Marking Memo for Test 1 2023

Q1a. You are required to design a waterworks system for the Ethekwini municipality. The first step in the design is to
estimate the volume of water needed in the city. As a professional, how would you achieve this?

Answer

The number of people to be served, their capita consumption, lifestyle, and other related variables are used.

The consumption in litres per capita per day refers to the individual rate of water consumption daily.

This is obtained by dividing the total daily water consumption by the total number of people in a municipality.

b. The five-decade population from 1980 to 2010 for a new and rapidly developing city is given in the table below. Using
the appropriate population estimation method, Find the population of the city after three decades.

If 525 lpcd of water is to be supplied to the city, what would be the capacity of the distribution system. Calculate fire
demand using the kuichlings formula.

Answer

Year Population Increase in Population % Increase in Incremental

Population Increase Method
1980 25000
1990 28000 3000 0.12
2000 34000 6000 0.21 3000
2010 42000 8000 0.24 2000
2020 47000 5000 0.12 -3000
Required only
for Incremental
Increase
Method
Total 22000 0.69 2000
Average 5500 0.17 666.67

IG = {(0.12) (0.21) (0.24) (0.12)}1/4 = 0.164

Population in 2030:

P2030 = 47000 × (1+0.164)1 = 54 708 people

Population in 2040:

P2040 = 47000 × (1+0.164)2 = 63 680 people

Population in 2050:

P2050 = 47000 × (1+0.164)3 = 74 124 people

Using a population of 74 124 in the year 2050 and a supply of 525 LPCD:

Average Discharge (Qavg) = 74124 × 525 𝐿𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 38915100l/day

= 38.915 Megalitres day (MLD)

= 0.451 m3/s

Using Kuchlings formula, determine Fire demand

Fire Demand (FD) = 3182√𝑃 = (3182)(√74124/1000) = 27395.52 L = 39.45 𝑀𝐿𝐷

min

Assuming maximum daily consumption = 180%

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥. ) = 38.915 × 1.8 = 70.05 𝑀𝐿𝐷

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐹𝐷 = 70.05 + 39.45 = 109.5 𝑀𝐿𝐷 = 1.267 𝑚3/𝑠

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑(𝑀𝐻𝐷) = 1.5 × 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 1.5 × 70.05 = 105.08𝑀𝐿𝐷 = 1.215 𝑚3/𝑠

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐹𝐷 > 𝑀𝐻𝐷 ∴ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 109.5 𝑀𝐿𝐷 (1.267 𝑚3/𝑠)
2a. Write briefly on the elements of a Municipal Water Supply Management systems.

Answer: Short notes on each of the following

Collection works

Purification works

Transmission works

Distribution works

2b.

A municipal wastewater-treatment plant discharges secondary effluent to a surface stream. The worst
conditions are known to occur when the water temperature is high. Under this condition, measurements
are taken to determine the characteristics of the wastewater and steam flows. The wastewater is found to
have maximum flow rate of 20,000 m 3/day, BOD5 of 35 mg/L, dissolved oxygen concentration of 2mg/L,
and temperature of 250C. The stream (upstream from the point of wastewater discharge) is found to have
a minimum flow rate of 0.3 m3/s, BOD of 5 mg/L, dissolved oxygen concentration of 10 mg/L, and
temperature of 220C. Complete mixing of the wastewater and stream is almost instantaneous, and the
velocity of the mixture is 0.4m/s. From the flow regime, the reaeration constant is estimated to be 0.4
day–1 and biodegradation constant is 0.26 day–1 for 200C.

i) Determine the characteristics of wastewater stream mixture

ii) Determine the critical deficit.

i) Determine the characteristics of wastewater stream mixture

Qw = 20000 x 1/24 x 1/60 x 1/60 = 0. 23m3/s

Qmix = 0.23 + 0.3 = 0. 53m3/s

BOD (Dilution equation) = Cmix = CsQs + CwQw/Qmix

= 5 x 0.3 + 35 x 0.23/0.53 = 18mg/l

Ultimate BOD using k1 = 0.23 For surface stream

= Lo = Cmix / 1 – e-k1t = 18 / 1 – e-0.23x5 = 26.34mg/l

Dissolved oxygen

DOmix = 10 x 0.3 + 2 x 0.23/0.53 = 6.53 mg/l

Temperature

Tmix = 22 x 0.3 + 25 x 0.23/0.43 = 23.3 0C

ii) Determine the critical deficit

tc = 1/k2 – k1 ln (k2/k1(1 – Di (k2 – k1)/k1Lo

Correct temperature constant

BOD reaction rate

 K23.3 = K20 x 1.047(23.3-20)

k1 = 0.26 x 1.49 = 0.30d-1

Stream reaeration

K23.3 = K20 x 1.016(23.3-20)

= k2 = 0.4 x 1.14 = 0.42d-1

Initial oxygen deficit Do

At T = 23.30C the equilibrium concentration of oxygen in fresh water is 8.5

Do = 8.5 – 6.53 = 1.97 mg/l

tc = 1/(k2 – k1)lnk2/k1(1- Do k2 – k1/ K1Lo)

tc = 1/(0.42 – 0.30)ln[0.42/0.30(1- 0.30 (0.42 – 0.30/ 0.30 x 26.34)]

=2.16 d

Dc = K1/k2 Loe-k1t = 0.30/0.42 x 26.34e-0.34 x 2.16 = 8.6mg/l