Reviewers & intimate to Board within 7 days of receipt of
names. (v)The Board shall intimate Reviewer so selected and seek consent within 7 days.
Planning:
i)Questionnaire: On intimation given by Board of Reviewer's consent, PU shall within 2 days furnish
following info to reviewer:
Proceedings against PU or partners or qualified assistants during 3 yrs preceding period of review
i.e. till date of submission of questionnaire
ii)Information to be furnished by Peer Review Board: Board shall call for relevant infor. from the
UDIN Directorate and may share concerned details with Peer Reviewer which shall form part of
Peer Review.
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(d)Reviewer and PU shall mutually co-operate and ensure that entire Review process is completed within
60 days from date of notifying PU about selection for Review.
Execution
Peer Review Visits: This on-site Review should not extend beyond 7 working days based on size of
PU.
Compliance Review- General Controls
wIndependence
wMaintainence of professional skills & stds
wOutside consultation
wStaff recruitments, Supervision & Developments
wOffice admin
Reporting
ØBefore making report to Board communicate findings to PU if systems/procedures are deficient or
he needs clarification
ØPU shall reply back within 5 days
ØIf reviewer satisfied - submit P/R Report to Board + initial findings + response of PU (A Copy to
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PU)
ØNot satisfied à Modified report to Board + Initial findings + response of PU (Copy to PU)
ØFollow on Review after 1 year (maybe reduced to 6 months) from date of issue of MR
16
subject-matter of review, departure from system may occur and may not be detected.
In contrast, quality review is supposed to act as deterrent. Quality Review Board (QRB) is constituted
by CG and is independent of ICAI. As per Sec 28A of CA's Act, CG has authority to constitute QRB
which carries out supervisory and disciplinary functions. Quality review normally pertains to one
particular audit conducted by audit firm. Main objective is to find errors or inadequacies committed by
auditor. Serious errors lead to disciplinary action against member.
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QUALITY REVIEW
'Quality means doing it right when no one is looking.' Henry Ford
SQC 1 Requires firm's system of quality control should include:
Ÿ Leadership responsibilities for quality within the firm
Ÿ Ethical requirements
Ÿ Acceptance & continuance of client relationships & specific engagements
Ÿ Human resources
Ÿ Engagement performance
Examples of Imp areas as per Quality Review Report 2018-19 in accordance with SQC-1 are:
Ø Whether audit firm establishes and implements policies and procedure on all element of system
of quality control
Ø Whether EQCR review at appropriate time for planning audit, significant audit judgement, and
expressions of audit opinion.
Ø Whether audit firm assigns person responsible for monitoring system of quality control with
appropriate experience & sufficient and appropriate authority.
16
Ø Whether audit firm obtain, at least annually, confirmation letter concerning compliance with policies
and procedure for maintenance of independence from all person required to maintain independence.
Ø Whether audit firm perform independence confirmation procedure before acceptance and continuance
of audit engagement, and when issuing auditor's report appropriately confirms there was no change in
status of independence.
Ø Whether audit firm develop and provides education/ training program that fully take into account
knowledge, experience, competence and capabilities of professional staff.
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Ø The a/c std notified under sec 133 of Cos Act, 2013;
Ø The A/C Std issued by ICAI;
=The FFPPFS issued by ICAI; (FFPPFSà Framework for Preparation & Presentation of FS)
=The applicable Quality Control and Standards on Auditing issued by ICAI and notified under
statute;
=The Statements on Auditing issued by ICAI;
=The Notifications/Directions/Guidelines issued by ICAI
= Other relevant L&R (Legal & Regulatory) requirements which include Code of Ethics & Guidance
Notes issued by ICAI
16
other regulatory requirements
QRB to review audit of Cos. under NFRA applicability only if referred by NFRA. For others it can do
suo moto.
Powers of QRB
To Facilitate the discharge of its functions it has following Powers:
ØOn its own or through spl arrangement with ICAI, evaluate quality of work of members
ØLay down evaluation criteria for evaluating the services of members
ØCall for info from members, ICAI, Council, Clients etc.
ØInvite experts for expert/technical advice or opinion
ØMake recommendations to council to guide members to improve quality of service
Quality review excludes Internal/Tax/GST & other spl purpose audits. Also excludes employment
services.
Coverage of Services for Quality review
Covered:
ŸQuality of Statutory Audit and reporting by statutory Auditors
ŸQuality of control framework adopted by AFUR conducting Statutory Audit
ŸExcluded:
ŸReview of internal Audit, Tax audit, GST other special purpose Audit
ŸReview of services provided by members in terms of employement
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Ÿ Once in 4 years for Audit firms having 10 or more but less than 20 Partners
Ÿ Once in 5 years for Audit firms having less than 10 Partners.
Upto 3 engagements may be selected by QRB in a cycle. If no adverse findings in past review then
only 1.
If adverse finding in previous review à then >3 also possible.
Stages of QR Assignments
ØQRB selects Audit Firm and audit file for review and identifies TR to conduct Quality Review.
ØQRB sends Offer Letter of Engagement to TR.
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ØTR conveys his acceptance of Letter of Engagement to QRB by sending necessary declarations for
meeting eligibility conditions and furnishing statement of confidentiality by himself and his assistant/s.
ØQRB intimates AFUR about proposed Quality Review. QRB also sends copy of intimation letter to TR and
provides them contact details of each other for further communication.
ØTR sends specified QR Questionnaire to AFUR for filling-up. He also calls for additional info from AFUR, if
reqd.
ØTR & his team carry out Quality Review by starting off-site review by making proper planning for review
and then on-site visiting office of AFUR by fixing date as per mutual consent ensuring that review
exercise gets completed within specified time.
ØOn completion of on-site review, TR to send preliminary report to AFUR. TR shall send a copy of
preliminary report to QRB as well.
ØAFUR to submit representation on preliminary report to TR and TR to immediately send reply of AFUR to
QRB.
ØTR to submit final report along with copy of Annual report of entity for year under review, to QRB in
specified format, on his letterhead, duly signed and dated. In addition, also send copy of final report to
AFUR, requesting them to send final reply thereon to QRB within 7 days of receipt of final report. AFUR
shall also send a copy of their final reply to TR.
16
ØAFUR to submit to QRB their reply on final report and feedback regarding experience of quality review.
ØUpon receipt of final reply from AFUR, TR shall submit to QRB within next 7 days a summary of his
findings, containing findings, technical requirements, final reply of AFUR and final comments thereon.
ØQRG to consider report of TR and responses of AFUR and make recommendations to QRB. QRG may also
call for additional details/information, if reqd, from TR/AFUR or issue such directions as it may deem
appropriate, enabling to assess quality of audit and reporting by AFUR.
ØQRB to consider report and recommendations of QRG and decide further course of action.
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ØShould be working with them for at least one year as member/ partner in CA firm;
ØNot associated with AFUR and concerned entity, whose audit is being reviewed, last 3 FY/After.
ØNo disciplinary proceeding under CA Act, 1949 pending against him or any disciplinary action under CA
Act, 1949 / penal action under any other law taken/pending against him during last 3 FY/after;
ØNot member of current QRB/ICAI's Central Council/Regional Council/Branch level Mgt Committee; and
ØHe should not himself be empanelled as TR with Quality Review Board.
(b)Elements relating to quality control framework adopted by audit firm in conducting audit:
i.An indication whether AFUR has implemented system of quality control with ref. to quality
control Stds.
ii.A statement indicating that system of quality control is responsibility of AFUR.
iii.An opinion on whether AFUR's system of quality control is designed to meet requirements of quality
control stds for attestation services and whether it was complied with during period reviewed to
provide reasonable assurance w.r.t complying with T/P/E stds, other guidance and laws and
regulations in all material respects.
iv.Where reviewer concludes modification in report is necessary, description of reasons with suggestions.
v.A reference to preliminary report.
vi.An attachment which describes quality review including info on planning and performing the review.
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(c)Inform details of non-compliance to regulatory bod(y)/ies relevant to entity as may be decided by
Board.
(d)Intimate AFUR as to findings of Report as well as action initiated as above.
(e)In case of review arising out of reference received from regulatory body, inform results of review and
details of action taken to the concerned regulatory body.
(f)Consider matter complete and inform AFUR accordingly.
16
(f)whether skill and competence of assistants are considered before assignment of attestation
engagement.
(g)whether progress of attestation service is monitored and work performed by each assistant is
reviewed by service in-charge and necessary guidance is provided to assistants.
(h)whether AFUR has established procedure to record the audit plan, NTE of auditing procedures
performed and conclusions drawn from evidences obtained.
(i)whether AFUR maintains audit documentation as per relevant standards.
(j)whether AFUR verifies compliance with laws and regulations to the extent it has material effect
on financial statement.
(k)whether internal controls within AFUR contribute towards maintenance of quality of reporting.
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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
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17 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Introduction
Ÿ “Professional Ethics”- Consist of personal, organizational & corporate standards of Behaviour
expected for professionals.
Ÿ Like other professionals, Chartered Accountants also have some set of code of ethics.
Ÿ A distinguishing feature of the accountancy profession is its acceptance of the responsibility to
act in the public interest.
17
The revised Code of Ethics contains the following material-
·PART 1-
Ÿ Complying with the Code, Fundamental Principles & Conceptual Framework,
Ÿ Which includes fundamental principles & the conceptual framework &
Ÿ Is applicable to all professional accountants.
·PART 2-
Ÿ Professional Accountants in Service, Employed, engaged or contracted in an executive or non-executive
capacity in, For example-
Ÿ Commerce, industry or service.
Ÿ The public sector.
Ÿ Education.
Ÿ The not-for-profit sector.
Ÿ Regulatory or professional bodies.
Ÿ Part 2 is also applicable to individuals who are professional accountants in public practice when
performing professional activities pursuant to their relationship with the firm as an employee.
·PART 3–
Ÿ Professional Accountants in Public Practice, which sets out additional material that applies to
professional accountants in public practice when providing professional services.
Ÿ Independence Standards, which sets out additional material that applies to professional accountants in
public practice when providing assurance services, as follows-
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ØPART 4A-
Ÿ Independence for Audit & Review Engagements,
Ÿ which applies when performing audit or review engagements.
ØPART 4B-
Ÿ Independence for Assurance Engagements Other than Audit & Review Engagements,
Ÿ which applies when performing assurance engagements that are not audit or review engagements.
Where laws or regulations preclude an accountant from complying with certain parts of the Code Laws &
regulations prevail, and accountant shall comply with all other parts of the Code.
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In deciding whether to disclose confidential information, professional accountants should consider the
following points:
(a)Whether interests of any party, including 3rd parties might be affected
(b)Whether all relevant info is known and substantiated, and
(c)The proposed type of communication, and to whom it is addressed;
(d)Whether parties to whom communication is addressed are appropriate recipients.
(e)Professional Behaviour: avoid any conduct that accountant knows or should know might discredit
the profession.
If a professional accountant faces a situation when complying with one fundamental principle
conflicts with others, he should consult:
Ÿ Others within the organization
Ÿ TCWG
Ÿ ICAI
Ÿ Legal counsel
Types of Threats
17
Ÿ Self-interest threat –threat that a financial or other interest will inappropriately influence a
professional accountant's judgment or behaviour;
Ÿ Self-review threat –threat that a professional accountant will not appropriately evaluate the
results of a previous judgment made; or an activity performed by the accountant, or by another
individual within the accountant's firm or employing organization, on which the accountant will
rely when forming a judgment as part of performing a current activity;
Ÿ Advocacy threat –threat that a professional accountant will promote a client's or employing
organization's position to the point that the accountant's objectivity is compromised;
Ÿ Familiarity threat –threat that due to a long or close relationship with a client, or employing
organization, professional accountant will be too sympathetic to their interests or too accepting of
their work;
Ÿ Intimidation threat –threat that a professional accountant will be deterred from acting objectively
because of actual or perceived pressures, including attempts to exercise undue influence over the
accountant.
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Circumstances that may create Self Review Threat
Ÿ Loan to or from assurance client or any of its directors or officers
Ÿ Professional accountant holding financial interest in, or receiving a loan or guarantee from,
employing organization.
Ÿ Professional accountant participating in incentive compensation arrangements offered by
employing organization.
Ÿ Professional accountant having access to corporate assets for personal use.
Ÿ Professional accountant being offered a gift or special treatment from supplier of employing
organization.
Examples of actions that in certain circumstances might be safeguards to address threats include:
Ÿ Assigning additional time and qualified personnel to reqd tasks when engagement has been
accepted.
Ÿ Having appropriate reviewer, not member of team, review work performed or advise to address a
self-review threat.
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Ÿ Using different partners and engagement teams with separate reporting lines for provision of non-
assurance services.
Ÿ Involving another firm to perform or re-perform part of engagement .
Ÿ Separating teams when dealing with matters of a confidential nature.
Disabilities for the Purpose of Membership (Sec 8 of the CAs Act, 1949)
Ÿ Under 21 years
Ÿ Unsound mind and stands so adjudged by competent court;
Ÿ Undischarged insolvent;
Ÿ Being a discharged insolvent, has not obtained from court a certificate stating that insolvency
was caused by misfortune without any misconduct on his part;
Ÿ Convicted by competent Court within or without India, of offence involving moral turpitude and
punishable with transportation or imprisonment unless CG by order in writing, removed disability;
Ÿ Removed from membership of ICAI been guilty of professional or other misconduct;
Types of Members
Associate Member: Person, whose name has been entered in Register, & entitled to use the letters
17
A.C.A. after his name.
Fellow Member: Following types of members shall be registered as Fellow of ICAI, on payment of
such fees along with the application-
(i)Associate member who has been in continuous practice in India for at least 5 years,
(ii)Member who has been associate for continuous period of not less than 5 years & who
possesses such qualification experience equivalent to continuous practice for period of 5 years as
CA.
Removal of Name from the Register: As per Sec 20 of Act, Council may remove, from Register, the
name of any member in following cases-
i.who is dead;
ii.from whom request received;
iii.not paid prescribed fee required to be paid by him;
iv.Disqualified u/s 8
Removal of name under orders of Board of Discipline Restoration shall be in accordance with such
or the Disciplinary Committee or the Appellate orders.
Authority or the High Court
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Penalty for Falsely Claiming to be a Member- Sec 24 of the CAs Act, 1949 provides that any person
who-
(i)not being a member of ICAI;
(a)represents that he is member of ICAI; or
(b)uses designation CA;
(ii)being a member of ICAI, but not having certificate of practice, represents that he is in practice
or practice as a CA,
shall be punishable on first conviction with fine which may extend to 1000, and on any subsequent
conviction with imprisonment which may extend to 6 months or with fine which may extend to
5,000, or with both.
(iv)a member has not paid annual fee for COP till 30th day of September of the relevant year.
Where COP is cancelled, the holder shall surrender the same to the Secretary.
Regulation 11 on restoration of COP states that, on an application made in approved Form and
payment of such fee, Council may restore COP w.e.f date on which it was cancelled, to member
whose certificate has been cancelled due to non-payment of the annual fee for the COP and whose
application, complete in all respects, together with fees, is received by the Secretary before expiry of
relevant year.
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The expression “Management Consultancy and other Services” shall include the following-
i.Financial management planning and financial policy determination.
ii.Capital structure planning and advice regarding raising finance.
iii.Working capital management.
iv.Preparing project reports and feasibility studies.
v.Preparing cash budget, cash flow statements, profitability statements, statements of sources and
application of funds etc.
vi.Budgeting including capital budgets and revenue budgets.
vii.Inventory management, material handling and storage.
viii.Market research and demand studies.
ix.Price-fixation and other management decision making.
x.Management accounting systems, cost control and value analysis.
xi.Control methods and management information and reporting.
xii.Personnel recruitment and selection.
xiii.Setting up executive incentive plans, wage incentive plans etc.
xiv.Management and operational audits.
xv.Valuation of shares and business and advice regarding amalgamation, merger and acquisition.
17
Acting as Registered Valuer under Cos. Act 2013.
xvi.Business Policy, corporate planning, organisation development, growth and diversification.
xvii.Organisation structure and behaviour, training programmes, work study, job-description, job
evaluation
xviii.Systems analysis and design, and computer related services and to carry out other professional
services relating to EDP.
xix.Acting as advisor or consultant to an issue, including such matters as:
a.Drafting of prospectus and memorandum containing salient futures of prospectus. Drafting
and filing of listing agreement and completing formalities with Stock Exchanges, Registrar of
Companies and SEBI.
b.Preparation of publicity budget, advice regarding arrangements for selection of (i) ad - media,
(ii) centres for holding conferences of brokers, investors, etc., (iii) bankers to issue, (iv)
collection centres, (v) brokers to issue, (vi) underwriters and the underwriting arrangement.
c.Advice regarding selection of various agencies connected with issue, namely Registrars to
Issue, printers and advertising agencies.
d.Advice on the post issue activities, e.g., follow up steps which include listing of instruments
and dispatch of certificates and refunds.
Explanation – Portfolio mgt, underwriting & broking (PUB) not permitted.
xx.Investment counselling in respect of securities
xxi.Registrar to an issue and for transfer of shares/other securities.
xxii.Quality Audit.
xxiii.Environment Audit.
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xxiv.Energy Audit.
xxv.Recovery Consultant in the Banking Sector.
xxvi.Insurance Financial Advisory Services under IRDA Act 1999, including Insurance Brokerage.
xxvii.Insolvency Professional in terms of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
xxviii.Admin Services: Such services require little to no professional judgment and are clerical in
nature.
Note: Member of ICAI is deemed to be in practice during period he renders 'service with armed
forces'.
Important Note:
A CA whose name has been removed from membership for prof. or other misconduct à during such
period of removal à will not appear before various tax authorities or other bodies before whom he
could have appeared in his capacity as a member of ICAI à Because once a person becomes a
member of ICAI; he is bound by provisions of CA Act, 1949 and its Regulations
Companies not to practice as CAs à If LLP has Co. as partner it can't engage in practice
Ÿ Merchant Banker / Advisor to an issue: Members may obtain registration as category IV Merchant
Banker & act as Advisor or Consultant to issue. In client Companies' offer documents and ads
regarding capital issue, name and address of CA or firm of CAs acting as Advisor or Consultant to
the Issue could be indicated under the caption “Advisor/Consultant to the Issue”. However, name
& address of such CA/firm of CAs should not appear prominently.
Ÿ The members of ICAI who are also Directors in Companies, members of Political parties or CAs
Cells in political parties, holding different positions in clubs are not permitted to mention these
positions as these would be violative of provisions of Sec 7 of the Act.
Ÿ Member can't designate as Cost Accountant; he can use letters A.C.M.A (Associate) or
F.C.M.A (Fellow) after his name.
Ÿ Permitted to mention membership of foreign Institute of Accountancy, recognized by Council
through MOU / Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) with ICAI.
Ÿ Improper for CA to state on professional docs à Income-tax Consultant, Cost Accountant,
Company Secretary, Cost Consultant or a Management Consultant.
Ÿ Designation “Corporate Lawyer” not permitted.
Ÿ Use of initials 'CPA' not permitted on visiting cards.
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wNo need to close regular office & correspondence made at reg office
wName board on temp office not displayed when its not functional
wTemp office not mentioned on Visit cards/letter heads as Place Of Business
wBefore winters, member/firm informs ICAI about opening temp office from date & after closure
intimated ICAI via regd post
17
office is located.
d.KYC Norms
The KYC Norms approved by the Council of ICAI are given below:
1.Where Client is an Individual/ Proprietor
A.General Information
Ÿ Name of the Individual
Ÿ PAN No. or Aadhar Card No. of the Individual
Ÿ Business Description
Ÿ Copy of last Audited Financial Statement
B.Engagement Information
Ÿ Type of Engagement
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Ÿ Company PAN No.
Ÿ Company Identification No.
Ÿ Directors' Names & Addresses
Ÿ Directors' Identification No.
Clause (2):
Ÿ pays or allows or agrees to pay or allow, directly or indirectly,
Ÿ any share, commission or brokerage in the fees or profits of his professional business, to any person
other than
Ÿ a member of the ICAI or a partner or a retired partner or the legal representative of a deceased partner,
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or a member of any other professional body or with such other persons having such qualification as may
be prescribed,
Ÿ for the purpose of rendering such professional services from time to time in or outside India.
17
if agreement allows
2.Goodwill can be transferred to other CA if:
Ÿ Sale completed within 1 year of death
Ÿ If dispute of legal heir à inform ICAI within 1 year about dispute & name preserved for 1 year from
dispute settlement.
Clause (3):
accepts or agrees to accept any part of profits of professional work of person who is not member of ICAI.
Provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed as prohibiting a member 'from entering intoprofit
sharing or other similar arrangements, including receiving any share commission or brokerage in the fees,
with member of such professional body or other person having qualifications, as is referred to in item (2) of
this part.
Referral fees amongst members: It is not prohibited for a member in practice to charge Referral Fees, being
fees obtained by a member in practice from another member in practice in relation to referring client to him.
Note: Accepting commission from regd valuer for referring valuation assignments à Guilty
Clause (4):
Ÿ enters into partnership, in or o/s India, with person other than
Ÿ CA in practice or such other person who is member of any other professional body having such
qualifications as may be prescribed,
Ÿ including a resident who but for his residence abroad would be entitled to be regd. as member under
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section 4(1)(v) or
Ÿ whose qualifications are recognized by CG or Council for purpose of permitting such partnerships.
Clause (5) :
Secures either through the services of a person who is not an employee of such CA or who is not his partner
or by means which are not open to a CA, any professional business. Provided that nothing herein contained
shall be construed as prohibiting any agreement permitted in terms of item (2), (3) and (4) of this part.
Clause (6) :
Solicits clients or professional work either directly or indirectly by circular, advertisement, personal
communication or interview or by any other means.
Provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed as preventing or prohibiting –
(i)Any CA from applying or requesting for or inviting or securing professional work from another CA in
practice; or
(ii)A member from responding to tenders or enquiries issued by various users of professional services or
organizations from time to time and securing professional work as a consequence.
As per Council guidelines, member in practice shall not respond to any tender in areas of services which are
exclusively reserved for CAs, such as audit and attestation services. Such restriction not applicable where
17
min. fee of assignment prescribed in tender document or where areas are open to other professionals along
with Cas.
The members should not adopt any indirect methods to adventure their professional practice with a view to
gain publicity and thereby solicit clients or professional work.
Such a restraint must be practiced so that members may maintain their independence of judgment and
may be able to command respect of their prospective clients.
An advertisement of Coaching /teaching activities by member in practice may amount to indirect
solicitation, as well as solicitation by any other means, and may therefore be violative of provisions of
Clause (6) of Part I of First Schedule to CAs Act, 1949.
Ÿ Members may put, o/s Coaching/teaching premises, sign board mentioning the name of Coaching /
teaching Institute, contact details and subjects taught therein only.
Ÿ Advert/notes in press: Not circulate letters to possible clients
Exceptions:
ØMay advertise changes in partnerships or dissolution of firm, or change in address and telephone
numbers. Bare statement of facts allowed and consideration given to appropriateness of area of
distribution of newspaper or magazine and number of insertions.
ØPermitted to issue classified ad in journal/ newsletter of ICAI intended to give info for sharing
professional work on assignment basis or seeking partnership or salaried employment of accountancy
nature, provided it only contains accountant's name, address or telephone number, fax number, e-
mail address and address(es) of social Networking sites of members. However, mere factual position
of experience and area of specialization, relevant to seek response to the advertisement, are
permissible.
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Ÿ Application for empanelment for allotment of audit and other professional work: Free to write to
concerned org. Not proper for CA to make roving enquiries. Permissible to quote fees on enquiries
received from bodies, which maintain such panel.
Ÿ Publication of Books, Articles or Presentation: Not permissible for member to mention in book or article
published, or presentation made by him, any professional attainment(s), whether of member or firm.
He may indicate in book, article or presentation designation “CA” as well as name of firm.
Ÿ Issue of Greeting Cards or Invitations: Designation “CA” as well as name of firm may be used in
greeting cards, invitations for marriages and religious ceremonies and any invitations for opening or
inauguration of office of members, change in office premises and change in telephone numbers,
provided that invitations are sent only to clients, relatives and friends of the members concerned.
Ÿ Advertisement for Silver, Golden, Platinum or Centenary celebrations of CA Firms may be published in
newspaper or newsletter.
Ÿ Sponsoring Activities
(a)A member in practice or Firm of CAs is not permitted to sponsor an event. May sponsor event
conducted by a Programme Organizing Unit (PoU) of ICAI, provided it has prior approval of
Continuing Professional Education (CPE) Directorate of ICAI.
(b)Members sponsoring activities relating to CSR may mention their individual name with the prefix
17
“CA”. However, the mention of Firm name or CA Logo is not permitted.
Ÿ Sharing Firm Profile with prospective Client: Not permitted to share Firm profile with a prospective
Client unless it is in response to a proposed client's specific query, and otherwise not prohibited to be
used by the client.
Ÿ Television or Movie Credits: Exhibition of name is not made differently as compared to other entries in
the credits.
Ÿ Soliciting professional work by making roving enquiries: Not permissible for member to address letters,
emails or circulars to persons who are likely to require services of CA since it would tantamount to
advertisement.
Ÿ Seeking work from Professional Colleagues: Issue of advertisement or a circular by CA, seeking work
from professional colleagues on any basis whatsoever except as provided above would be in violation
Ÿ Scope of representation which an auditor is entitled to make under Section 140(4) of the Companies
Act, 2013: Opportunity not being abused to secure needless publicity. The letter should merely set out
in dignified manner how he has been acting independently and conscientiously through the term of
office and in addition, indicate his willingness to continue as auditor if reappointed by shareholders.
Ÿ Acceptance of original professional work by a member emanating from the client introduced to him by
another member: Member not accept original professional work emanating from client introduced to
him by another member. If any professional work of such client comes directly, it should be his duty to
ask the client that he should come through other member dealing generally with his original work.
Ÿ Giving Public Interviews: Not result in publicity. Details about members or their firms not given in a
manner highlighting professional attainments. Detail given as response to specific question, and factual
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CA Ravi Agarwal's
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nature only.
Ÿ Members and/or firms who publish advertisements under Box numbers: prohibited from inserting
advertisements under box numbers in newspapers. It is violation of this clause.
Ÿ Educational Videos: No reference made to CAs Firm wherein member is a partner/ proprietor. It should
not contain contact details or website address.
Ÿ CA sent letters to other CAs claimed to be pioneer in liasoning with govt depts as expertise
à held guilty in this clause
Ÿ Partners [Name, Year of qualification, Other qualification, Phone, email, Area of experience (pull
request)]
Ÿ Details of employees (like partners)
Ÿ Job vacancies
Ÿ No of article assistants (pull request)
Ÿ Nature of assignments handled (pull request)
Ÿ Name of clients & fees charged can't be given (Note)
Note: It can be given if required by regulator (whether or not constituted under a statute in India or o/s
India) only to extent reqd & period reqd by regulator.
Where such disclosure of names of clients and/or fees charged is made on the website, the member/ firm
shall ensure that it is mentioned on the website [in italics], below such disclosure itself, that
“This disclosure is in terms of the requirement of [name of the regulator] having jurisdiction in [name of
the country/ area where such regulator has jurisdiction] vide [Rule/ Directive etc. under which the
disclosure is required by the Regulator].
Ÿ Display of Passport size pic permitted
Ÿ May include bulletin boards, articles, prof info, & educational videos
Ÿ Chat rooms can be provided with confidentiality protocol
Ÿ Can provide Document Management Facility
Ÿ Can share link to Social Networking Site but not solicit to visit or like their pages
Ÿ Can provide online advice on specific request for free/payment
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CA Ravi Agarwal's
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Ÿ Ensure adequate secrecy of matters of clients
Ÿ No ad on website of banner or any nature
Ÿ May provide link to website of ICAI, Regional councils, Branches & website of Govt/depts/Reg
authorities/Professional bodies
Ÿ Website name should be similar to firm name & not amount to solicitation
Ÿ Mention info not at material variance from ICAI's records
Publication of Name or Firm Name by CAs in Telephone or other Directories published by Telephone
Authorities or Private Bodies
Ÿ Name under section 'Chartered Accountants’
Ÿ Member/firm should be from town/city of directory publication
17
Ÿ Order of entries should be alphabetical
Ÿ Entry shouldn't be made in a differential or prominent manner giving impression of publicity
/advertisement
Ÿ Entries shouldn't be restricted & open to all CAs of that town
Ÿ Members can also include their names in Trade/social directories
Application based Service provider Aggregators (Eg UrbanClap)
Ÿ Not permissible for Cas
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
CA Ravi Agarwal's
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Clause (7)
ÜAdvertises his professional attainments or services, or
Üuses any designation or expressions other than the CA on professional documents, visiting cards, letter
heads or sign boards unless it be a degree of a University established by law in India or recognized by
the Central Government or a title indicating membership of the Institute of CAs or of any other
institution that has been recognized by the Central Government or may be recognized by the Council.
Member in practice may advertise through a write up, setting out service provided by him or firm and
particulars of his firm subject to such guidelines as issued by Council.
Ÿ Use of designation 'Member of Parliament', 'Municipal Councilor' not permitted.
Ÿ A member can mention “Insolvency Professional” or “Registered Valuer” respectively on his visiting
card and letter head.
Ÿ Date of setting-up practice: Should not be mentioned on the letter heads and other professional
documents.
Ÿ Notice in the Press relating to the Success in an Examination: It should not contain any element of
undesirable publicity. Candidate's name and address, school and local background, examination passed
with details of any prize or place gained, name of principal, firm and town in which principal practices
17
may be published.
Ÿ Reports and Certificates: Manner of publication limited to what is necessary to enable report or
certificate to serve its proper purpose. Members should use letterhead for issuing reports and
certificates.
Ÿ Appearance of CAs on Electronic Media (including Internet): Members may appear on television, films
and Internet and Radio or give lectures at forums and may give their names and describe themselves as
CAs. Spl. qualifications or specialised knowledge directly relevant to subject matter of prog. may be
given. Firm name may also be mentioned; however, exaggerated claim or comparison is not permissible.
It must not be promotional of him or his firm but must be an objective professional view of topic.
Mention of membership of Institute is desirable in such cases to achieve suitable publicity for ICAI.
Ÿ Members giving talks or lectures or attending conference may describe themselves as CAs only when
they are acting in their capacity as CAs. However, reference to professional firm of the member should
not be given.
Ÿ Organising Training Courses, Seminars etc. for his staff: CAiP may invite staff of other CAs and clients
to attend the same. Undue prominence should not be given to name of CA in any booklet or document.
Ÿ Writing Articles or Letters to the Press: May give their names and use the description Cas.
Ÿ Size of Sign Board: Use of glow signs or lights on large-sized boards not permissible.
Ÿ Public Announcements with details of Directors: Many Cos have CAs as directors. The prospectus or
public announcements shouldn't publish descriptions about CA's expertise, specialisation & knowledge
in any field.
Member should invite attention of mgt to provisions and request that before communication, is issued, it
should be approved by him.
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The use of expression 'CA' is permissible. Directorships held by member in other Companies can be given,
but name of firm in which member is partner, should not be given.
Ÿ Use of logo/monogram of any kind/form/ style/design/colour etc. is prohibited.
Ÿ Printing QR code on visiting card allowed giving name/address/contact details/firm name
Notes:
Ÿ Giving names of all firms in which CA is partner on letterhead is allowed
Ÿ When CA while delivering speech at Conference talks about his expertise & services of firm & requests
audience to approach him à guilty under clause 6 & 7
Ÿ CA after Demonitisation messaged ppl that he offers cash conversion service à guilty of Prof
misconduct under Clause 6 & 7 + Other misconduct under clause 2 of Part IV of First Schedule read
with Sec 22 of CA Act 1949
17
üNot bring profession to disrepute
üNot contain testimonials
üNot contain info about achievements or awards (except awards by CG/SG/ Regulatory Bodies)
üMonogram of any sort not permissible
üMembership no/firm reg no to be mentioned
üFont size upto 14
Clause (8):
accepts a position as auditor previously held by another chartered accountant or a certified auditor who
has been issued certificate under the Restricted Certificate Rules, 1932 without first communicating with
him in writing.
As a matter of professional courtesy and professional obligation it is necessary for new auditor appointed
to communicate with such earlier auditor.
Objective is to ascertain whether there are any circumstances which warrant him not to accept
appointment.
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*may accept audit if satisfied that attitude of retiring auditor was not proper and justified. If he feels
that retiring auditor qualified report for good and valid reasons, refuse to accept audit. There is no
rule, written or unwritten, which would prevent auditor from accepting appointment offered to him in
these circumstances. Before accepting audit, ascertain full facts of case.
What should be the correct procedure to adopt when a prospective client tells you that he wants to change
his auditor and wants you to take up his work?
Company should be asked whether retiring auditor had been informed of intention to change. If answer is
'Yes', then communication should be addressed to retiring auditor. If it is learnt that old auditor hasn't been
informed, and client is not willing to inform, it would be necessary to ask reason for proposed change. If no
valid reason for change, it would be healthy practice to not accept audit. If he decides to accept audit he
should address a communication to retiring auditor.
Members should retain positive evidence of delivery of communication to addressee. In opinion of Council,
following would provide such evidence: -
(a)Communication by a letter sent through “Registered Acknowledgement due”, or
(b)By hand against a written acknowledgement, or
17
(c)Acknowledgement of communication from retiring auditor's vide email address registered with
Institute or his last known official email address, or
(d)Unique Identification Number (UDIN) generated on UDIN portal
*Letters posted under Certificate of Posting not considered valid (No positive evidence of delivery)
Premises found Locked : Deemed as having been delivered to retiring auditor.
Firm not found at the given Regd address : Address of communication is same as regd with ICAI
on date of dispatch, letter will be deemed to be delivered, unless retiring auditor proves it was not really
served and he was not responsible for such non-service.
Joint audit with earlier auditor: As a matter of professional courtesy and obligation it is necessary for
new auditor appointed to act jointly with earlier auditor to communicate with such earlier auditor.
Special Audit under Income Tax Act, 1961: It would be healthy practice if Tax Auditor conducting spl
audit under Income Tax Act,1961 communicates with member who conducted Statutory Audit.
Council decisions:
Ÿ Requirement for communicating with previous auditor being CAiP would apply to all types of
Audit viz., Statutory Audit, Tax Audit, GST Audit, Internal Audit, Concurrent Audit or any other
kind of audit.
Ÿ Communication in case of Assignments done by other professionals: Communication is
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mandatorily reqd for all types of Audit/Report where previous auditor is a CA.
For assignments done by other professionals not being Cas, it would be a healthy practice to
communicate.
Ÿ Lack of time in acceptance of Government Audits: No time to wait for reply from outgoing
auditor, incoming auditor may give conditional acceptance of appointment and commence work.
In acceptance letter, make clear to client that acceptance of appointment is subject to
professional objections, from previous auditors and that he will decide about final acceptance
after considering information recd from previous auditor.
Clause (9) :
accepts an appointment as auditor of company without first ascertaining from it whether
requirements of Section 225 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), in respect of such appointment
have been duly complied with;
Clause (9) of Part I of the First Schedule to Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 provides that a
member in practice shall be deemed to be guilty of professional misconduct if he accepts an
appointment as auditor of a Company without first ascertaining from it whether the requirements of
17
Sections 139 and 140 of the Companies Act, 2013, in respect of such appointment have been duly
complied with.
It would not be sufficient for incoming auditor to accept certificate from mgt that provisions of above
sections have been complied with. It is necessary to verify relevant records of Co. and ascertain as to
whether Co. has complied with provisions of above sections. If Co. is not willing to allow incoming
auditor to verify relevant records, should not accept audit assignment.
Clause (10)
Ÿ Charges or offers to charge,
Ÿ accepts or offers to accept
Ÿ in respect of professional employment
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Ÿ fees based on percentage of profits or contingent upon findings, or results of such employment,
except as permitted under any regulations made under this Act.
Exceptions: Regulation 192
(a)Receiver or a liquidator, fees based on percentage of realization or disbursement of assets;
(b)Auditor of co-operative society, fees based on percentage of paid up capital or working capital or
the gross or net income or profits;
(c)Valuer for purposes of direct taxes and duties, fees based on percentage of value of property valued;
(d)management consultancy services, fees contingent upon findings, or results of such work;
(e)fund raising services, fees based on percentage of fund raised;
(f)Debt recovery services, fees based on percentage of debt recovered;
(g)services related to cost optimisation, fees based on percentage of benefit derived; and
(h)any other service or audit as may be decided by Council. [Following activities have been decided
by Council under “h” above :-
(i)Acting as Insolvency Professional (ii) Non-Assurance Services to Non-Audit Clients]
Note: Getting a loan sanctioned from bank is not covered under fund raising service à hence CAiP
can't charge fees basis % of loan raised by client
17
Clause (11) :
Engages in business or occupation other than profession of chartered accountant unless permitted by
Council so to engage. Provided that nothing contained herein shall disentitle a chartered accountant from
being a director of a company (Not being managing director or a whole time director*) unless he or any of
his partners is interested in such company as an auditor.
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ªActing as Notary Public, Justice of the Peace, Special Executive Magistrate and the like.
ªPart-time tutorship under coaching organisation of Institute.
ªValuation of papers, acting as paper-setter, head-examiner or a moderator, for any examination.
ªEditorship of professional journals (Eg Company Audit Journal)
ªActing as Surveyor and Loss Assessor under the Insurance Act, 1938
ªActing as recovery consultant in banking sector
ªOwning agricultural land and carrying out agricultural activity
Specific Resolution - Members in practice may engage in the following categories of business or
occupations, after obtaining the specific and prior approval of the Council in each case:
ªEmployment in business concerns provided member and/or his relatives do not hold “substantial
interest” in such concerns. (20% or more)
ªFull-time or part-time employment in non-business concern.
ªOffice of MD or a WTD of body corporate provided member and/or any of his relatives don't hold
substantial interest in such concern
ªInterest in family business concerns (including such interest devolving on the members as a result of
inheritance / succession / partition of family business) or concerns in which interest has been acquired
17
as a result of relationships and in management of which no active part is taken.
ªInterest in an educational institution.
ªPart-time or full-time lectureship for courses other than those relating to Institute's examinations
conducted under the auspices of the Institute or the Regional councils or their branches.
ªPart-time or full-time tutorship under any educational institution other than coaching
organization of Institute.
ªEditorship of journals other than professional journals.
ªAny other business or occupation for which Executive Committee considers that permission may
be granted.
Notes:
Ÿ No bar for member to be promoter / signatory to Memorandum and Articles of Association of Co.
Ÿ No bar for such promoter / signatory to be Director Simplicitor of that Co.
Ÿ Teaching hours should not exceed 25 hrs a week in order to be able to undertake attest functions.
Ÿ Trading in commodity derivates treated as business
Ÿ Need specific permission of Council for becoming director if partner is Auditor of Co.
Clause (12) :
Allows a person not being a member of the institute in practice or a member not being his partner
to sign on his behalf or on behalf of his firm, any balance sheet, profit and loss account, report or
financial statements.
Exceptions:
Council has clarified that power to sign routine documents on which professional opinion or authentication
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is not required to be expressed may be delegated in the following instances and such delegation will not
attract provisions of this clause:
(i)Issue of audit queries during course of audit.
(ii)Asking for information or issue of questionnaire.
(iii)Letter forwarding draft observations/financial statements.
(iv)Initiating and stamping of vouchers and of schedules prepared for purpose of audit.
(v)Acknowledging and carrying on routine correspondence with clients.
(vi)Issue of memorandum of cash verification and other physical verification or recording results
thereof in books of clients.
(vii)Issuing acknowledgements for records produced.
(viii)Raising of bills and issuing acknowledgements for money receipts.
(ix)Attending to routine matters in tax practice, subject to provisions of Section 288 of Income Tax
Act.
(x)Any other matter incidental to office administration and routine work involved in practice of
accountancy.
Authority delegated by CA à But Authority not used à not a defence for firm/CAà Prof misconduct
17
Sec-26 - No person other than member of ICAI will sign document on behalf of CAiP Note: Issue of
stock certificate by assistant shall also make CAiP guilty
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PART III- Professional misconduct in relation to member of the Institute generally
Clause (1) not being a fellow of the Institute, acts as a fellow of the Institute.
Clause (2) does not supply the information called for, or does not comply with the requirements asked for,
by the Institute, Council or any of its Committees, Director (Discipline), Board of Discipline, Disciplinary
Committee, Quality Review Board or the Appellate Authority.
Where a Chartered Accountant had continued to train an articled clerk though his name was removed
from the membership of the Institute and he had failed to send any reply to the Institute
asking him to send his explanation as to how he was training as his articled clerk when he was not a
member of the Institute. Held that he was guilty under Clause (2) of Part III of the First Schedule.
Clause (3) while inviting professional work from another chartered accountant or while responding to
tenders or enquiries or while advertising through a write up, or anything as provided for in items (6) and
(7) of Part I of this Schedule, gives information knowing it to be false.
17
for a term not exceeding six months.
Clause (2) in the opinion of the Council, brings disrepute to the profession or the Institute as a result of
his action whether or not related to his professional work.
CA is expected to maintain highest standards of integrity even in his personal affairs and any deviation
from these standards, even in his non-professional work, would expose him to disciplinary action.
Note: Before starting any ans. of this clause ICAI gives this line à Section 21 of the Chartered
Accountants Act, 1949 provides that a member is liable for disciplinary action if he is guilty of any
professional or “Other Misconduct.”
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Clause (1) Discloses Information acquired in the course of his professional engagement to any person
other than his client so engaging him without the consent of his client or otherwise than as required by
any law for the time being in force.
Exceptions:
ŸDisclosure allowed only with consent of client or as part of professional duties (Eg submitting info to
Exchange Control Authorities)
ŸNo misconduct in case of legal compulsion as reqd by Evidence Act
ŸSec 143(12) – Reporting of fraud
Clause (2) :
Certifies or submits in his name or in the name of his firm, a report of an examination of financial
statements unless the examination of such statements and the related records has been made by him or
by a partner or an employee in his firm or by another chartered accountant in practice.
Clause (3) :
Permits his name or the name of his firm to be used in connection with an estimate of earnings
contingent upon future transactions in manner which may lead to the belief that he vouches for the
accuracy of the forecast.
He can prepare profit forecast provided he indicates clearly in his report the
Ÿsources of information,
Ÿthe basis of forecasts and
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Ÿmajor assumptions made in arriving at the forecasts, so long as he does not vouch for the accuracy of
the forecasts.
Clause (4) :
Expresses his opinion on financial statements of any business or enterprise in which he, his firm, or a
partner in his firm has a substantial interest.
ŸCA can't certify f/s of concern where he's employed
ŸNot audit a/c of college where he is part time lecturer
ŸNot audit trust if partner is either trustee or employee of trust
ŸApplicable to all types of Audit
ŸThe client shouldn't be relative of member
ŸNot permitted to prepare books of a/cs for auditee clients
ŸStat auditor can't be internal auditor
ŸInternal auditor can't be appointed as Tax/GST Auditor
ŸCooling off period: Not accept Audit of Co for 2 years from date of completion of tenure/resignation as Director.
Note: Evaluating costs or other assignments of such nature à not covered in this clause
17
Clause (5) :
Fails to disclose a material fact known to him which is not disclosed in a financial statement, but
disclosure of which is necessary in making such financial statement not misleading where he is concerned
with that financial statement in a professional capacity.
Note: If CA appears before tax authorities on behalf of client à submits info or expln that's found false
misleading à not guilty as data provided by mgt + acting on instructions of client
Clause (6) :
Fails to report a material misstatement known to him to appear in a financial statement with which he is
concerned in a professional capacity.
Clause (7) :
does not exercise due diligence, or is grossly negligent in the conduct of his professional duties.
Ÿ It is a vital clause which gets attracted whenever it is necessary to judge whether accountant has
honestly and reasonably discharged his duties.
Ÿ The expression negligence covers a wide field and extends from frontiers of fraud to collateral minor
negligence.
Examples:
ŸCA fails to indicate mode of valuation of investments in shares reqd by Cos. Act 2013
ŸConducted Stock audit without visiting the site, relied on mgt reports
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ŸWrongly certified increase in Paid up share capital of Pvt ltd Co in Balance Sheet (Clause 7/8/9 of Part
1 of Second Schedule to CA Act 1949)
ŸIssued turnover certificate of betel nuts to firm for import license w/o checking books & docs but
relying on article clerk à Guilty
ŸIssued certificate of consumption of Raw material based on minutes of BODà guilty clause 2 & 7
of this schedule
ŸIssued incorrect certificate of export of Onions
ŸIssued report subject to separate notes (No audit report is issued with Notes)
ŸFailure to examine cash balance & passbook i.e. basic audit procedure
ŸNot submitted his report in due time to enable Co to comply with Statutory requirement
ŸWrong audit report issued to School, claimed correction slip sent but couldn't prove
ŸIssued 2 certificates of circulation for 1 daily newspaper àclause 7 & 8 (Should have issued only 1)
ŸA material prior period adjustment made to accounts àauditor didn't consider materiality à didn't
exercise due diligence + wrong opinion insufficient info + didn't follow SA à Clause 7,8 & 9
ŸFailed to check a forged signature which he could have checked
ŸShared password of his digital signature certificate with client àGuilty
Clause (8):
17
Fails to obtain sufficient information which is necessary for expression of an opinion or its exceptions are
sufficiently material to negate the expression of an opinion.
Examples:
Ÿ Transaction took place between ABC Firm & R developers but reported in books of ABC Construction.
Loan amount was material. Guilty under clause 6, 7 & 8 of Part I of Second Schedule to CA Act 1949
Ÿ CA issued false certificates to several parties for past exports for monetary consideration without
verifying any supporting records or documents which helped parties to make imports free of duty.
Held that he was guilty of professional misconduct within the meaning of clauses (2), (7) & (8) of
Part I of the second schedule of CA Act, 1949 in terms of section 21 & 22 of the said Act
Ÿ CA audited books of A ltd that had investment of Rs 10L, later it was found real value was 25k à CA
guilty under clause 2, 7, 8 of Part I of Second Schedule of CA Act,1949
Ÿ Certificate of circulation of Periodical w/o verifying undelying record bank statements, printer bills,
sales records etc à Guilty under clause 7 & 8
Clause (9) :
Fails to invite attention to any material departure from the generally accepted procedure of audit
applicable to the circumstances
Generally accepted audit procedure = Engagement and Quality Control Standards, Statements, General
Clarifications, Guidance Notes Technical Guides, Practice Manuals, Studies and Other Papers.
Special Points:
ŸAudit of listed cos : Done by Auditor subject to Peer Review process of ICAI & hold valid certificate
issued by Peer Review Board of ICAI
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ŸFirm Reg No & Membership No to be mentioned on reports pursuant to attestation engagements
ŸUDIN is mandatory to be generated for all kinds of certifications
Examples:
Ÿ CA didn't conduct sample checking of bank a/c of Co & didn't do vouching & depended on work of
Article Assistant à guilty under clause 7,8,9
Ÿ CA didn't check bank column totals, didn't verify contra entries, test checked when no internal check
present,didn't check Bank recos à guilty under clause 7,8,9
Clause 10 :
fails to keep moneys of his client other than fees or remuneration or money meant to be expended in a
separate banking account or to use such moneys for purposes for which they are intended within a
reasonable time.
Spl points:
ŸAdvance received against services excluded from scope
ŸMoney recd for expenses to be incurred in reasonably short time not to be deposited in bank a/c
ŸMoney recd in capacity of trustee, executor liquidator, etc keep in separate bank a/c
ŸRefund voucher issued by Income Tax dept in name of client credited to his a/c à Guilty under clause
17
7 & 10
ŸCA acting as financial advisor to client converted his own a/c to joint a/c with client withouthis
consent & fraudulently discharged 3 FDRs in client's name. Gulity à Clause 10 of Part I of Second
Schedule + Other Misconduct u/s 22 read with sec 21
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Clause (2) :
being an employee of any company, firm or person, discloses confidential information acquired in the
course of his employment except as and when required by any law for the time being in force or except as
permitted by the employer.
Clause (3) :
Includes in any information, statement, return or form (SIRF) to be submitted to the Institute, Council
or any of its Committees, Director (Discipline), Board of Discipline.
Disciplinary Committee, Quality Review Board or the Appellate Authority any particulars knowing them to
be false.
Examples:
17
ŸA CA manager in firm applied for admission as fellow to ICAI saying he's partner in firmà made a
statement that's false à Guilty
ŸIn a hearing before Disciplinary Committee made a false statement on oath
ŸCA in full time employment in a Co while filling bank empanelment form gave declaration that he was
not in any occupation/business/vocation et c
ŸCA being manager of Co devoting 30 hrs. per week showed himself as CA in full time practice for
employment for Bank branch Audits
Clause (4) :
Defalcates or embezzles money received in his professional capacity.
SA 240 - Defalcation & embezzlement of money recd in prof capacity - Fraud
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Council General Guidelines (Final Stage of Chapter)
Chapter I: Applicable to all the Members of the Institute whether in practice or not
Chapter II: A member of the ICAI who is an employee shall exercise due diligence and shall not be grossly
negligent in the conduct of his duties.
Chapter VI: Tax Audit assignments under Section 44 AB of the Income-tax Act, 1961
A member of the Institute in practice shall not accept, in a financial year, more than the “specified number
of tax audit assignments” under Section 44AB of the Income-tax Act, 1961.
ŸAs per clarification on Tax Audit Assignments, if there are 10 partners in a firm of CAs in practice, then all
Ÿpartners of the firm can collectively sign 600 tax audit reports. This max. limit of 600 tax audit
assignments may be distributed between partners in any manner. For instance, 1 partner can
17
individually sign 600 tax audit reports & remaining 9 partners are not signing any tax audit report.
ŸIn computing “specified no. of tax audit assignments” each year's audit would be taken as separate
assignment.
ŸMr A partner in ABC as well as ADE, then also only 60 allowed for A
ŸMr A partner in ABC & also in A proprietorship, then also 60 allowed to A
ŸAudits u/s 44AD, 44ADA, & 44AE of IT Act 1961 not counted
ŸAudit of H.O. & Branch office counted as 1 assignment
ŸAudit of More than 1 branch of same concern = 1 assignment
Mr
Ÿ Badal is part time practicing partner then will he be considered for limit? No
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Ÿ30 audits per CA in full time practice allowed
ŸOne Person Co & Dormant Co excluded from limit
ŸNo of partners on date of acceptance to be considered
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17
form of practice and formation of management consultancy services company. (Chap xvii)
ŸNetwork Firms shall consist of sole Practitioner/proprietor, partnership or any such entity of
professional accountants as may be permitted by the Act.
ŸFirm is allowed to join only one network.
ŸFirms having common partners shall join only one Network.
Naming of Network
1.The Network may have distinct name which should be approved by ICAI. To distinguish a “Network”
from a “firm” of CAs, the words “& Affiliates” shall be used after the name of network and words “&
Co.” /“& Associates” shall not be used. The prescribed format of application for approval of Name for
Network is at Form 'A' (enclosed). The names of the network may be as mentioned in Appendix II.
2.ICAI shall approve or reject name of Network and intimate to Network at its address mentioned in
Form 'A' within 30 days from date of receipt of said Form.
3.Mere approval of name of Network shall not entitle Network to carry on practice in its own name.
Registration of Network with entities in India
1.After name of Network approved, Institute same shall reserve name for period of three (3) months
from date of approval.
2.Network shall get itself registered with Institute by applying in Form B within period of 3 months,
failing which name assigned shall stand cancelled on expiry of said period.
3.Registration of Network with Institute is mandatory.
4.If different Indian firms are networked with a common Multinational Accounting Firm, they shall be
considered as part of network.
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Listing of Network with entities outside India
1.Authorized representative of Indian Member firm (s)/Member constituting Network with entities
outside India shall file declaration with ICAI in Form `D' for Listing such Network within 30 days from
date of entering into Network arrangement.
2.Proprietary/individual members, partnership firms as well as members in LLP or any such other entity,
shall be permitted to join such network with entities outside India provided that they can join only
one network and firms having common partners shall join only one such network.
Ethical Compliance: It will be necessary for such network to comply with applicable ethical requirements
prescribed by ICAI and following requirements in particular: -
1.If one firm of network is statutory auditor of entity then associate [including networked firm(s)] or
said firm directly/indirectly not accept internal audit or book-keeping or other assignments
prohibited for stat auditor firm.
2.Guidelines of ceiling on Non-audit fees is applicable in relation to Network as follows:
-i) For a Network firm who is doing statutory audit (including its associate concern and/or firm(s)
having common partnership), it shall be same as mentioned in said notification; and
ii) For other firms of same Network collectively, it shall be 3 times of fee payable for carrying out
statutory audit of same undertaking/ company.
3.In cases where rotation of firms prescribed by regulatory authority, no member firm of network can
accept appointment as auditor in place of any member firm of network which is retiring.
4.Network may advertise to extent permitted by Advertisement Guidelines issued by ICAI. Firms
constituting network are permitted to use words “Network Firms” on their professional stationery.
5.Constituent member firms of Network and Network shall comply with all Ethical Standards prescribed
by Council from time to time.
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Change in constitution of registered Network:
In case of change in constitution of regd Network on account of any entry into or exit from Network,
network shall communicate to ICAI by filing Form 'C' within 30 days from date of change in the
constitution.
17
ü No restriction on equity holding in such Company
ü Entitled to do attest functions & train article assistants
ü Name of Mgt Consulting Co to be approved by ICAI & registered with it
ü Compliances for Mgt Consulting Co:
ü Not to accept Internal audit or bookkeeping service or other assignments from entity where
practitioner or firm is auditor
ü Ceiling of non-audit fees applicable to it
ü Mgt consulting co shall comply with clause 6 & 7 of Part 1 of First Schedule of CA Act 1949
ü Recommended Self-Regulatory Measures
ü Branch Audits
ü Branch audit of Co shouldn't be conducted by Stat Auditors consisting 10 or more members
ü But by local firms of auditors less than 10 members
ü Restriction not apply in following cases:
ü A/c records of branch at HO
ü Significant operations carried out at Branch
Ÿ Joint Audit
ü Large Cos should have practice of having firms with < 5 members as Joint Auditors
ü Senior firms shouldn't object to such practice
Ÿ Ratio b/w Qualified & Unqualified Staff
üAtleast 1 member for every 5 non-members excluding articled/audit assistants, typists, peons, &
others not engaged in professional work
Ÿ Disclosure of Interest by Auditors
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üDisclose the payments received for other services through medium of different firm or firms where
he maybe a partner or proprietor
Ÿ Recommended minimum scale of fees
Recommended Min. fees for professional services is to be charged
= Not permissible to print vision or values behind visiting cards as it'd result in solicitation & thus
violative of Clause 6 of First Schedule of CA Act 1949
= Not permissible to take agencies of UTI, GIC & NSDL
= Permissible to be settlor of a trust (provides property to beneficiary)
= Can't hold customs broker license
= CA in employment can appear as Tax representative before tax authorities on behalf of employer but
not for other employees of that employer
=Stat auditor of bank can't do stock audit of such bank
=Internal auditor of PF trust of Govt co can't be stat auditor
=Concurrent auditor of bank X can't be stat auditor of bank Y which is sponsored by X
=CA/ CA firm can act as internal auditor of Co & stat auditor of its EPF
=Internal auditor not to undertake Tax Audit
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Disciplinary Proceedings
GUILTY NON-GUILTY
17
Fine upto 5L
Orders possible:
ŸConfirm, modify or set aside order
ŸImpose, set aside, reduce or enhance penalty
ŸRemit case to BOD/DC to reconsider
ŸSuch order it thinks fit
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encounters, or is made aware of, non-compliance or suspected non-compliance while providing a
professional service to a client. He is not required to investigate, nor responsible for ensuring compete
compliance.
Ÿ Expertise of Laws not Required: A professional accountant is expected to apply knowledge and
expertise, and exercise professional judgment. However, he is not expected to have a level of
knowledge of laws and regulations greater than that which is required to undertake the engagement.
Whether an act constitutes non-compliance is ultimately a matter to be determined by a court or
other appropriate adjudicative body.
Ÿ Certain Matters Expressly out of Purview: Matters that are clearly inconsequential, or relating to
personal misconduct pertaining to business activities of client not covered.
Ÿ Disclosure, which is Contrary to Law not Required: As per IESBA Code, disclosure of the matter to an
appropriate authority would be precluded if doing so would be contrary to law or regulation.
Ÿ The IESBA Code of Ethics makes NOCLAR applicable to all assignments (members in practice),
and to all employers (members in service).
Ÿ ICAI Code has restricted applicability of NOCLAR to Audits assignment of listed entities
(members in practice) and for members in service applicability has been restricted to employees
of listed entities.
Documentation Requirements in NOCLAR: Revised Code over and above require professional
accountant to follow additional documents requirements as under:
Ÿ How management / TCWG have responded to the matter.
Ÿ The course of action accountant considered, judgments made and decisions that were taken,
having regard to reasonable and informed third party test.
Ÿ How accountant is satisfied that responsibility of public interest has been fulfilled.
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Coverage of Laws
2.SA 250 talks of auditor's responsibilities for laws having direct effect on the determination of material
amounts and disclosures in the financial statements (such as tax and labour laws); and other laws
and regulations that do not have a direct effect on the determination of the amounts and disclosures
in the financial statements, but compliance with which may be fundamental to the operating aspects
of the business. NOCLAR, while being alike to SA 250 till this point, is further ahead of it in that it
takes into account non-compliance that causes substantial harm resulting in serious consequences in
financial or non-financial terms.
Definition of Stakeholders
3.SA 250 doesn't define stakeholders. NOCLAR is related to effect of non-compliance on investors,
creditors, employees as also the general public.
17
matter with mgt or TCWG, accountant shall exercise professional judgment and determine whether to
disclose the matter immediately to an appropriate authority in order to prevent or mitigate
consequences of such imminent breach. If disclosure is made, disclosure is permitted. This provision is
not existent in SA 250.
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SQC 1 “QUALiTY CONTROL FOR FiRMS THAT
PERFORM AUDiTS & REViEWS OF HiSTORiCAL
FiNANCiAL INFORMATiON, AND OTHER
ASSURANCE & RELATED SERViCES
ENGAGEMENTS”
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All firms to have system of quality control that provides reasonable assurance that:
a.Firm & personnel comply with professional standards, regulatory & legal requirements, &
b.Reports issued by firm or partners are appropriate in circumstances.
Definitions:-
Ÿ Engagement partner –partner or other person in the firm who is member of ICAI and is in full time
practice and responsible for engagement and its performance, and for report that is issued on behalf
of firm, and who has appropriate authority from professional, legal or regulatory body.
Ÿ Engagement quality control review –process designed to provide objective evaluation, before report is
issued, of significant judgments that engagement team made and conclusions they reached in
formulating the report.
Ÿ Engagement quality control reviewer –partner, person in firm, qualified external person, or team of
individuals, with experience and authority to objectively evaluate, before report is issued, significant
judgments the engagement team made and conclusions they reached in formulating report. However,
in case the review is done by a team of individuals, such team should be headed by a member of ICAI.
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Independence
Policies & procedures should enable firm to:
ÜCommunicate independence requirements to personnel & others.
01
ÜIdentify & evaluate circumstances creating threat to independence.
ÜTake appropriate action to eliminate threats/withdrawal from engagement.
Information on integrity of client that the firm obtains may come from, for example:
Ÿ Communications with existing or previous providers of professional accountancy services to client in
accordance with the Code, and discussions with other third parties.
Ÿ Inquiry of other firm personnel or third parties such as bankers, legal counsel and industry peers.
Ÿ Background searches of relevant databases.
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Matters to be considered in determining if firm has capabilities, competence, time and resources to
undertake new engagement:
Ü Firm personnel have knowledge of relevant industries or subject matters;
01
Ü Firm personnel have experience with regulatory or reporting requirements, or ability to gain necessary
skills and knowledge effectively;
Ü The firm has sufficient personnel with the necessary capabilities and competence;
Ü Experts are available, if needed;
Ü Individuals meeting criteria and eligibility requirements to perform EQCR are available and
Ü The firm be able to complete engagement within reporting deadline.
Human Resources
Establish policies/procedures to reasonable assure that:
ÜFirm has sufficient personnel with capabilities, competence & commitment (CCC) to ethical
Üprinciples; &
ÜEngg partner to issue appropriate report.
ÜThe firm's performance evaluation, compensation and promotion procedures give due recognition and
reward to development and maintenance of competence and commitment to ethical principles.
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01
ÜAppropriate technical knowledge, including knowledge of relevant information technology.
ÜKnowledge of relevant industries in which clients operate.
ÜAbility to apply professional judgment.
ÜUnderstanding of firm's quality control policies and procedures.
Engagement Performance
Review responsibilities are determined on basis that more experienced engagement team members,
including engagement partner, review work performed by less experienced team members.
Reviewers consider whether:
a)Work has been performed in accordance with professional stds and regulatory and legal requirements;
b)Significant matters have been raised for further consideration;
c)Appropriate consultations have taken place and resulting conclusions have been documented and
implemented;
d)There is a need to revise the nature, timing and extent of work performed;
e)The work performed supports conclusions reached and is appropriately documented;
f)The evidence obtained sufficient and appropriate to support report; and
g)The objectives of engagement procedures have been achieved.
Consultation
The firm should establish policies and procedures designed to provide it with reasonable assurance that:
a)Appropriate consultation takes place on difficult or contentious matters;
b)Sufficient resources are available to enable appropriate consultation to take place;
c)The nature and scope of such consultations are documented; and
d)Conclusions resulting from consultations are documented and implemented.
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Engagement Quality Control Review (EQCR)
Review Responsibility:
EP shall take responsibility for reviews being performed in accordance with firm's review policies and
01
procedures.
For audits of F.S. of listed entities, engagement partner shall:
Ÿ Determine that an engagement quality control reviewer (EQCR) has been appointed;
Ÿ Discuss significant matters arising during audit engagement, with EQCR; and
Ÿ Not date auditor's report until the completion of EQCR i.e. EQCR should be completed before Audit
Report is issued.
An EQCR for audits of F.S. of listed entities includes considering the following:
ÜEngagement team's evaluation of firm's independence in relation to specific engagement.
ÜSignificant risks identified during the engagement and the responses to those risks.
ÜJudgments made, particularly with respect to materiality and significant risks.
ÜWhether appropriate consultation has taken place on matters involving differences of opinion or other
difficult or contentious matters, and conclusions arising from them.
ÜThe significance and disposition of corrected and uncorrected misstatements identified during the
engagement.
ÜThe matters to be communicated to management and TCWG and regulatory bodies. (SA 260)
ÜWhether working papers selected for review reflect the work performed in relation to the significant
judgments and support the conclusions reached.
ÜThe appropriateness of report to be issued.
The firm's policies and procedures are designed to maintain objectivity of EQCR. For example, engagement
quality control reviewer:
a)Is not selected by engagement partner;
b)Does not participate in engagement during period of review;
c)Does not make decisions for engagement team; and
d)Is not subject to other considerations that would threaten reviewer's objectivity.
Can EP consult EQCR during engagement? Yes as long as it doesn't affect quality of engagement.
Reviewer's objectivity should be maintained.
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Ownership of Engagement Documentation (ED)
ED is property of firm. Firm may, at its discretion, make portions of, or extracts from ED available to
clients, provided such disclosure does not undermine validity of work performed, or, in case of assurance
01
engagements, independence of the firm or its personnel.
b.Complaints and allegations may originate from within or outside the firm. They may be made by firm
personnel, clients or other 3rd parties. (within or outside?)
c.Firm establishes clearly defined channels for firm personnel to raise any concerns in manner that
enables them to come forward without fear of reprisals. (how we receive them?)
d.Firm investigates such complaints and allegations in accordance with established policies and
procedures. Investigation is supervised by partner with sufficient authority & experience within firm
but not involved in engagement, and includes involving legal counsel as necessary. Small firms and sole
practitioners may use qualified external person or another firm to carry out investigation. Complaints,
allegations and responses to them are documented. (Investigate & document)
e.Where results of investigations indicate deficiencies in design or operation of the firm's quality control
policies and procedures, or non-compliance with firm's SQC by individual or individuals, firm takes
appropriate action. (Action)
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SA 200 OVERALL OBJECTiVES OF INDEPENDENT
AUDiTOR & CONDUCT OF AN AUDiT iN
ACCORDANCE WiTH STANDARDS ON AUDiTiNG
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In all cases when reasonable assurance cannot be obtained and qualified opinion is insufficient for purposes
of reporting to intended users of F.S., SAs require that auditor disclaim an opinion or withdraw from
engagement, where withdrawal is legally permitted.
Definitions
Ÿ Applicable financial reporting framework (FRF) – The financial reporting framework adopted by mgt
and, where appropriate, TCWG in preparation and presentation of F.S. that is acceptable in view of
nature of entity and objective of F.S., or that is required by law or regulation.
“fair presentation framework” refer to FRF that requires compliance with requirements of framework
and:
Acknowledges, to achieve fair presentation of F.S., it may be necessary for mgt to provide disclosures
beyond those specifically required by the framework; or
Acknowledges explicitly that it may be necessary for mgt to depart from a requirement of framework
to achieve fair presentation of F.S. Such departures are expected to be necessary only in extremely
rare circumstances.
The term “compliance framework” is used to refer to a FRF that requires compliance with
requirements of framework, but does not contain acknowledgements in (i) or (ii) above.
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Ÿ Those charged with governance – The person(s) or organisation(s) (e.g., a corporate trustee) with
responsibility for overseeing the strategic direction of the entity and obligations related to the
accountability of the entity. (Executive Members-CEO/CFO/MD)
02
Ethical Requirements Relating to Audit of Financial Statements
Ÿ The auditor shall comply with relevant ethical requirements, including those pertaining to
independence.
Ÿ Independence comprises both independence of mind and independence of appearance.
Ÿ Independence enhances auditor's ability to act with integrity, be objective and maintain attitude of
professional skepticism.
Professional Skepticism
An attitude that includes a questioning mind (?), being alert to conditions (!) which may indicate possible
misstatement due to error or fraud, and a critical assessment of audit evidence.
Maintaining professional skepticism throughout audit is necessary if auditor wants to reduce risks of:
Ÿ Overlooking unusual circumstances.
Ÿ Over generalising when drawing conclusions from audit observations.
Ÿ Using inappropriate assumptions in determining the nature, timing, and extent(NTE) of the audit
procedures and evaluating the results thereof.
Professional judgment
Ÿ The application of relevant training, knowledge and experience,
Ÿ within the context provided by auditing, accounting and ethical standards,
Ÿ in making informed decisions about the courses of action
Ÿ that are appropriate in circumstances of audit engagement.
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more needs to be done to achieve objectives of SAs and thereby, overall objectives of auditor.
Ÿ The evaluation of management's judgments in applying entity's applicable FRF.
Ÿ The drawing of conclusions based on audit evidence obtained, for eg, assessing reasonableness of
02
Audit Risk
The risk that auditor expresses inappropriate audit opinion when F.S. are materially misstated. Audit risk is
function of the risks of material misstatement and detection risk.
Risk of material misstatement (ROMM) - The risk that F.S. are materially misstated prior to audit. This
consists of two components, described as follows at assertion level:
ROMM at assertion level are assessed in order to determine NTE of further audit procedures necessary to
obtain SAAE. This evidence enables auditor to express an opinion on F.S. at an acceptably low level of audit
risk.
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Detection risk – The risk that procedures performed by auditor to reduce audit risk to acceptably low level
will not detect a misstatement that exists and that could be material, either individually or when
aggregated with other misstatements i.e. Risk of not detecting a material misstatement.
02
Scope of Audit
The auditor's opinion on F.S. deals with whether the F.S. are prepared, in all material respects, in
accordance with the applicable FRF.
Ÿ Such an opinion is common to all audits of F.S.
Ÿ The auditor's opinion therefore does not assure, future viability of entity nor the efficiency or
effectiveness with which mgt has conducted affairs of entity.
Ÿ In some cases, however, applicable laws and regulations may require auditors to provide opinions on
other specific matters, such as effectiveness of internal control, or consistency of a separate
management report with the F.S.
Ÿ While SAs include requirements and guidance in relation to such matters to the extent they are
relevant to forming an opinion on F.S., auditor would be required to undertake further work if auditor
had additional responsibilities to provide such opinions.
As part of their responsibility for PPFS, mgt and, TCWG are responsible for:
Ÿ The identification of applicable FRF , in context of any relevant laws or regulations.
Ÿ The PPFS (Preparation & Presentation of F.S.) in accordance with that framework.
Ÿ An adequate description of that framework in F.S.
The preparation of F.S. requires mgt to exercise judgment in making accounting estimates that are
reasonable in circumstances, as well as to select and apply appropriate accounting policies. These
judgments are made in the context of applicable FRF.
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The F.S. may be prepared in accordance with a FRF designed to meet:
Ÿ The common financial information needs of a wide range of users (i.e., “general purpose F.S.”); or
Ÿ The financial information needs of specific users (i.e., “special purpose F.S.”).
02
d.In case of certain assertions or subject matters, potential effects of inherent limitations on auditor's
ability to detect material misstatements are particularly significant. Such assertions or subject
matters include:
a.Fraud, particularly fraud involving senior management or collusion.
b.The existence and completeness of related party relationships and transactions.
c.The occurrence of non-compliance with laws and regulations.
d.Future events or conditions that may cause an entity to cease to continue as a going concern.
Conduct of an Audit in accordance with Sas
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ÜAn SA is relevant to the audit when the SA is in effect and the circumstances addressed by the SA exist.
ÜThe auditor shall have an understanding of the entire text of an SA including application
ÜThe auditor shall not represent compliance with SAs in auditor's report unless auditor has complied with
02
requirements of this SA and all other SAs relevant to the audit.
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SA 210: AGREEiNG THE TERMS OF
AUDiT ENGAGEMENT
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03
Objective
Objective of auditor is to accept or continue audit engagement only when basis upon which it is to be
performed has been agreed, through:
a.Establishing whether preconditions for audit are present; and
b.Confirming that there is common understanding b/w auditor and mgt and, where appropriate, TCWG of
terms of audit engagement.
Preconditions of Audit
The auditor shall:-
(a)determine whether FRF is acceptable
(b)Obtain agreement of mgt that it acknowledges and understands its responsibility:
(i)For preparation of F.S. in accordance with applicable FRF
(ii)For such Internal Control (IC) as mgt determines necessary to enable preparation of F/S free
from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; and
(iii)To provide the auditor with: (AAU)
a.Access to all information of which management is aware that is relevant to preparation of
F/S such as records, documentation and other matters;
b.Additional information that auditor may request from mgt for purpose of audit; and
c.Unrestricted access to persons within entity from whom auditor determines necessary to
obtain audit evidence.
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(c)The responsibilities of management;
(d)Identification of applicable FRF for preparation of F.S.; and
(e)Reference to expected form and content of any reports to be issued by auditor and a statement that
there may be circumstances in which a report may differ from its expected form and content.
03
If terms are changed, auditor and management agree on and record new terms of engagement in
engagement letter or other suitable form of written agreement.
If auditor unable to agree to change of terms and not permitted by mgt to continue, the auditor shall:
(a)Withdraw from audit engagement where possible under law or regulation; and
(b)Determine whether there is obligation, either contractual or otherwise, to report circumstances to
other parties, such as TCWG, owners or regulators
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03
applicable FRF , auditor's opinion on F.S. will not include such phrases.
If above conditions not present and auditor required by law or regulation to undertake audit engagement,
he shall:
(a)Evaluate effect of misleading nature of F.S. on auditor's report; and
(b)Include appropriate reference to this matter in terms of audit engagement.
Factors that are relevant to auditor's determination of acceptability of financial reporting framework to be
applied in preparation of financial statements include:
ÜThe nature of entity (for example, whether it is a business enterprise, or a not for profit organization);
ÜThe purpose of F.S. (for example, whether they are prepared to meet the common financial information
needs of a wide range of users or the financial information needs of specific users);
ÜThe nature of F.S. (for example, whether the financial statements are a complete set of financial
statements or a single financial statement); and
ÜWhether law or regulation prescribes applicable FRF.
Audit of Components
When auditor of parent entity also auditor of component, factors that may influence decision whether to
send separate audit engagement letter to the component include the following:
ÜWho appoints component auditor;
ÜWhether a separate auditor's report is to be issued on the component;
ÜLegal requirements in relation to audit appointments;
ÜDegree of ownership by parent; and
ÜDegree of independence of the component management from the parent entity.
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SA 220 QUALiTY CONTROL FOR AN
AUDiT OF F.S.
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Following info assists engagement partner in determining whether conclusions reached regarding
04
acceptance and continuance of client relationships and audit engagements are appropriate:
Ÿ The integrity of principal owners, key management and TCWG of entity;
Ÿ Whether engagement team is competent to perform audit engagement and has necessary capabilities,
including time and resources;
Ÿ Whether firm and engagement team can comply with relevant ethical requirements; and
Ÿ Significant matters that have arisen during current or previous audit engagement, and their implications
for continuing relationship.
Differences of Opinion:
It may arise:
Ÿ Within the Engagement Team,
Ÿ With those consulted, or
Ÿ Between the EP and EQC Reviewer.
Engagement Team shall follow the firm's policies and procedures for dealing with and resolving differences
of opinion.
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SA 230 “AUDiT DOCUMENTATiON”
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05
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05
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SA 240 (REViSED): AUDiTOR'S RESPONSiBiLiTiES
RELATiNG TO FRAUD iN AN AUDiT OF FiNANCiAL
STATEMENTS
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Objectives of Auditor
a.To identify and assess the ROMM in F.S. due to fraud;
b.To obtain SAAE about assessed ROMM due to fraud, through designing and implementing appropriate
responses; and
c.To respond appropriately to identified or suspected fraud.
Techniques: Fraudulent Financial Reporting (FFR), Management Override of Controls & Misappropriation of
Assets
It often involves management override of controls, misappropriation of assets etc that otherwise may
appear to be operating effectively.
Fraud can be committed by management overriding controls using such techniques as:
a.Recording fictitious journal entries, close to end of accounting period, to manipulate operating results or
achieve other objectives.
b.Inappropriately adjusting assumptions and changing judgments used to estimate account balances.
c.Omitting, advancing or delaying recognition in F.S. of events and transactions that have occurred
during reporting period.
d.Concealing, or not disclosing, facts that could affect amounts recorded in F.S.
e.Engaging in complex transactions structured to misrepresent financial position or financial performance
of entity.
f.Altering records and terms related to significant and unusual transactions.
g.Embezzling receipts (misappropriating collections from debtors)
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h.Stealing physical assets or intellectual property
i.Causing entity to pay for goods and services not received (for eg, payments to fictitious vendors,
payments to fictitious employees).
j.Using entity's assets for personal use (for example, using the entity's assets as collateral for a personal
loan or a loan to a related party).
06
1.Incentives/Pressures: Personal financial obligations may create pressure on mgt or employees with access
to cash or other assets susceptible to theft to misappropriate those assets.
Adverse relationships between entity and employees with access to cash or other assets susceptible to
theft may motivate employees to misappropriate those assets.
For eg, adverse relationships may be created by following:
Ø Known or anticipated future employee layoffs.
Ø Recent or anticipated changes to employee compensation or benefit plans.
Ø Promotions, compensation or other rewards inconsistent with expectations.
2.Opportunities: Certain circumstances increase susceptibility of assets to misappropriation. For example,
opportunities to misappropriate assets increase in case of following:
Ø Inventory items that are small in size, of high value, or in high demand.
Ø Fixed assets which are small in size, marketable, or lacking observable identification of ownership.
Ø Inadequate internal control over assets may increase susceptibility of misappropriation of assets.
Ø Inadequate segregation of duties or independent checks.
3.Attitudes/Rationalizations
Ø Disregard for need for monitoring or reducing risks related to misappropriations of assets.
Ø Disregard for internal control over misappropriation of assets by overriding existing controls or failing
to take remedial action on known deficiencies.
Ø Behavior indicating displeasure or dissatisfaction with entity or its treatment of employee.
Ø Changes in behavior or lifestyle that may indicate assets have been misappropriated.
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Auditor's duties for prevention and detection of fraud
Ÿ Auditor is responsible for maintaining attitude of professional scepticism throughout audit.
Ÿ Auditor should recognize possibility that a material misstatement due to fraud could exist,
notwithstanding his past experience of honesty and integrity of entity's mgt and TCWG
Ÿ Unless doubtful situations present, auditor may accept records and documents as genuine.
Ÿ If conditions cause auditor to believe that document may not be authentic or terms have been modified,
he shall investigate further.
06
Ÿ Where responses to inquiries of mgt or TCWG are inconsistent, he shall investigate inconsistencies.
Communication
Ÿ If auditor identified a fraud or has indication of fraud, communicate à Mgt, TCWG &,
Ÿ In some circumstances, if required by laws and regulations à regulatory and enforcement authorities
also.
Management Representation
1.Acknowledges responsibility for design, implementation and maintenance(DIM) of internal control to
prevent and detect fraud.
2.Have disclosed results of mgt's fraud risk assessment w.r.t. F.S.
3.Have disclosed knowledge of fraud or suspected fraud affecting entity involving:
Ÿ Management;
Ÿ Employees who have significant roles in internal control; or
Ÿ Others where fraud could have a material effect on the FS.
4. Have disclosed knowledge of any allegations of fraud, or suspected fraud, affecting entity's FS.
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Documentation
Ÿ Understanding of Entity and environment as per SA 315.
Ÿ Responses to Assessed Risks.
Ÿ Communications with mgt. and TCWG.
Ÿ Reasons for non-applicability of presumption of ROMM relating to revenue recognition.
06
The auditor shall make inquiries of management regarding:
a.Management's assessment of ROMM due to fraud;
b.Management's process for identifying & responding to risks of fraud in entity
c.Management's communication to TCWG; and
d.Management's communication to employees regarding its views on business practices and ethical
behaviour.
e.For entities having internal audit function, make inquiries of internal auditor.
Irrespective of auditor's assessment of risks of management override of controls, auditor shall design
and perform audit procedures to:
(a)Test appropriateness of journal entries recorded in general ledger and other adjustments in F.S. In
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designing and performing audit procedures for such tests, auditor shall:
(i)Make inquiries of individuals involved in financial reporting process about inappropriate or unusual
activity relating to processing of journal entries and other adjustments;
(ii)Select journal entries and other adjustments made at end of a reporting period; and
(iii)Consider need to test journal entries and other adjustments throughout period.
06
(b)Review accounting estimates for biases and evaluate whether circumstances producing bias represent
ROMM due to fraud.
In performing this review, auditor shall:
(i)Evaluate whether judgments and decisions made by mgt in making accounting estimates included
in F.S, indicate possible bias on part of entity's mgt that may represent a ROMM due to fraud. If
so, auditor shall re-evaluate a/c estimates taken as a whole; and
(ii)Perform retrospective review of mgt judgments and assumptions related to significant a/c
estimates reflected in F.S. of prior year.
(c)For significant transactions o/s normal course of business or appear to be unusual given auditor's
understanding of entity and its environment, evaluate whether business rationale (or lack thereof) of
transactions suggests they have been entered to engage in fraudulent financial reporting or conceal
misappropriation of assets.
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SA 250 (REViSED) “CONSiDERATiON OF LAWS AND
REGULATiONS iN AN AUDiT OF FiNANCiAL
STATEMENTS”
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requirements.
b.Instituting and operating appropriate systems of internal control.
c.Developing, publicising and following a code of conduct.
d.Ensuring employees are properly trained and understand code of conduct.
e.Monitoring compliance with code of conduct and acting appropriately to discipline employees who fail
to comply with it.
f.Engaging legal advisors to assist in monitoring legal requirements.
g.Maintaining register of significant laws and regulations with which entity has to comply within its
particular industry and a record of complaints
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3.The auditor shall perform following audit procedures to identify instances of noncompliance with other
laws and regulations that may have a material effect on the F.S:
(a)Inquiring of management; and
(b)Inspecting correspondence, if any, with relevant licensing or regulatory authorities.
4.During audit, auditor shall remain alert to possibility that other audit procedures applied may bring
instances of non-compliance or suspected non-compliance with laws and regulations to auditor's attention.
5.Obtain written representation that known instances of non-compliance with L&Rs have been disclosed
to auditor
07
Audit Procedures When Non-compliance is Identified or Suspected
If auditor becomes aware of info concerning instance of non-compliance with L&Rs, auditor shall obtain:
(a)Understanding of nature of act & circumstances in which it has occurred; and
(b)Further information to evaluate possible effect on F.S.
Ÿ If auditor suspects there may be non-compliance, auditor shall discuss matter with mgt and
TCWG.
Ÿ If management or TCWG don't provide sufficient info. auditor shall consider need to obtain legal
advice.
Ÿ If sufficient info about suspected non-compliance cannot be obtained, auditor shall evaluate
effect of lack of SAAE on auditor's opinion.
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SA 260 (REViSED)
“COMMUNiCATiON WiTH THOSE CHARGED
WiTH GOVERNANCE”
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SA 260 (REViSED)
08 “COMMUNiCATiON WiTH THOSE CHARGED WiTH GOVERNANCE”
Scope of SA
ŸSA 260 deals with auditor's responsibility to communicate with TCWG in audit of F.S.
ŸNothing in this SA preclude auditor from communicating any other matters to TCWG.
Role of communication
Effective two-way communication is important in assisting:
08
a)Auditor and TCWG in understanding matters related to audit in context, and in developing a
constructive working relationship.
b)Auditor in obtaining from TCWG info relevant to audit. For eg, TCWG may assist auditor in
understanding entity and its environment, in identifying appropriate sources of audit evidence, and
providing info about specific transactions or events; and
c)TCWG in fulfilling their responsibility to oversee financial reporting process, thereby reducing ROMM of
F.S
Auditor's Objective
Ÿ To communicate clearly with TCWG responsibilities of auditor and planned scope and timing of audit.
Ÿ To obtain from TCWG info relevant to audit.
Ÿ To provide TCWG with timely observations significant and relevant in overseeing final reporting process.
Ÿ To promote effective two-way communication between auditor and TCWG
Matters to be communicated
Ÿ The Auditor's responsibilities in relation to F.S. Audit
(a)The auditor is responsible for forming and expressing an opinion on F.S.; and
(b)The audit of F.S. does not relieve mgt or TCWG of their responsibilities
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Ÿ Significant Findings from the Audit : The auditor shall communicate with TCWG:
(a)The auditor's views about significant qualitative aspects of entity's a/c practices, including a/c
policies, a/c estimates and F.S. disclosures.
(b)Significant difficulties, if any, encountered during the audit;Examples of Significant difficulties:
Ÿ Significant delays by mgt to provide required info
Ÿ An unnecessarily brief time to complete audit
Ÿ Extensive unexpected effort required to obtain SAAE
Ÿ Unavailability of expected info
Ÿ Restrictions imposed on auditor by mgt
Ÿ Mgt's unwillingness to make or extend assessment of entity's ability to continue as going
08
concern when requested.
(d)Circumstances that affect form and content of auditor's report, if any (Audit Report)
(e)Any other significant matters that in the auditor's professional judgment, are significant to the
oversight of the financial reporting process
Auditor Independence
In case of listed entities, the auditor shall communicate with TCWG:
(a)A statement that engagement team and others in firm has complied with relevant ethical
requirements regarding independence; and
(b)All relationships and other matters between firm, network firms, and entity that bear on
independence.; and
(c)Related safeguards applied to eliminate identified threats to independence or reduce them to
acceptable level.
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SA 265 “COMMUNiCATiNG DEFiCiENCiES iN
INTERNAL CONTROL TO THOSE CHARGED WiTH
GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT”
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Scope of SA
Ÿ Communicate deficiencies in Internal control (IC) which significant
Ÿ Auditor is required to obtain understanding of internal control relevant to audit when identifying and
assessing ROMM.
In making those risk assessments, auditor considers internal control in order to design audit procedures,
but not for purpose of expressing an opinion on effectiveness of IC.
Auditor may identify deficiencies in IC not only during risk assessment process(RAP) but also at other
09
stages.
This SA specifies which identified deficiencies auditor is required to communicate to TCWG & mgt.
Auditor's Objective
To communicate appropriately to TCWG and mgt, deficiencies in internal control that auditor has identified
during audit and in auditor's professional judgment are of sufficient importance to merit their respective
attentions.
Requirements
Ÿ Auditor shall determine whether, on basis of audit work performed, he has identified one or more
deficiencies in IC.
Ÿ If identified one or more deficiencies in IC, determine, on basis of work performed, whether, individually
or in combination, they constitute significant deficiencies.
Ÿ The auditor shall communicate in writing significant deficiencies in IC identified during audit to TCWG
on a timely basis.
Ÿ The auditor shall also communicate to mgt at an appropriate level of responsibility on a timely basis:
a.In writing, significant deficiencies in IC that auditor has communicated or intends to communicate
to TCWG, unless it would be inappropriate to communicate directly to mgt in circumstances; and
b.Other deficiencies in internal control identified during audit that have not been communicated to
mgt by other parties and that, in auditor's professional judgment, are of sufficient importance to
merit mgt's attention.
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(ii)Audit included consideration of IC relevant to preparation of F.S. in order to design audit
procedures that are appropriate in circumstances, but not for purpose of expressing opinion on
effectiveness of IC; &
(iii)Matters reported are limited to deficiencies that auditor identified during audit and has
concluded are of sufficient importance to merit being reported to TCWG.
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Ø Disclosure of material misstatement due to error or fraud as prior period items in current year's P&L.
Ø Evidence of mgt's inability to oversee the preparation of F.S.How Detailed should be our
Communication of Significant Deficiencies?
The level of detail at which to communicate significant deficiencies is matter of auditor's professional
judgment in circumstances.
Factors that the auditor may consider in determining an appropriate level of detail for the communication
include, for eg:
Ÿ The nature of entity. For instance, the communication required for a public interest entity may be
different from that for a non-public interest entity.
09
Ÿ The size and complexity of the entity. For instance, the communication required for a complex entity
may be different from that for an entity operating a simple business.
Ÿ The nature of significant deficiencies that the auditor has identified.
Ÿ The entity's governance composition. For instance, more detail may be needed if TCWG include
members who do not have significant experience in the entity's industry or in the affected areas.
Ÿ Legal or regulatory requirements regarding the communication of specific types of deficiency in
internal control.
When to communicate?
Ÿ Listed Entities: Before date of approval of F.S.
Ÿ Other Entities: Before assembly of audit file (60 days from date of audit report)
Notes:
ØIf previously communicated significant deficiency remains, current year's communication may repeat
description from previous communication, or simply reference previous communication.
ØMay communicate orally before writing.
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SA 299 (REViSED) “JOiNT AUDiT OF
FiNANCiAL STATEMENTS”
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Ÿ The EP and other key members of team from each of joint auditors involved in planning.
Ÿ The joint auditors jointly establish overall audit strategy that sets scope, timing and direction (STD)
10
of audit, and guides development of audit plan.
Ÿ Prior to commencement of audit, joint auditors shall discuss and develop a joint audit plan.
Ÿ At this stage, RoMM need to be considered and assessed by each of joint auditors and
communicated to other joint auditors, and documented, whether pertaining to overall F.S. level or
to area of allocation among other joint auditors.
Ÿ Joint auditors discuss and document NTE of audit procedures for common and specific allotted
areas of audit to be performed by each of them and communicate to TCWG.
Ÿ Joint auditors shall obtain common Engg Letter (EL) and common mgt representation letter
(WR).
Ÿ After identification and allocation of work among joint auditors, work allocation document shall be
signed by all joint auditors and communicated to TCWG.
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b.decisions taken by all joint auditors under audit planning
c.in respect of common audit areas concerning the NTE of audit procedures to be performed by each
of them.
d.matters which are brought to notice of joint auditors by any one of them and on which there is
agreement among them;
e.examining that F.S. of entity comply with requirements of relevant statutes;
f.presentation and disclosure of F.S. as required by applicable FRF;
g.ensuring that A/R complies with requirements of relevant statutes, SAs and pronouncements issued
by ICAI.
Ÿ Where a joint auditor comes across matters relevant to areas of responsibility of others and deserve
their attention, or require disclosure or discussion with, or application of judgment by other joint
auditors, he shall communicate same to all other joint auditors in writing prior to completion of audit.
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Ÿ It shall be responsibility of each joint auditor to determine NTE of audit procedures to be applied in
relation to areas of work allocated to said joint auditor. It is individual responsibility of each joint
auditor to study and evaluate system of internal control and assessment of risk relating to areas of
work allocated to said joint auditor.
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and fair view of state of affairs and of results of operations of division/branch concerned.
Before finalizing their audit report, joint auditors shall discuss and communicate with each other their
respective conclusions that would form the content of the audit report.
If JAs expect to include an EOM or OM para, communicate with TCWG to ensure compliance with Revised
SA 706, “Emphasis of Matter Paragraphs and Other Matter Paragraphs in the Independent Auditor's
Report”.
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SA 315: IDENTiFYiNG AND ASSESSiNG THE RiSK
OF MATERiAL MiSSTATEMENT (ROMM)
THROUGH UNDERSTANDiNG THE ENTiTY AND
iTS ENViRONMENT
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Assertions – Representations by mgt, embodied in F.S, used by auditor to consider different types of
potential misstatements that may occur.
Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit: (OCACC)
a.Occurrence—transactions and events recorded have occurred and pertain to entity.
b.Completeness—all transactions and events that should have been recorded à recorded.
c.Accuracy—amounts and recorded transactions and events à recorded appropriately.
d.Cut-off—transactions and events recorded à correct accounting period.
e.Classification—transactions and events recorded à proper accounts
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Internal control –
The process designed, implemented and maintained (DIM) by TCWG, management and other personnel to
provide reasonable assurance about achievement of an entity's objectives with regard to
Ø reliability of financial reporting (FR),
Ø effectiveness and efficiency of operations,
Ø safeguarding of assets, and
Ø compliance with applicable laws and regulations
a.Inquiries of mgt and others within entity who in auditor's judgment may have info that is likely to
assist in identifying ROMM due to fraud or error.
b.Analytical procedures.
c.Observation and inspection.
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controls that relate to risks, and considering classes of transactions, account balances, and
disclosures in F.S;
b.Assess identified risks, and evaluate whether they relate more pervasively to the financial statements
as a whole and potentially affect many assertions;
c.Relate identified risks to what can go wrong at assertion level, taking account of relevant controls that
auditor intends to test; and
d.Consider likelihood of misstatement, including possibility of multiple misstatements, and whether
potential misstatement is of magnitude that could result in material misstatement.
Understanding of Entity's Info System Relevant to Financial Reporting
The auditor shall obtain an understanding of information system, including related business processes,
relevant to financial reporting, including following areas:
a.SCoTs: The classes of transactions in entity's operations that are significant to financial statements;
11
b.Procedures: The procedures, within both information technology (IT) and manual systems, by which
those transactions are initiated, recorded, processed, corrected as necessary, trfd to general ledger and
reported in financial statements;
c.Records: The related accounting records, supporting information and specific accounts in the financial
statements that are used to initiate, record, process and report transactions; this includes correction
of incorrect information and how information is trfd to the general ledger. The records may be in
either manual or electronic form;
d.Info system: How information system captures events and conditions, other than transactions, that
are significant to F.S.;
e.FRP: The financial reporting process used to prepare the entity's financial statements, including
significant accounting estimates and disclosures;
f.Unusual Transactions: Controls surrounding journal entries, including non-standard JEs used to record
non-recurring, unusual transactions or adjustments.
IT Benefits
IT benefits an entity's internal control by enabling an entity to:
Ÿ Consistently apply predefined business rules and perform complex calculations in processing large
volumes of transactions or data;
Ÿ Enhance timeliness, availability, and accuracy of information;
Ÿ Facilitate the additional analysis of information;
Ÿ Enhance ability to monitor performance of the entity's activities and its policies and procedures;
Ÿ Reduce risk that controls will be circumvented; and
IT Risks
Specific Risks related to IT an entity's internal control, including, for example:
Ÿ Reliance on systems or programs that are inaccurately processing data, processing inaccurate data, or
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both.
Ÿ Unauthorised access to data that may result in destruction of data or improper changes to data
Ÿ The possibility of IT personnel gaining access privileges beyond those necessary to perform their
assigned duties thereby breaking down segregation of duties.
Ÿ Unauthorised changes to data in master files.
Ÿ Unauthorised changes to systems or programs.
Ÿ Failure to make necessary changes to systems or programs.
Ÿ Inappropriate manual intervention.
Ÿ Potential loss of data or inability to access data as required.
Significant Risks
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An identified and assessed RMM that, in auditor's judgment, requires special audit consideration.
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SA 330: THE AUDiTOR'S RESPONSES TO
ASSESSED RiSKS
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Audit Procedures:
Substantive procedure –Audit procedure designed to detect material misstatements at assertion level.
Substantive procedures comprise:
(i)Tests of details (of classes of transactions, account balances, and disclosures), and
(ii)Substantive analytical procedures.
Test of controls – Audit procedure designed to evaluate operating effectiveness of controls in preventing, or
detecting and correcting (P/D/C), material misstatements at assertion level.
12
What will auditor consider while determining whether evidence of previous audits can be used for Test of
Controls?
a.The effectiveness of other elements of internal control, including the control environment, the entity's
monitoring of controls, and the entity's risk assessment process;
b.The risks arising from characteristics of control, including whether it is manual or automated;
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c.The effectiveness of general IT-controls;
d.The effectiveness of control and its application by entity, including nature and extent of deviations in
application of control noted in previous audits, and whether there have been personnel changes that
significantly affect application of control;
e.Whether lack of a change in a particular control poses a risk due to changing circumstances; and
f.The ROMM and extent of reliance on the control.
If auditor plans to use audit evidence from previous audit, establish continuing relevance by obtaining audit
evidence about whether significant changes in controls have occurred subsequent to previous audit.
Obtain this evidence by performing inquiry combined with observation or inspection, confirm understanding
of those specific controls, and:
a.If there have been changes that affect continuing relevance of audit evidence from previous audit, shall
12
test controls in current audit.
b.If there have not been such changes, auditor shall test controls at least once in every third audit.
Controls over Significant Risks to be tested in current period.
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SA 320: MATERiALiTY iN PLANNiNG &
PERFORMiNG AN AUDiT
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If applicable, PM also refers to amt or amounts set by auditor at less than materiality level or
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levels for particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures.
Determining Materiality & Performance Materiality when planning Audit
When establishing overall audit strategy, auditor shall determine materiality for F.S. as whole.
If, there is one or more particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures for which
misstatements of lesser amounts than materiality for FS as a whole could reasonably be expected to
influence economic decisions of users taken on the basis of F.S., auditor shall also determine
materiality level or levels to be applied to those particular classes of transactions, account balances or
disclosures.
The auditor shall determine performance materiality for purposes of assessing ROMM and determining
nature, timing and extent of further audit procedures.
Revision of Materiality
The auditor shall revise materiality for F.S. as a whole (& if applicable, materiality level for particular
classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures) in event of becoming aware of info during audit
that would have caused auditor to have determined different amount initially.
If auditor concludes lower materiality for F.S. as a whole (and, if applicable, materiality level or levels for
particular classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures) than initially determined, auditor shall
determine whether it is necessary to revise PM, and whether NTE of further audit procedures remain
appropriate.
Benchmark
Determining materiality involves exercise of professional judgment. A percentage is often applied to a
chosen benchmark as starting point in determining materiality for F.S. as a whole.
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(for eg, for purpose of evaluating financial performance users may tend to focus on profit, revenue or
net assets);
Ÿ The nature of entity, where entity is in its life cycle, and industry and economic environment in which
entity operates;
Ÿ The entity's ownership structure and way it is financed (for eg, if entity is financed solely by debt
rather than equity, users may put more emphasis on assets, and claims on them, than on entity's
earnings); &
Ÿ The relative volatility of benchmark.
13
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SA 402: AUDiT CONSiDERATiONS RELATiNG TO AN
ENTiTY USiNG A SERViCE ORGANiSATiON
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Ø Deals with user auditor's responsibility to obtain SAAE when user entity uses services of one or more
service organisations.
Ø Many entities outsource aspects of business to organisations that provide services ranging from
performing a specific task under direction of entity to replacing entity's entire business units or
functions, such as tax compliance function.
Ø Many of services provided by such organisations are integral to entity's business operations; however,
not all those services are relevant to the audit.
14
Ø Services provided by service organisation are relevant to audit of a user entity's F.S. when those
services, and controls over them, are part of user entity's information system, including related
business processes, relevant to financial reporting.
How to know if SO's services are relevant to user entity's Financial Reporting?
A service organisation's services are part of user entity's information system, including related business
processes, relevant to financial reporting if these services affect any of the following:
a.The classes of transactions in the user entity's operations that are significant to the user entity's
financial statements;
b.The procedures, within both information technology (IT) and manual systems, by which the user
entity's transactions are initiated, recorded, processed, corrected as necessary, transferred to the
general ledger and reported in the financial statements;
c.The related accounting records, either in electronic or manual form, supporting information and specific
accounts in the user entity's financial statements that are used to initiate, record, process and report
the user entity's transactions; this includes the correction of incorrect information and how
information is transferred to the general ledger;
d.How the user entity's information system captures events and conditions, other than transactions,
that are significant to the financial statements;
e.The financial reporting process used to prepare the user entity's financial statements, including
significant accounting estimates and disclosures; and
f.Controls surrounding journal entries, including non-standard journal entries used to record nonrecurring,
unusual transactions or adjustments. [Already studied in SA 315]
Auditor's Objective
a.To obtain understanding of nature and significance of services provided by service organisation and
effect on user entity's internal control relevant to audit, sufficient to identify and assess ROMM; and
b.To design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks.
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Types of Reports
Type 1 Report: Description & design of Internal control
Type 2 Report: Description, design & Operating effectiveness of Internal Controls
14
terms for activities undertaken by service organisation.
Auditor's Considerations
User auditor shall evaluate design and implementation of controls at user entity that relate to services
provided by service organisation.
User auditor shall determine whether sufficient understanding of nature and significance of services
provided by service organisation and their effect on user entity's internal control relevant to audit has been
obtained to provide basis for identification and assessment of ROMM.
If user auditor is unable to obtain sufficient understanding from user entity, perform following procedures:
a.Obtaining a Type 1 or Type 2 report, if available;
b.Contacting service organisation, through user entity, to obtain specific info;
c.Visiting service organisation and performing procedures that will provide info about controls at service
org;
d.Using another auditor to perform procedures that will provide necessary info about controls at service
org.
Information w.r.t controls at Sub-Service Organisation (SSO)
If service organisation uses SSO, service auditor's report may either include or exclude SSO's relevant control
objectives and related controls in service organisation's description of its system and in scope of service
auditor's engagement.
These 2 methods of reporting are known as inclusive method and carve-out method, respectively.
If Type 1 or Type 2 report excludes controls at SSO, and services are relevant to audit of user entity's F.S.,
apply this SA in respect of SSO. (i.e. Type 1/2 report or visit or another auditor or contact SSO)
Nature and extent of work to be performed by user auditor regarding services provided by SSO depend on
nature and significance of those services to user entity and relevance of those services to audit.
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Reporting by User Auditor
i The user auditor shall modify opinion in user auditor's report in accordance with SA 705 if user auditor
is unable to obtain SAAE regarding services provided by service organisation relevant to audit of user
entity's F.S.
i The user auditor shall not refer to work of service auditor in user auditor's report containing unmodified
opinion unless required by law or regulation. If such reference required by law or regulation, indicate
reference does not diminish user auditor's responsibility for audit opinion.
i If reference to work of service auditor relevant to understand modification of opinion, user auditor's
report shall indicate that such reference does not diminish user auditor's responsibility for that
opinion.
14
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SA 450: EVALUATiON OF MiSSTATEMENTS
IDENTiFiED DURiNG THE AUDiT
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Objective
The objective of the auditor is to evaluate:
a.Effect of identified misstatements on audit; and
b.Effect of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on F.S.
Uncorrected misstatements – Misstatements that auditor has accumulated during audit and not corrected.
Sources of Misstatements
15
a.An inaccuracy in gathering or processing data from which F.S. are prepared;
b.An omission of amount or disclosure;
c.An incorrect accounting estimate arising from overlooking, or clear misinterpretation of facts; and
d.Judgments of management concerning accounting estimates that the auditor considers unreasonable
or the selection and application of accounting policies that the auditor considers inappropriate.
If, at auditor's request, mgt has examined and corrected misstatements that were detected, auditor shall
perform additional audit procedures to determine whether misstatements remain.
Prior to evaluating effect of uncorrected misstatements, auditor shall reassess materiality determined in
accordance with SA 320, to confirm whether it remains appropriate in context of entity's actual financial
results.
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In accordance with SA 450 “Evaluation of Misstatements identified during Audit”, auditor shall
determine whether uncorrected misstatements are material, individually or in aggregate. In making this
determination, the auditor shall consider- (size & effect)
(i)The size and nature of misstatements, both in relation to particular classes of transactions, account
balances or disclosures and F.S. as whole, and particular circumstances of their occurrence; &
(ii)The effect of uncorrected misstatements related to prior periods on relevant classes of
transactions, account balances or disclosures, and F.S. as a whole.
The auditor shall communicate with TCWG uncorrected misstatements and effect on opinion in auditor's
report, unless prohibited by law or regulation.
15
Auditor's communication shall identify material uncorrected misstatements individually. Auditor shall
request that uncorrected misstatements be corrected.
As per mgt, if effect is immaterial then auditor shall request for WR from mgt and TCWG that they
believe effects are immaterial to F.S. as a whole. A summary of such items shall be included in or
attached to the written representation.
If management refuses to adjust financial info and results of extended audit procedures do not enable
auditor to conclude that aggregate of uncorrected misstatements is not material, auditor should report
accordingly.
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SA 500: AUDiT EViDENCE
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Objective
The objective of auditor is to design and perform audit procedures in a way as to enable him to obtain
sufficient appropriate audit evidence(SAAE) to be able to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base
auditor's opinion.
Management's expert –Individual or organisation possessing expertise in a field other than accounting or
auditing, whose work in that field is used by entity to assist entity in preparing F.S.
16
Information to Be Used as Audit Evidence
Auditor shall consider relevance and reliability of information to be used as audit evidence.
Auditor's responsibility when relying on Audit evidence prepared using Mgt Expert's work:
a.Evaluate competence, capabilities and objectivity of that expert;
Information regarding the competence, capabilities and objectivity of a management's expert may come
from a variety of sources, such as:
Ÿ Personal experience with previous work of expert.
Ÿ Discussions with expert.
Ÿ Discussions with others who are familiar with expert's work.
Ÿ Knowledge of expert's qualifications, membership of professional body or industry association,
license to practice, or other forms of external recognition.
Ÿ Published papers or books written by that expert.
Ÿ Auditor's expert, if any, who assists auditor in obtaining SAAE wrt info produced by mgt's expert.
(b)Evaluate appropriateness of that expert's work as audit evidence for relevant assertion.
Considerations when evaluating the appropriateness of the management's expert's work as audit evidence
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for the relevant assertion may include:
Ÿ The relevance and reasonableness of expert's findings or conclusions, their consistency with other
audit evidence, and whether they have been appropriately reflected in F.S;
Ÿ If expert's work involves use of significant assumptions and methods, relevance and reasonableness
of those assumptions and methods; and
Ÿ If expert's work involves significant use of source data, relevance, completeness, and accuracy of
that source data.
Matters affecting NTE of Audit Procedures in case of info. produced using work of mgt expert
Ÿ The nature and complexity of matter to which mgt's expert relates.
Ÿ The ROMM in the matter.
Ÿ The availability of alternative sources of audit evidence.
16
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Ÿ In some cases, responses to inquiries provide a basis for the auditor to modify or perform additional
audit procedures.
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SA 501: AUDiT EViDENCE -
SPECiFiC CONSiDERATiONS
FOR SELECTED ITEMS
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Inventory
When inventory is material to F.S, auditor shall obtain SAAE regarding existence and condition of
17
inventory by:
(a)Attendance at physical inventory counting, unless impracticable, to:
i)Evaluate mgt's instructions and procedures for recording results of entity's physical inventory
counting;
ii)Observe performance of mgt's count procedures;
iii)Inspect the inventory; and
iv)Perform test counts; and
(b)Performing audit procedures over entity's final inventory records to determine whether they
accurately reflect actual inventory count results.
Matters that Auditor shall consider when designing audit procedures to obtain audit evidence about
whether changes in inventory amounts are properly recorded include:
1.Whether perpetual inventory records are properly adjusted.
2.Reliability of entity's perpetual inventory records.
3.Reasons for significant differences between info obtained during physical count and perpetual records.
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Auditor unable to attend inventory count:
Ÿ If auditor is unable to attend physical inventory counting due to unforeseen circumstances, auditor
shall make or observe some physical counts on an alternative date.
Ÿ Perform audit procedures to assess whether changes in inventory between date of physical count and
period end date are correctly recorded.
Ÿ The auditor would also verify procedure adopted, treatment given for discrepancies noticed during the
physical count.
Ÿ The auditor would also ensure that appropriate cut off procedures were followed by mgt.
Ÿ He should also get management's written representation on
Ÿ completeness of info provided regarding inventory, and
Ÿ assurance with regard to adherence to laid down procedures for physical inventory count.
17
If attendance is impracticable:
Ÿ This may be due to location & nature of inventory. Eg. Location pose threat to Auditor
Ÿ As per SA 200 à matter of difficulty, time, or cost involved is not a valid basis for auditor to omit an
audit procedure or settle for less than persuasive Audit Evidence.
Ÿ Perform alternative audit procedures to obtain SAAE regarding existence and condition of inventory.
Ÿ For eg, inspection of documentation of subsequent sale of specific inventory items acquired or
purchased prior to inventory counting, may provide SAAE
Ÿ If not possible, modify opinion in auditor's report in accordance with SA 705.
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Ÿ Accurate identification of stage of completion of WIP, of slow moving, obsolete or damaged items and
of inventory owned by a third party, for example, on consignment.
Ÿ Procedures used to estimate physical quantities.
Ÿ Control over movement of inventory between areas and shipping and receipt of inventory before and
after cut-off date.
17
Direct Communication with Entity's external legal counsel If auditor assesses
ØROMM regarding litigation or claims identified, or
Øaudit procedures performed indicate other material litigation or claims may exist à seek direct
communication with entity's external legal counsel.
The auditor shall do so through letter of inquiry, prepared by mgt and sent by auditor, requesting entity's
external legal counsel to communicate directly with auditor. If law, regulation or respective legal
professional body prohibits entity's external legal counsel from communicating directly with auditor,
perform alternative audit procedures.
If: (a) Mgt refuses to give permission to communicate with entity's external legal counsel, or legal counsel
refuses to respond appropriately to letter of inquiry, or is prohibited from responding; and
(b) auditor is unable to obtain SAAE by performing alternative audit procedures, auditor shall modify
opinion in auditor's report in accordance with SA 705.
Written Representation from mgt & TCWG that all litigation and claims whose effects should be considered
when preparing the financial statements
Ÿ have been disclosed to auditor and
Ÿ appropriately accounted for and disclosed in accordance with the applicable financial reporting
framework
Segment Information
Auditor shall obtain SAAE regarding presentation and disclosure of segment information in accordance
with applicable FRF by:
(a)Obtaining understanding of methods used by Mgt in determining segment information, and:
i)Evaluating whether such methods are likely to result in disclosure as per applicable FRF; and
ii)Where appropriate, testing application of such methods; and
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(b)Performing analytical procedures or other audit procedures appropriate in circumstances.
'Example of matters' relevant when obtaining understanding of methods used by mgt in determining
segment information include:
i)Sales, transfers and charges between segments, and elimination of inter-segment amounts.
ii)Comparisons with budgets and other expected results, for eg, operating profits as a % of sales.
iii)Allocation of assets and costs among segments.
iv)Consistency with prior periods, and adequacy of disclosures w.r.t inconsistencies.
17
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SA 505: EXTERNAL CONFiRMATiONS
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External confirmation –
Audit evidence obtained as a direct written response to auditor from a 3rd party (the confirming
party), in paper form, or by electronic or other medium.
When using external confirmation procedures, auditor shall maintain control over external confirmation
requests, including:
a.Determining information to be confirmed or requested;
b.Selecting appropriate confirming party;
c.Designing confirmation requests, including determining that requests are properly addressed and
contain return information for responses to be sent directly to auditor; and
d.Sending the requests, including follow-up requests when applicable, to the confirming party.
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If auditor concludes that mgt's refusal is unreasonable, or unable to obtain relevant and reliable audit
evidence from alternative audit procedures, communicate with TCWG in accordance with SA 260.
The auditor shall determine implications for audit and auditor's opinion as per SA 705.
Positive Confirmation Requests
Ÿ A positive external confirmation request asks confirming party to reply in all cases, either by indicating
agreement with given info, or providing information.
Ÿ A response to positive confirmation request is expected to provide reliable audit evidence.
Ÿ There is risk that confirming party may reply without verifying if information is correct.
Ÿ The auditor may reduce this risk by not stating amt (or other info) on confirmation request, and ask
confirming party to fill amount or furnish other info.
Ÿ On other hand, use of this type of “blank” confirmation request may result in lower response rates
18
because additional effort is required by confirming parties.
Negative Confirmations
Negative confirmation request – A request that confirming party respond directly to auditor only if
confirming party disagrees with the information provided in the request.
Negative confirmations provide less persuasive audit evidence than positive confirmations.
Accordingly, auditor shall not use negative confirmation requests as sole substantive audit procedure to
address assessed ROMM at assertion level unless all of following are present:
a.The auditor has assessed ROMM as low and obtained SAAE regarding operating effectiveness of
controls;
b.Population comprises large number of small, homogeneous, account balances, transactions or
conditions;
c.A very low exception rate is expected; and
d.Auditor is not aware of circumstances that would cause recipients to disregard such requests.
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Ÿ For accounts payable balances – examining subsequent cash disbursements or correspondence from
third parties, and other records, such as goods received notes.
Ÿ Amounts due to lenders, including relevant terms of repayment and restrictive covenants.
Ÿ Accounts payable balances and terms.
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SA 510: Initial Audit Engagements - Opening Balances
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Objective
In conducting initial audit engagement, objective of auditor with respect to opening balances is to obtain
SAAE about whether:
a)Opening balances contain misstatements that materially affect the current period's F.S;
19
b)Appropriate accounting policies reflected in opening balances have been consistently applied in current
period's F.S, or changes properly accounted for and adequately presented and disclosed in accordance
with FRF.
Opening balances –
Ÿ Those account balances that exist at beginning of period.
Ÿ Opening balances are based upon closing balances of prior period and reflect effects of transactions and
events of prior periods and accounting policies applied in the prior period.
Ÿ Opening balances also include matters requiring disclosure that existed at beginning of period, such as
contingencies and commitments.
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materially affect current period's F.S. à perform additional audit procedures appropriate in
circumstances to determine effect on current period's F.S.
v)If auditor concludes that misstatements exist in current period's FS, communicate misstatements
with mgt and TCWG in accordance with SA 450.
19
Ÿ Unable to obtain SAAE regarding opening balances à Qualify/Disclaimer of opinion as per SA 705
Ÿ Opening balance contain misstatement à materially affects current period FS & not properly accounted
for & disclosed à Qualified/Adverse Opinion as per SA 705
A/c policy not applied consistently or change not properly accounted à Qualified /Adverse opinion as
per SA 705
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SA 520: ANALYTiCAL PROCEDURES
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Objectives of Auditor
a.Obtaining relevant and reliable audit evidence when using substantive analytical procedures; and
b.To design and perform analytical procedures near end of audit that assist auditor when forming an
overall conclusion as to whether FS are consistent with auditor's understanding of entity.
20
taking account of source, comparability, and nature and relevance of information available, and
controls over preparation;
c)Develop expectation of recorded amounts or ratios and evaluate whether expectation is sufficiently
precise to identify misstatement that may cause F.S. to be materially misstated; and
d)Determine amount of difference of recorded amounts from expected values that is acceptable without
further investigation.
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Reasonableness: Tests are made by reviewing relationship of certain account balances to other balances for
reasonableness of amounts. Examples of accounts that may be reasonably tested are:
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Ratios: Analysis by computation of ratios includes study of relationships between FS amounts. Commonly
used ratios include:
Ÿ Elements of income or loss as a percentage of sales
Ÿ Gross profit turnover
Ÿ Accounts receivable turnover
Ÿ Inventory turnover
Ÿ Profitability, leverage, and liquidity
Structural Modelling: Modelling tool constructs a statistical model from financial and/or non- financial data
of prior-accounting periods to predict current account balances (e.g. linear regression).
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SA 530-AUDiT SAMPLiNG
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21 SA 530-AUDiT SAMPLiNG
Objective:
The objective is to provide reasonable basis for auditor to draw conclusions about population from which
sample is selected.
Audit sampling (sampling) – The application of audit procedures to less than 100% of items within a
population such that all sampling units have a chance of selection in order to provide auditor with a
reasonable basis on which to draw conclusions about entire population.
Sampling risk – The risk that auditor's conclusion based on sample may be different from conclusion if
entire population were subjected to same audit procedure.
(ii)In case of TOCs à controls are less effective than they actually are, or in case of TODs, that material
misstatement exists when in fact it does not.
This type of erroneous conclusion affects audit efficiency as it would usually lead to additional work to
establish that initial conclusions were incorrect.
Tolerable misstatement
Ÿ A monetary amount set by auditor in respect of which auditor seeks to obtain appropriate level of
assurance that the amount set by auditor isn't exceeded by actual misstatement in population.
Ÿ Further, while designing a sample, auditor determines tolerable misstatement in order to address risk
that aggregate of individually immaterial misstatements may cause F.S. to be materially misstated
and provide a margin for possible undetected misstatements.
Ÿ Tolerable misstatement is application of performance materiality, to a sampling procedure. Tolerable
misstatement may be same amount or amount lower than performance materiality.
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Sample Design, Size and Selection of Items for Testing
i)When designing audit sample, consider purpose of audit and characteristics of population from which
sample will be drawn.
ii)The auditor shall determine sample size sufficient to reduce sampling risk to acceptably low level.
iii)The auditor shall select items for sample in a way that each sampling unit in population has chance of
selection.
21
Nature and Cause of Deviations and Misstatements
Ÿ The auditor shall investigate nature and cause of any deviations or misstatements identified, and
evaluate possible effect on audit procedures and other areas of audit.
Ÿ In extremely rare circumstances when auditor considers a misstatement or deviation to be an anomaly,
auditor shall obtain high degree of certainty that such misstatement or deviation is not
representative of population. The auditor shall obtain this degree of certainty by performing additional
audit procedures to obtain SAAE that misstatement or deviation does not affect remainder of
population.
(b)Systematic selection, in which the number of sampling units in the population is divided by the
sample size to give a sampling interval.
Although the starting point may be determined haphazardly, the sample is more likely to be truly
random if it is determined by use of a computerised random number generator or random number
tables.
(c)Monetary Unit Sampling is a type of value-weighted selection in which sample size, selection and
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TODs
1.An increase in auditor's assessment of risk of material misstatement: Increase
2.An increase in use of other substantive procedures directed at same assertion: Decrease
3.An increase in auditor's desired level of assurance that tolerable misstatement is not exceeded by
actual misstatement in population: Increase
4.An increase in tolerable misstatement: Decrease
5.An increase in amount of misstatement the auditor expects to find in the population: Increase
6.Stratification of the population when appropriate: Decrease
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SA 540: AUDiTiNG ACCOUNTiNG ESTiMATES,
iNCLUDiNG FAiR VALUE ACCOUNTiNG ESTiMATES
& RELATED DiSCLOSURES
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Information available to mgt à accounting estimate varies widely à affects degree of estimation
uncertainty.
Degree of estimation uncertainty affects à ROMM of accounting estimates.
Some A/C estimates involve relatively low estimation uncertainty and give rise to lower ROMM:
Ÿ Accounting estimates arising in entities that engage in business activities that are not complex.
Ÿ Accounting estimates that are frequently made and updated because they relate to routine
transactions.
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Ÿ Accounting estimates derived from data that is readily available, such as published interest rate data
or exchange-traded prices of securities. Such data may be referred to as “observable” in context of fair
value accounting estimate.
Ÿ Fair value (FV) accounting estimates where method of measurement prescribed by FRF is simple and
applied easily to asset or liability requiring measurement at fair value.
Ÿ FV accounting estimates where model used is well-known or generally accepted, provided that
assumptions or inputs to model are observable.
Accounting estimates with relatively high estimation uncertainty, based on significant assumptions, for eg:
Ÿ Accounting estimates relating to outcome of litigation.
Ÿ FV accounting estimates for derivative financial instruments not publicly traded.
Ÿ FV accounting estimates for which a highly specialised entity-developed model is used or for which,
there are assumptions or inputs that cannot be observed in marketplace. Accounting estimates in cases
of Wage Revision Agreements wherein negotiations with Trade Unions is on the way or Government's
sanction is awaited leading to uncertainty.
Examples of situations where accounting estimates, other than fair value accounting estimates, may be
required include:
Ÿ Allowance for doubtful accounts.
Ÿ Inventory obsolescence.
Ÿ Warranty obligations.
Ÿ Depreciation method or asset useful life.
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Ÿ Provision against the carrying amount of an investment where there is uncertainty regarding its
recoverability.
Ÿ Outcome of long term contracts.
Ÿ Financial Obligations / Costs arising from litigation settlements and judgments.
Examples of situations where fair value accounting estimates may be required include:
Ÿ Complex financial instruments, which are not traded in an active and open market.
Ÿ Share-based payments.
Ÿ Property or equipment held for disposal.
Ÿ Certain assets or liabilities acquired in a business combination, including goodwill and intangible
assets.
Ÿ Transactions involving the exchange of assets or liabilities between independent parties without
monetary consideration, for eg. non-monetary exchange of plant facilities in different lines of
business.
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How auditor minimizes Risk of Material Misstatement?
ØObtain understanding of
Ørequirements of FRF
ØHow mgt identifies those transactions, events or conditions that may give rise to accounting estimates
by making inquiries
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Ÿ Regulatory or other changes outside control of management occurred that may require management to
revise, or make new, accounting estimates.
Ÿ New conditions or events have occurred that give rise to need for new or revised accounting estimates.
During audit, auditor may identify transactions, events and conditions that give rise to need for accounting
estimates that mgt failed to identify. SA 315 deals with circumstances where auditor identifies RMM that
mgt failed to identify, including determining whether there is significant deficiency in internal control with
regard to entity's RAP.
applicable financial reporting framework, management's intent to carry out specific courses of action
and ability to do so.
iv)If, in auditor's judgment, mgt has not adequately addressed effects of estimation uncertainty on
accounting estimates that give rise to significant risks, auditor shall develop a range to evaluate
reasonableness of accounting estimate.
The degree of estimation uncertainty associated with accounting estimate may be influenced by factors
such as:
Ÿ The extent to which accounting estimate depends on judgment.
Ÿ The sensitivity of accounting estimate to changes in assumptions.
Ÿ The existence of recognised measurement techniques that may mitigate estimation uncertainty.
Ÿ The length of forecast period, and relevance of data drawn from past events to forecast future events.
Ÿ The availability of reliable data from external sources.
Ÿ The extent to which accounting estimate is based on observable or unobservable inputs.
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ØNature and extent of auditor's review takes account of nature of accounting estimates, and
Øwhether info obtained from review would be relevant to identifying and assessing ROMM of accounting
estimates made in current period F.S.
ØHowever, review is not intended to question judgments made in prior periods that were based on info
available at that time.
ØThe outcome of accounting estimate will often differ from accounting estimate recognised in prior
period F.S.
By performing RAP to identify and understand reasons for such differences, auditor may obtain:
ØInfo regarding effectiveness of mgt's prior period estimation process, from which auditor can judge
effectiveness of mgt's current process.
ØAudit evidence that is pertinent to re-estimation, in current period, of prior period accounting
estimates.
ØAudit evidence of matters, such as estimation uncertainty, that may be required to be disclosed in F.S.
ØIt may assist auditor, in current period, in identifying circumstances or conditions that increase
susceptibility of accounting estimates to possible management bias.
ØAuditor's professional scepticism assists in identifying such circumstances and determining NTE of
22
further audit procedures.
(b)In response to assessed RMM, auditor shall undertake one or more of following:
Ÿ Determine whether events occurring up to date of auditor's report provide sufficient audit evidence
regarding accounting estimate.
Ÿ Test check data used by mgt for making accounting estimate.
Ÿ The auditor shall also evaluate whether method used for measurement is appropriate and
assumptions made are reasonable in light of measurement objective of FRF.
Ÿ This can be achieved by
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Ÿ Testing extent to which data is accurate, complete and relevant and whether accounting estimate
has been properly determined using such data and management assumptions.
Ÿ Considering source, relevance and reliability of external data.
Ÿ Recalculating accounting estimate and reviewing information about accounting estimate for
internal consistency.
Ÿ Test checks effectiveness of controls over estimates used by management with appropriate
substantive procedure.
(c)While determining matters identified or responding to assessed RMM, auditor shall consider whether
specialized skills or knowledge in relation to one or more aspects of accounting estimates are required
in order to obtain SAAE.
Understanding of Assumptions
Matters that the auditor may consider in obtaining an understanding of assumptions underlying the
accounting estimates include, for example:
Ÿ The nature of assumptions, including which of the assumptions are likely to be significant
assumptions.
22
Ÿ How management assesses whether assumptions are relevant and complete (that is, that all relevant
variables have been taken into account).
Ÿ Where applicable, how management determines that assumptions used are internally consistent.
Ÿ Whether assumptions relate to matters within control of management (for eg, assumptions about
maintenance programs that may affect estimation of asset's useful life), and how they conform to
entity's business plans and external environment, or to matters that are outside its control (for eg,
assumptions about interest rates, mortality rates, potential judicial or regulatory actions, or variability
and the timing of future cash flows).
Ÿ The nature and extent of documentation, if any, supporting the assumptions.
(a)The presentation of FS in accordance with applicable FRF includes adequate disclosure of material
matters.
These disclosures may include,
Ÿ The assumptions used.
Ÿ The method of estimation used, including any applicable model.
Ÿ The basis for selection of estimation.
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Ÿ Any changes in method of estimation from prior period and its subsequent effect.
Ÿ The sources and implication of estimation uncertainty.
(b)In relation to accounting estimate having significant risk, even where disclosures are in accordance
with the applicable FRF, the auditor may conclude that the disclosure of estimation uncertainty is
inadequate in light of the circumstances and facts involved.
22
That no subsequent event requires adjustment to a/c estimates and disclosures included in F.S.
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SA 550: RELATED PARTiES (RP)
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Responsibilities of auditor
= FRF establish a/c & disclosure requiremets RP relationships, transactions & balances then Auditor
must perform Audit procedures to reduce RMM that entity doesn't account & disclose RP relationships,
transn & balances as per FRF
= Even if FRF has no such requirement - Auditor shall obtain understanding of RP relationships &
transn to conclude FS give true & fair view & are not misleading
23
Objectives of Auditor
(a) Obtain understanding of RP relationships and transactions sufficient to be able:
(i) To recognise fraud risk factors, arising from RP relationships and transn relevant to
identification and assessment of ROMM due to fraud; and
(ii) To conclude whether FS:
a) Achieve true and fair presentation (for fair presentation frameworks); or
b) Are not misleading (for compliance frameworks); and
c) In addition, where FRF establishes RP requirements, to obtain SAAE about whether RP relationships
and transn have been appropriately identified, accounted and disclosed in F.S. in accordance with
FRF
However, entities that are under common control by a state (i.e., a national, regional or local government)
are not considered related unless they engage in significant transactions or share resources to significant
extent with one another.
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Understanding Entity's Related Party Relationships and Transactions
The engagement team discussion shall include specific consideration of susceptibility of FS to material
misstatement that could result from entity's RP relationships and transactions.
The auditor shall inquire of management and others within entity, to obtain understanding of controls
that management has established to:
23
(a) Identify, account for, and disclose RP relationships and transactions in accordance with FRF;
(a) Authorise and approve significant transactions and arrangements with RP; and
(b) Authorise and approve significant transactions and arrangements o/s normal course of business.
During the audit, the auditor may inspect records or documents that may provide information about
related party relationships and transactions, for eg:
i Entity income tax returns.
i Internal auditors' reports.
i Information supplied by the entity to regulatory authorities.
i Documents associated with the entity's filings with a securities regulator (e.g, prospectuses).
i Shareholder registers to identify the entity's principal shareholders.
i Records of the entity's investments and those of its pension plans.
i Statements of conflicts of interest from mgt & TCWG.
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i Contracts and agreements with key mgt or TCWG.
i Significant contracts re-negotiated by the entity during the period.
i Significant contracts and agreements not in the entity's ordinary course of business.
If auditor identifies significant transactions o/s entity's normal course of business when performing audit
procedures , he shall inquire of management about:
(a) The nature of transactions; and
(b) Whether RP could be involved.
Fraud Risk Factors Associated with a Related Party with Dominant Influence Domination of mgt by
single person or small group of persons without compensating controls is a fraud risk factor.
23
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SA 560: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
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Events occurring b/w date of Facts that become known to Facts which become known to
FS & date of Audit Report auditor after date of Audit auditor after FS are issued
report but before F.S. are issued
a) Auditor shall obtain SAAE a) Auditor has no obligation to a) After FS have been issued
to ensure the events which perform any procedure regarding auditor has no obligation.
require adjustment or FS after issue of AR.
disclosure in FS have been b) H o w e v e r i f a n y f a c t
24
identified. b) However, if a fact becomes becomes known to auditor, had
known to auditor that had been it been know at date of AR, he
b) In determining NTE of known before issue of AR, it may may have amended the AR, he
Audit procedures, he shall: have amended the AR, he shall: shall:
• Obtain understanding of • Discuss matter with mgt & • Discuss with mgt &
mgt procedures of identifying TCWG TCWG
subsequent events • Determine if FS need • Determine if FS need
• Inquiring of mgt as to amendment & if so amendment & if so,
occurrence of subs. Events • Inquire how mgt intends to • Inquire how mgt
which affect FS address the matter in FS intends to address the matter
• Read minutes mgt
meetings held after date of FS c) If mgt amends FS, he shall, c) If mgt amends the FS,
• Read latest subsequent • Carry our audit procedures on auditor shall:
interim FS, if any amendment • Carry out audit procedures
• If auditor identifies events • Extend these procedures to necessary in circumstances of
which require adjustment or date of new AR amendment
disclosure in FS, then • Provide a new AR on amended • Review steps taken by mgt
determine if it is appropriately FS dated not earlier than date of that everyone in receipt of
adjusted or disclosed in FS approval of amended FS previously issued FS with AR
Written Representation from has been informed of the
mgt that all events occurring d) If law or reg. or FRF doesn't situation
subsequent to date of FS & prohibit mgt from restricting • Extend audit procures to
that require adj or discl have amendment of FS to subsequent date of new AR, dated no earlier
been adjusted or disclosed. event, auditor is permitted to than date of approval of
restrict audit procedures to that amended FS
amendment. Auditor shall either: • Provide a new AR on
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modiy opinion as per SA 705 & TCWG don't take steps, auditor
provide AR shall take action to prevent
• If AR provided, then notify mgt
reliance on AR (obtain legal
& TCWG to not issue FS to 3rd
parties. If mgt still issues FS, advice)
auditor shall take action to prevent
reliance on AR (obtain legal
advice)
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SA 570: GOiNG CONCERN
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business.
a) It is mgt responsibility à assess entity's ability to continue as going concern even if FRF does not
include explicit requirement.
b) Mgt's assessment of entity's ability to continue as going concern involves making judgment, at
particular point in time, about inherently uncertain future outcomes of events or conditions.
c) The following factors are relevant to that judgment:
• The degree of uncertainty associated with outcome of an event or condition.
• The size and complexity of entity, nature and condition of business and degree to which it is
affected by external factors.
• Any judgment about future is based on information available at the time at which judgment
is made. Subsequent events may result in outcomes that are inconsistent with judgments that
were reasonable at time they were made.
Auditor's Responsibilities
i Auditor's responsibilities are to obtain SAAE and conclude on, appropriateness of mgt's use of
going concern basis of accounting in preparation of FS
i To conclude, based on audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists about the
entity's ability to continue as a going concern.
i These responsibilities exist even if FRF used in preparation of FS does not include explicit
requirement for mgt to make specific assessment of entity's ability to continue as a going
concern.
i The absence of reference to material uncertainty about entity's ability to continue as going
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concern in auditor's report cannot be viewed as a guarantee as to entity's ability to continue as a
going concern.
Requirements of SA 570
When performing RAP as per SA 315, auditor shall consider whether events or conditions exist that may
cast significant doubt on entity's ability to continue as a going concern.
In doing so, determine whether mgt has already performed a preliminary assessment of entity's ability to
continue as a going concern, &
a) If assessment performed à discuss the assessment with mgt and determine whether mgt has
identified events or conditions that, individually or collectively, cast significant doubt on entity's
ability to continue as going concern and, if so, mgt's plans to address them; or
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b) If assessment not performed à discuss with mgt basis for use of going concern basis of accounting,
and inquire whether events or conditions exist that, individually or collectively, may cast significant
doubt on entity's ability to continue as going concern.
The auditor shall remain alert throughout audit for audit evidence of events or conditions that cast
significant doubt over entity's ability to continue as going concern.
i Auditor shall evaluate management's assessment of entity's ability to continue as going concern.
i Auditor shall cover same period as used by mgt to make its assessment as required by applicable
FRF, or by law or regulation if it specifies longer period.
i If mgt's assessment of entity's ability to continue as going concern covers less than 12 months from
date of FS, request mgt to extend assessment period to at least 12 months.
i In evaluating mgt's assessment, consider whether it includes all relevant info of which auditor is
aware as result of audit.
Additional Audit Procedures When Events or Conditions Are Identified
a) Where mgt has not yet performed assessment of entity's ability to continue as going concern,
requesting mgt to make its assessment.
b) Evaluating mgt's plans for future actions, whether outcome of these plans likely to improve situation
and whether management's plans are feasible in the circumstances.
c) Where entity has prepared cash flow forecast, and analysis of forecast is a significant factor in
considering future outcome of events or conditions:
i. Evaluating reliability of underlying data generated to prepare forecast; and
ii. Determining whether there is adequate support for assumptions underlying forecast.
d) Considering whether any additional facts or info become available since date on which mgt made
its assessment.
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e) Requesting written representations from mgt and TCWG , regarding their plans for future actions
and feasibility of these plans.
Additional procedures:
i Analysing and discussing cash flow, profit and other relevant forecasts with mgt.
i Analysing and discussing entity's latest available interim financial statements.
i Reading terms of debentures and loan agreements and determining whether any have been
breached.
i Reading minutes of meetings of shareholders, TCWG and committees for reference to financing
difficulties.
i Inquiring of entity's legal counsel regarding existence of litigation and claims and reasonableness of
mgt's assessments of their outcome and estimate of financial implications.
25
Adequacy of Disclosures
When Events or Conditions Have Been Identified and a Material Uncertainty Exists
If auditor concludes that mgt's use of going concern basis of accounting is appropriate in circumstances
but material uncertainty exists, auditor shall determine whether FS:
a) Adequately disclose principal events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity's
ability to continue as a going concern and mgt's plans to deal with these events or conditions; and
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b) Disclose clearly that there is material uncertainty related to events or conditions that may cast
significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and, therefore, that it may
be unable to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.
Adequacy of Disclosures When Events or Conditions Have Been Identified but No Material Uncertainty
Exists
If events or conditions identified that may cast significant doubt on entity's ability to continue as going
concern but, based on audit evidence obtained, auditor concludes that no material uncertainty exists,
auditor shall evaluate whether, in view of the requirements of FRF, F.S. provide adequate disclosures
about these events or conditions.
Implications for Reporting Use of Going Concern
Basis of Accounting Is Inappropriate
25
If FS have been prepared using going concern basis of accounting but, in auditor's judgment, mgt's use
of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of FS is inappropriate, auditor shall express an
adverse opinion.
Use of Going Concern Basis of Accounting Is Appropriate but a Material Uncertainty Exists
Adequate Disclosure of a Material Uncertainty Is Made in Financial Statements à Auditor shall express an
unmodified opinion and report shall include separate section under the heading “Material Uncertainty
Related to Going Concern” to:
(a) Draw attention to note in F.S. that discloses the matters; and
(b) State that these events or conditions indicate that a material uncertainty exists that may cast
significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and that the auditor's
opinion is not modified in respect of the matter.
Adequate Disclosure of a Material Uncertainty Is Not Made in F.S. à If adequate disclosure about material
uncertainty is not made in financial statements, auditor shall:
(a) Express a qualified opinion or adverse opinion, as appropriate, in accordance with SA 705 (Revised);
and
(b) In Basis for Qualified (Adverse) Opinion section of auditor's report, state that a material
uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt on the entity's ability to continue as a going concern
and that the financial statements do not adequately disclose this matter.
Management Unwilling to Make or Extend Its Assessment à Auditor shall consider the implications for
auditor's report.
Communication with TCWG
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b. Whether mgt's use of going concern basis of accounting is appropriate in preparation of F.S.;
Ü The adequacy of related disclosures in F.S.; and
Ü Where applicable, implications for auditor's report.
Ü Significant Delay in Approval of Financial Statements
Ü Inquire reasons for delay. If delay could be related to events or conditions relating to going concern
assess. perform additional audit procedures & consider effect on auditor's conclusion regarding
existence of a material uncertainty.
Events or Conditions That May Cast Significant Doubt on the Entity's Ability to Continue
as a Going Concern
Ü Financial
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Operating
Ü Management intentions to liquidate the entity or to cease operations.
Ü Loss of key mgt without replacement.
Ü Loss of a major market, key customer(s), franchise, license, or principal supplier(s).
Ü Labor difficulties.
Ü Shortages of important supplies.
Ü Emergence of a highly successful competitor.
Other
Ü Non-compliance with capital or statutory or regulatory requirements
Ü Pending legal or regulatory proceedings against entity that may result in claims that entity is
unlikely to satisfy.
Ü Changes in law or regulation or government policy expected to adversely affect entity.
Ü Uninsured or underinsured catastrophes when they occur.
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SA 580: WRiTTEN
REPRESENTATiONS (WR)
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· A written statement by mgt provided to auditor to confirm certain matters or to support other
audit evidence.
· Written representations in this context do not include F.S., assertions therein, or supporting
books and records.
· WR provide necessary audit evidence, they don't provide SAAE on their own about any of
matters with which they deal.
Objectives of Audito
26
a. To obtain WR from mgt that they believes they have fulfilled their responsibility for preparation of
F.S and for completeness of information provided to auditor;
b. To support other audit evidence relevant to F.S. or specific assertions in F.S by means of WR, if
determined necessary by auditor or required by other SAs; and
c. To respond appropriately to WR provided by management or if management do not provide the
written representations requested by the auditor.
Furthermore, because auditor is concerned with events occurring up to date of auditor's report that may
require adjustment to or disclosure in F.S, WR are dated as near as practicable to, but not after, date of
auditor's report on F.S.
In some circumstances it may be appropriate for auditor to obtain a WR about a specific assertion in
F.S. during the course of audit. Where this is the case, it may be necessary to request an updated written
representation.
The written representations are for all periods referred in auditor's report because mgt needs to reaffirm
that WR it previously made wrt prior periods remain appropriate. Auditor and mgt may agree to a form of
WR that updates WRs relating to prior periods by addressing whether there are any changes to such
written representations and, if so, what they are.
Situations may arise where current mgt were not present during all periods referred to in auditor's report.
Such persons may assert that they are not in position to provide some or all of WRs because they were not
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in place during prior period.
This fact, however, does not diminish such persons' responsibilities for F.S. as a whole. Accordingly,
requirement for auditor to request written representations that cover whole of relevant period(s) still
applies.
In particular, if WR are inconsistent with other audit evidence, auditor shall perform audit procedures to
26
attempt to resolve the matter. If matter remains unresolved, reconsider assessment of competence,
integrity, ethical values or diligence (DICE) of mgt and determine effect on reliability of representations
(oral or written) and audit evidence in general.
If auditor concludes that WR are not reliable, take appropriate actions, including determining possible
effect on opinion in auditor's report in accordance with SA 705.
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SA 600: USiNG THE WORK
OF OTHER AUDiTOR
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Principal Auditor
27
The auditor should consider following before accepting his position as principal auditor:
As per SA 600 “Using the Work of Another Auditor”, there should be sufficient liaison between principal
auditor and other auditor
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1. The other auditor, knowing context in which his work is to be used by principal auditor, should
27
co-ordinate with principal auditor. For example, by bringing to principal auditor's immediate
attention any significant findings requiring to be dealt with at entity level, adhering to time-
table for audit of component, etc.
2. He should ensure compliance with relevant statutory requirements.
3. The other auditor should respond to questionnaire sent by Principal Auditor on a timely basis.
Reporting Considerations
When principal auditor concludes, that work of other auditor can't be used and he has not been able to
perform sufficient additional procedures regarding financial information of component audited by other
auditor, express a qualified or disclaimer of opinion because there is limitation on scope of audit.
In all circumstances, if other auditor issues, or intends to issue, modified auditor's report, principal
auditor should consider whether subject of modification is of such nature and significance, in relation to
financial information of entity that it requires modification of principal auditor's report.
Division of Responsibility
The principal auditor would not be responsible in respect of work entrusted to other auditors, except in
circumstances which should have aroused his suspicion about reliability of work performed by other
auditors.
When principal auditor has to base his opinion on FS of entity as a whole relying upon statements and
reports of other auditors, report should state clearly division of responsibility for financial information of
entity by indicating extent to which financial information of components audited by other auditors
included in financial information of entity, e.g., number of divisions/branches/subsidiaries or other
components audited by other auditors.
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SA 620: USiNG THE WORK
OF AUDiTOR'S EXPERT
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SA 620 deals with auditor's responsibilities regarding use of work in a field of expertise other than
accounting or auditing when that work is used to assist the auditor in obtaining SAAE.
i The valuation of complex financial instruments, land and buildings, plant and machinery,
jewellery, works of art, antiques, intangible assets, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in
business combinations and assets that may have been impaired.
28
i The actuarial calculation of liabilities associated with insurance contracts or employee benefit
plans.
i The estimation of oil and gas reserves.
i The valuation of environmental liabilities, and site clean-up costs.
i The interpretation of contracts, laws and regulations.
i The analysis of complex or unusual tax compliance issues.
Objectives of Auditor
a. To determine whether to use work of an auditor's expert; and
b. If using work of an auditor's expert à determine whether that work is adequate for auditor's
purposes.
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i The expected nature of procedures to respond to identified risks, including auditor's knowledge of
and experience with work of experts in relation to such matters; and availability of alternative
sources of audit evidence.
When mgt has used management's expert in preparing F.S, auditor's decision on whether to use an
auditor's expert may also be influenced by such factors as: [Same as SA 500]
i The nature, scope and objectives(NSO) of the management's expert's work.
i Whether mgt's expert is employed by entity, or is a party engaged by it to provide relevant
services.
i The extent to which mgt can exercise control or influence over the work of the management's
28
expert.
i The management's expert's competence and capabilities.
i Whether mgt's expert is subject to technical performance standards or other professional or
industry requirements.
i Any controls within entity over management's expert's work.
Nature, Timing & Extent of Audit Procedures when using work of Auditor's Expert
The NTE of auditor's procedures will vary depending on circumstances. The auditor shall consider matters
including:
The following factors may suggest the need for different or more extensive procedures than would
otherwise be the case:
i The work of auditor's expert relates to significant matter that involves subjective and complex
judgments.
i The auditor has not previously used work of auditor's expert, and has no prior knowledge of expert's
competence, capabilities and objectivity.
i The auditor's expert is performing procedures integral to audit, rather than being consulted to
provide advice on individual matter.
i The expert is auditor's external expert and not subject to firm's quality control policies and
procedures.
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Evaluating the objectivity of an auditor's external expert When evaluating objectivity of auditor's external
expert, it may be relevant to:
a. Inquire entity about any known interests or relationships that it has with auditor's external expert.
b. Discuss with that expert any applicable safeguards, including professional requirements that apply
to him; and evaluate adequacy of safeguards to reduce threats to acceptable level.
Interests and relationships that may be relevant to discuss with the auditor's expert include:
i Financial interests.
i Business and personal relationships.
i Provision of other services by expert
i In some cases, it may also be appropriate for auditor to obtain written representation from
auditor's external expert about interests or relationships with entity of which that expert is
aware.
The auditor shall agree, in writing when appropriate, on following matters with the auditor's expert:
a. The nature, scope and objectives of that expert's work;
b. The respective roles and responsibilities of auditor and expert;
c. The nature, timing and extent of communication between auditor and expert, including form of
report to be provided by expert; and
d. The need for auditor's expert to observe confidentiality requirements.
The following factors suggest need for more detailed agreement or written agreement:
i The auditor's expert will have access to sensitive or confidential entity information.
i The respective roles or responsibilities of auditor and auditor's expert are different from those
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normally expected.
i Multi-jurisdictional legal or regulatory requirements apply.
i The matter to which auditor's expert's work relates is highly complex.
i The auditor has not previously used work performed by that expert.
i The greater the extent of auditor's expert's work, and its significance in context of audit.
o Examining published data, such as statistical reports from reputable, authoritative sources;
o Confirming relevant matters with third parties
o Performing detailed analytical procedures; and
o Re-performing calculations.
i Discussion with another expert with relevant expertise when, for example, the findings or conclusions
of the auditor's expert are not consistent with other audit evidence.
i Discussing the auditor's expert's report with management.
Use of Significant assumptions & methods (Relevance & Reasonableness)
Factors relevant to the auditor's evaluation of those assumptions and methods include whether they are:
i Generally accepted within auditor's expert's field;
i Consistent with requirements of applicable FRF;
i Consistent with those of management, and if not, reason for, and effects of, differences.
i Dependent on use of specialised models;
i Verifying origin of data, including obtaining understanding of, and where applicable testing, internal
controls over the data and, where relevant, its transmission to expert.
i Reviewing the data for completeness and internal consistency
Inadequate work
If the auditor determines that work not adequate for auditor's purposes, auditor shall:
a) Agree with that expert on nature and extent of further work to be performed by expert; or
b) Perform further audit procedures appropriate to circumstances.
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Reporting: If work is not adequate for auditor's purposes + cannot resolve matter through additional
audit procedures à express modified opinion as per SA 705 because not obtained SAAE.
Reference to Auditor's Expert in Auditor's Report
i The auditor shall not refer to work of auditor's expert in auditor's report containing unmodified
opinion unless required by law or regulation to do so. If such reference required by law or regulation,
auditor shall indicate in report that reference does not reduce auditor's responsibility for audit
opinion.
i In some cases, law or regulation may require reference to work of an auditor's expert, for purposes
28
of transparency in public sector.
i If auditor makes reference to work of auditor's expert in auditor's report because such reference is
relevant to understanding of modification to auditor's opinion, indicate in auditor's report that such
reference does not reduce auditor's responsibility for that opinion.
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SA 700: FORMiNG AN OPiNiON &
REPORTiNG ON THE FiNANCiAL
STATEMENTS
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Objective:
a. To form an opinion on F.S. based on evaluation of conclusions drawn from audit evidence obtained;
and
b.To express clearly that opinion through a written report.
29
a. The F.S. adequately disclose significant accounting policies selected and applied;
b. The a/c policies selected and applied are consistent with applicable FRF and are appropriate;
c. The accounting estimates made by management are reasonable;
d. The information presented in F.S. is relevant, reliable, comparable, and understandable;
e. The F.S. provide adequate disclosures to enable intended users to understand effect of material
transactions and events on information conveyed in F.S.; and
f. The terminology used in F.S., including the title of each financial statement, is appropriate.
The auditor shall form opinion on whether F.S. are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with
applicable FRF.
In order to form opinion, obtain reasonable assurance about whether F.S. as whole are free from material
misstatement whether due to fraud or error.
Further, when F.S. are prepared in accordance with fair presentation framework, also evaluate whether
F.S. achieve fair presentation by considering:
In other words, auditor shall express an unmodified opinion when auditor concludes F.S. are prepared, in
all material respects, in accordance with applicable FRF.
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Basic Elements of Audit Report
1. Title: Auditor's report shall have title that clearly indicates that it is report of independent auditor.
“Independent Auditor's Report,” distinguishes independent auditor's report from reports issued by others.
3. Auditor's Opinion: The first section of auditor's report shall include auditor's opinion, and shall have
heading “Opinion.” Opinion section of auditor's report shall also:
a) Identify entity whose F.S. have been audited;
29
4. Basis for Opinion: The auditor's report shall include a section, directly following the Opinion section,
with the heading “Basis for Opinion”, that:
5. Going Concern: Where applicable, auditor shall report in accordance with SA 570, Auditor's
responsibilities are to obtain SAAE and conclude on, appropriateness of mgt's use of going concern basis
of accounting in preparation of F.S, and conclude whether material uncertainty exists about entity's
ability to continue as going concern.
6. Key Audit Matters: For audits of F.S. of listed entities à communicate KAM in auditor's report in
accordance with SA 701.
When auditor is otherwise required by law or regulation or decides to communicate key audit matters in
auditor's report, auditor shall do in accordance with SA 701.
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The auditor's report shall include a section with heading “Responsibilities of Management for Financial
Statements.” In some entities, appropriate reference may be to TCWG.
This section of the auditor's report shall describe mgt's responsibility for:
a. Preparing F.S. as per applicable FRF, and for such internal control as mgt determines necessary to
enable preparation of F.S. free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; &
b. Assessing entity's ability to continue as going concern and whether use of GC basis of accounting is
appropriate as well as disclosing matters relating to GC. The expln of mgt's responsibility for this
assessment shall include description of when use of GC basis of accounting is appropriate.
29
This section of auditor's report shall also identify those responsible for oversight of financial reporting
process. In this case, heading of this section shall also refer to “Those Charged with Governance”.
When F.S. prepared in accordance with fair presentation framework, description of responsibilities for F.S.
in auditor's report shall refer to “preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements” or
“preparation of financial statements that give a true and fair view,” as appropriate.
(II) The Auditor's Responsibilities for the Audit of F.S. section of the auditor's report shall further:
(III) The Auditor's Responsibilities for Audit of Financial Statements section of auditor's report also
shall:
a. State that auditor communicates with TCWG regarding, among other matters: planned scope and
timing of audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal
control that auditor identifies during audit;
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b. State that auditor provides TCWG with a statement that auditor has complied with relevant ethical
requirements regarding independence and communicate with them all relationships and other
matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on auditor's independence, and where applicable,
related safeguards; and
c. For audits of F.S. of all such entities for which KAM are communicated in accordance with SA 701,
state that, from matters communicated with TCWG, auditor determines those matters that were
of most significance in audit of F.S. of current period and are therefore key audit matters.
not be communicated in auditor's report because adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be
expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.
Location of description of auditor's responsibilities: The description of auditor's responsibilities for audit of
F.S. required by this SA shall be included
2. Signature of auditor: Audit report shall be signed by Auditor in personal name & audit firm. Partner
signing needs to mention membership no. + Registration no. of firm + UDIN
10. Date of Audit Report: Not earlier than date when auditor has obtain SAAE
Audit reports for audit as per both SAs & International Stds on Audit
Auditor may be required to conduct audit in accordance with, in addition to Standards on Auditing issued
by ICAI, International Standards on Auditing or auditing stds of any other jurisdiction. If this is the case,
auditor's report may refer to SA in addition to ISA or auditing standards of such other jurisdiction, but
auditor shall do so only if:
(a) There is no conflict between requirements in ISAs or such auditing standards of other jurisdiction
and those in SAs that would lead auditor
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When auditor's report refers to both the ISAs or auditing standards of a specific jurisdiction and SA issued
by ICAI, auditor's report shall clearly identify the same including jurisdiction of origin of other auditing
stds.
29
If supplementary info that is not required by applicable FRF is presented with audited F.S., auditor shall
evaluate whether it is integral part of F.S. due to its nature or how its presented. When it is integral part of
F.S, it shall be covered by auditor's opinion.
If supplementary info that is not required by applicable FRF is not considered an integral part of audited
F.S, evaluate whether it is presented in a way that sufficiently and clearly differentiates it from audited
F.S. If not, then auditor shall ask mgt to change its presentation. If mgt refuses , auditor shall identify
unaudited supplementary info and explain in auditor's report that such supplementary info has not been
audited.
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SA 701: COMMUNiCATiNG KEY
AUDiT MATTERS iN THE
INDEPENDENT
AUDiTOR'S REPORT
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i Key Audit matter are matters that in auditor's professional judgment, were of most significance
In audit of F.S. of current period.
i KAM are selected from matters communicated with TCWG.
Objective
i To enhance communicative value of auditor's report by providing greater transparency about audit
that was performed.
30
i To assist user in understanding those matters that, in auditor's professional judgment, were of most
significance in audit of F.S. of current period.
a) Areas of higher assessed RMM, or significant risks identified in accordance with SA 315
b) Significant auditor judgments relating to areas in F.S. that involved significant mgt judgment,
including accounting estimates that have been identified as having high estimation uncertainty.
c) The effect on audit of significant events or transactions that occurred during the period.
Assessment of Impairment, Provision for losses and contingencies, Valuation of financial instruments,
Matters relating to Revenue recognition, Taxation matters (multiple tax jurisdictions, uncertain tax
position, deferred tax assets)
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The introductory language in this section of auditor's report shall state that:
a) Key audit matters are those matters that, in auditor's professional judgment, were of most
significance in audit of F.S. [of current period]; and
b) These matters were addressed in context of audit of F.S. as a whole, and in forming auditor's opinion
thereon, and auditor does not provide separate opinion on these matters.
30
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SA 705, “MODiFiCATiONS TO THE
OPiNiON iN THE INDEPENDENT
AUDiTOR'S REPORT”
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Objective:
The objective of auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on F.S. that is necessary
when:
a) The auditor concludes, based on audit evidence obtained, that F.S. as a whole are not free from
material misstatement; or
b) The auditor is unable to obtain SAAE to conclude that F.S. as a whole are free from material
misstatement.
31
Spl. Considerations: When the auditor expresses qualified opinion due to material misstatement in F.S,
auditor shall state that, in auditor's opinion, except for effects of matter(s) described in Basis for
Qualified Opinion section:
(1) When reporting in accordance with fair presentation framework, accompanying F.S. present fairly,
in all material respects (or give a true and fair view of) […] in accordance with [applicable FRF]; or
(2) When reporting in accordance with compliance framework, accompanying F.S. have been prepared,
in all material respects, in accordance with [applicable FRF]. When modification arises from inability to
obtain SAAE, auditor shall use corresponding phrase “except for possible effects of matter(s) ...” for
modified opinion.
Adverse Opinion: Obtained SAAE, concludes misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, both
material and pervasive to financial statements.
Spl. Considerations: When auditor expresses an adverse opinion, auditor shall state that, in auditor's
opinion, because of significance of matter(s) described in Basis for Adverse Opinion section:
(1) When reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework, accompanying F.S. do not
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present fairly (or give a true and fair view of) […] in accordance with [applicable FRF]; or
(2) When reporting in accordance with compliance framework, accompanying F.S. have not been
prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with [applicable FRF].
Disclaimer of Opinion: Unable to obtain SAAE to base the opinion, and concludes that possible effects
on F.S. of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.
Note: Unless required by law or regulation, when auditor disclaims an opinion on F.S., auditor's report
shall not include Key Audit Matters section in accordance with SA 701.
Spl considerations: When auditor disclaims an opinion due to inability to obtain SAAE, auditor shall:
1. State that auditor does not express opinion on accompanying F.S;
2. State that, because of significance of matter(s) described in Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion
section, auditor has not been able to obtain SAAE to provide basis for audit opinion on F.S; and
31
3. Amend the statement required in SA 700 (Revised), which indicates that F.S. have been
audited, to state that auditor was engaged to audit the F.S.
Mgt imposed limitation after acceptance of Audit Engagement à Unable to obtain SAAE
Ø After accepting Audit , mgt impose limitation on scope à likely to result in Qualified or Disclaim
of opinion à auditor request mgt to remove limitation
Ø Mgt refuse to remove limitation à Auditor communicate with TCWG & determine if alternate
procedures can be performed to obtain SAAE
Ø If auditor unable to obtain SAAE, determine implications as below:
(a) If auditor concludes that possible effects on F.S.of undetected misstatements, if any, could be
material but not pervasive, auditor shall qualify the opinion; or
(b) If auditor concludes that possible effects on F.S. of undetected misstatements, if any, could be
both material and pervasive so that qualification of opinion would be inadequate to
communicate gravity of situation, the auditor shall:
(i) Withdraw from audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or
(ii) If withdrawal from audit before issuing auditor's report not practicable, disclaim an opinion on
F.S.
Ø If decides to withdraw à communicate with TCWG à matters regarding misstatement à rise to
modification of opinion
Note: If Auditor expresses Adverse or Disclaimer of Opinion then audit report shall not contain
unmodified opinion w.r.t any element of F.S.
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The auditor's inability to obtain SAAE (also referred to as limitation on scope of audit) may arise from:
(a) Circumstances beyond the control of entity;
i The entity's accounting records have been destroyed.
i The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental
authorities.
inventories.
i The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but
entity's controls are not effective.
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SA 706: EMPHASiS OF MATTER
PARAGRAPHS AND OTHER MATTER
PARAGRAPHS iN THE INDEPENDENT
AUDiTOR'S REPORT
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SAs that contain specific requirements for auditor to include Emphasis of Matter paragraphs in auditor's
report in certain circumstances. These circumstances include:
32
i When a FRF prescribed by law or regulation would be unacceptable but for the fact that it is
prescribed by law or regulation. (SA 210)
i To alert users that F.S. are prepared in accordance with a special purpose framework.
i When facts become known to auditor after date of auditor's report and auditor provides a new or
amended auditor's report (i.e., subsequent events). (SA 560)
When the auditor includes EOM para in auditor's report, auditor shall:
a. Include the paragraph within separate section of auditor's report with appropriate heading that
includes the term “Emphasis of Matter”;
b. Include in the paragraph clear reference to matter being emphasized and to where relevant
disclosures that fully describe the matter can be found in F.S. The para shall refer only to info
presented or disclosed in F.S; and
c. Indicate that auditor's opinion is not modified in respect of matter emphasized.
Note: EOM para is not substitute for KAM, if matter determined as KAM à represent as KAM Other
Matter Para
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The auditor shall include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor's report, provided:
a) Not prohibited by law or regulation; and
b) When SA 701 applies, matter has not been determined to be KAM
32
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SA 710: Comparative Information
Corresponding Figures and
Comparative Financial Statements
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Corresponding figures –
i Comparative info where amounts and disclosures for prior period included as integral part of current
period F.S, and intended to be read only in relation to amounts and other disclosures relating to
current period
i The level of detail presented in corresponding amounts and disclosures is dictated primarily by its
relevance to current period figures.
33
i Comparative information where amounts and disclosures for prior period included for comparison
with F.S. of current period but, if audited, are referred to in auditor's opinion.
i The level of info included in comparative F.S. is comparable with that of F.S. of current period.
(b) Evaluating the impact on F.S: If auditor becomes aware of any possible misstatement in
comparative information, then:
i He should perform the necessary audit procedures to obtain sufficient audit evidence.
i If auditor had audited prior period's F.S. than he should follow the relevant requirements of SA 560.
(c) Written Representation: As required by SA 580, auditor should also request written
representation. He should also obtain a specific written representation regarding any prior period item
that is disclosed in current year's F.S.
Audit Reporting
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i If auditor has sufficient evidence that material misstatement exists in F.S. of prior period, which
was not addressed earlier.
If prior period F.S. not audited, than obtain sufficient audit evidence that opening balance don't contain
any material misstatement.
If auditor's report on prior period, included qualified, disclaimer of opinion, or adverse opinion and matter
which gave rise to modification is unresolved, auditor shall modify auditor's opinion on current period's F.S.
In Basis for Modification paragraph in auditor's report, auditor shall either:
(a) Refer to both, the current period's figures and the corresponding figures in description of matter
giving rise to modification when the effects or possible effects of matter on current period's figures are
material; or
(b) In other cases, explain that the audit opinion has been modified because of effects or possible
33
effects of unresolved matter on comparability of current period's figures and corresponding figures.
i The auditor's opinion shall refer to each period for which the F.S. are presented.
i When reporting on current period's audit, if auditor's opinion on such prior period F.S. differs from
opinion previously issued on such F.S, auditor shall disclose substantive reason for different opinion
in OM para in his report.
i If auditor concludes that material misstatement is present in previously audited figures of F.S, he
should report it to mgt and request that predecessor auditor be informed.
If then prior years statements are amended with new report by predecessor auditor, then auditor shall
report only on current period.
Reporting treatment common to both (for corresponding figures and comparative information)
(i) If F.S. of prior period were audited by predecessor auditor, auditor (is permitted by law or regulation
to refer to the predecessor audit report – on case of corresponding figures and decides to do so) shall
state in his audit report:
i That F.S. of the prior period were audited by a predecessor auditor;
i The type of opinion expressed by the predecessor auditor;
i The date of that audit report.
(ii) If prior period F.S. were not audited than he shall report the same in OM Para in his audit report
that corresponding/comparative figures are unaudited.
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However, disclosure does not relieve him from his responsibility of obtaining SAAE that opening balances
do not contain misstatements that materially affect current period's F.S.
33
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SA 720: The Auditor's
Responsibility in Relation to
Other Information
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Scope
i SA 720 deals with Auditor's responsibilities relating to other info, financial or non-financial
contained in Annual Report.
i Auditor's opinion on FS doesn't cover other information (Annual Report)
i He's just reqd to read & consider other info for any materially inconsistent info from F.S. that may
indicate material misstatement in either F.S. or Annual Report
i Auditor's responsibility apply whether other info is recd prior to or after auditor's report Obtaining
the Other Information
34
The auditor shall:
a) Determine, through discussion with mgt, which document(s) comprises the annual report, and
entity's planned manner and timing of issuance of such document(s);
b) Make appropriate arrangements with mgt to obtain in timely manner and, if possible, prior to date of
auditor's report, final version of document(s) comprising annual report; and
c) When some or all of document(s) determined in (a) will not be available until after the date of
auditor's report, request mgt to provide a WR that final version of document(s) will be provided to
auditor when available, and prior to its issuance by entity, auditor can complete the procedures
required by this SA.
While reading other info, remain alert for indications that other info may be materially misstated.
If auditor concludes that a material misstatement of the other information exists, request mgt to correct
the other info. If mgt:
a) Agrees to make correction, auditor shall determine that correction has been made; or
b) Refuses to make correction à communicate the matter with TCWG and request that correction
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
CA Ravi Agarwal's
AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
be made.
If auditor concludes that material misstatement exists in other information obtained prior to date of
auditor's report, and other information is not corrected after communicating with TCWG, auditor shall
take appropriate action, including:
(a) Considering the implications for auditor's report and communicating with TCWG about how
auditor plans to address the material misstatement in auditor's report or
(b) Withdrawing from engagement, where withdrawal is possible under applicable law or regulation.
When F.S. are materially misstated or Auditor's understanding needs to be updated à respond as
per other SAs.
Reporting
The auditor's report shall include separate section with a heading “Other Information”, or other
34
When auditor's report is required to include an Other Information section, it shall include:
The following are eg of amounts and other items that may be included in other info. This list is not
intended to be exhaustive.
Amounts
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PAPER 3 -ADVANCED AUDITING AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS SCORE 70+ IN AUDIT
CA Ravi Agarwal's
AUDITPEDIA 5.0 FOR CA FINAL
i Items in a summary of key financial results, such as net income, earnings per share, dividends,
sales and other operating revenues, and purchases and operating expenses.
i Selected operating data, such as income from continuing operations by major operating area,
or sales by geographical segment or product line.
i Special items, such as asset dispositions, litigation provisions, asset impairments, tax
adjustments, environmental remediation provisions, and restructuring and reorganization
expenses.
i Liquidity and capital resource information, such as cash, cash equivalents and marketable
securities; dividends; and debt, capital lease and minority interest obligations.
i Capital expenditures by segment or division.
i Amounts involved in, and related financial effects of, off-balance sheet arrangements.
i Amounts involved in guarantees, contractual obligations, legal or environmental claims, and
34
other contingencies.
i Financial measures or ratios, such as gross margin, return on average capital employed, return
on average shareholders' equity, current ratio, interest coverage ratio and debt ratio.
Other Items
i Explanations of critical accounting estimates and related assumptions.
i Identification of related parties and descriptions of transactions with them.
i Descriptions of the nature of off-balance sheet arrangements.
i Descriptions of guarantees, indemnifications, contractual obligations, litigation or
environmental liability cases, and other contingencies, including management's qualitative
assessments of the entity's related exposures.
i Descriptions of changes in legal or regulatory requirements, such as new tax or environmental
regulations.
i General descriptions of the business environment and outlook.
i Overview of strategy.
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