03.02.

2023, 13:08 Assignment Print View

Score: 100/100 Points 100 %

Problem 03.008 - Errors Associated with Arithmetic Chopping

The derivative of f (x) = 1/(1 − 3x is given by .

2 6x
)
2
(1−3x2 )

References

Section Break Problem 03.008 - Errors Difficulty: Medium

Associated with Arithmetic
Chopping

1. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 03.008.b - Errors Associated with Arithmetic Chopping

The true percent relative error induced on evaluating the derivative of the function f(x) at x = 0.577 and then evaluating it again using 4-digit arithmetic with
chopping is _____ %.

✓ 12.96

The true value and the value with 4-digit chopping is calculated below.
The true value is
6(0.577)
′
f (0.577) = = 2, 352, 911
2
2
(1−3×0.577 )

Using 4-digits with chopping

6x = 6(0.577) = 3.462 → 3.462 (after chopping)
x = 0.577
x2 = 0.332929 → 0.3329 (after chopping)
3x2 = 0.9987
1 – 3x2 = 0.0013
′ 3.462
f (0.577) = = 2, 048, 521
2
(1−0.9987)

This represents a percent relative error of

2,352,911−2,048,521
∣ ∣
ϵt = = 12.9%
∣ 2,352,911 ∣

Although using more significant digits improves the estimate, the error is still considerable. The problem stems primarily from the fact that we are subtracting
two nearly equal numbers in the denominator. Such subtractive cancellation is worsened by the fact that the denominator is squared.

References

Numeric Response Problem 03.008.b - Errors Difficulty: Medium

Associated with Arithmetic
Chopping

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2. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 03.002 - Convert base-8 numbers to base-10

Convert the following base-8 numbers to base-10.

(a) 31,565

The equivalent base-10 number is 13,173 .

(b) 5.71

The equivalent base-10 number is 5.890625 .

References

Numeric Response Problem 03.002 - Convert base- Difficulty: Easy

8 numbers to base-10

Problem 03.002 - Convert base-8 numbers to base-10

Convert the following base-8 numbers to base-10.

(a) 31,565

The equivalent base-10 number is 13,173 .

(b) 5.71

The equivalent base-10 number is 5.890625 .

Explanation:

4 3 2 1 0
(31,565) = (3 × 8 ) + (1 × 8 ) + (5 × 8 ) + (6 × 8 ) + (5 × 8 ) = 12,288 + 512 + 320 + 48 + 5 = 13,173
8

0 −1 −2
(5.71) = (5 × 8 ) + (7 × 8 ) + (1 × 8 ) = 5 + 0.875 + 0.015625 = 5.890625
8

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3. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 04.009 - Stefan-Boltzmann law

The Stefan-Boltzmann law can be employed to estimate the rate of radiation of energy H from a surface, as in

4
H = AeσT

where H is in watts, A = the surface area (m2), e = the emissivity that characterizes the emitting properties of the surface (dimensionless), σ = a universal
constant called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (= 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4), and T = absolute temperature (K). Determine the error of H for a steel plate with
A = 0.15 m2, e = 0.90, and T = 650 ± 40. Compare your results with the exact error. Repeat the computation but with T = 650 ± 65. Interpret your results.

For ΔT˜ ,
˜)
= 40 K ΔH (T = 336.34 W and ΔHtrue = 337.61 W.

For ΔT˜ ,
˜)
= 65 K ΔH (T = 546.55 W and ΔHtrue = 552.01 W.

References

Numeric Response Problem 04.009 - Stefan- Difficulty: Medium

Boltzmann law

Problem 04.009 - Stefan-Boltzmann law

The Stefan-Boltzmann law can be employed to estimate the rate of radiation of energy H from a surface, as in

4
H = AeσT

where H is in watts, A = the surface area (m2), e = the emissivity that characterizes the emitting properties of the surface (dimensionless), σ = a universal
constant called the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (= 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4), and T = absolute temperature (K). Determine the error of H for a steel plate with
A = 0.15 m2, e = 0.90, and T = 650 ± 40. Compare your results with the exact error. Repeat the computation but with T = 650 ± 65. Interpret your results.

For ΔT˜ ,
˜)
= 40 K ΔH (T = 336.32 ± 2% W and ΔHtrue = 337.61 ± 2% W.

For ΔT˜ ,
˜)
= 65 K ΔH (T = 546.52 ± 2% W and ΔHtrue = 552.02 ± 2% W.

Explanation:

For ΔT˜ = 40 K ,

∂H
˜) = ∣
ΔH (T ˜
∣ Δ T
∣ ∣
∂T

∂H 3 −8 3 −1
= 4AeσT = 4 (0.15) (0.9) (5.67 × 10 )(650) = 8.408 WK
∂T

˜ ) = 8.408 (40) = 336.32 W

ΔH (T

The exact error is

H (690)−H (610) 1735.05−1059.83

ΔHtrue = = = 337.61 W
2 2

Thus, the first-order approximation is close to the exact result.

For ΔT˜ = 65 K ,

˜ ) = 8.408 (65) = 546.52 W

ΔH (T

The exact error is

H (715)−H (585) 2000.51−896.48

ΔHtrue = = = 552.02 W
2 2

Again, the first-order approximation is close to the exact result. The results are good because H(T) is nearly linear over the ranges we are examining.

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Problem 03.009 - DEPENDENT MULTI-PART PROBLEM - ASSIGN ALL PARTS

Consider the polynomial y = x 3

− 7x
2
+ 8x + 0.25 .

NOTE: This is a multi-part question. Once an answer is submitted, you will be unable to return to this part.

References

Section Break Problem 03.009 - DEPENDENT Difficulty: Medium

MULTI-PART PROBLEM - ASSIGN
ALL PARTS

4. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 03.009.b - Errors associated with 3-digit arithmetic with chopping

Express y as

y = ((x − 7)x + 8)x + 0.25

Evaluate the polynomial at x = 1.37. Use 3-digit arithmetic with chopping. Evaluate the percent relative error.

The value of the polynomial using 3-digit chopping is 0.647 .

The percent relative error is 0.6138 %.

References

Numeric Response Problem 03.009.b - Errors Difficulty: Medium

associated with 3-digit arithmetic
with chopping

Problem 03.009.b - Errors associated with 3-digit arithmetic with chopping

Express y as

y = ((x − 7)x + 8)x + 0.25

Evaluate the polynomial at x = 1.37. Use 3-digit arithmetic with chopping. Evaluate the percent relative error.

The value of the polynomial using 3-digit chopping is 0.647 .

The percent relative error is 0.614 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

Using 3-digit arithmetic with chopping, we have

y = ((1.37 − 7)1.37 + 8)1.37 + 0.25

y = (−5.63 × 1.37 + 8)1.37 + 0.25

y = (−7.71 + 8)1.37 + 0.25

y = 0.29 × 1.37 + 0.25

y = 0.397 + 0.25

y = 0.647

This represents an error of

0.643053−0.647
εt = ∣
∣
∣ = 0.614%
∣
0.643053

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5. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 04.006 - True percent error matching

Match the orders to their corresponding true percent error. Use zero- through fourth-order Taylor series expansions to predict f(2.5) for f(x) = ln x using a base
point at x.

1. first order

2. second order

3. fourth order

✓  1 63.704%

Correct: 1

✓  2 59.074%

Correct: 2

✓  3 74.421%

Correct: 3

References

Matching Problem 04.006 - True percent Difficulty: Medium

error matching

Problem 04.001 - Infinite series

The following infinite series can be used to approximate e : x

2 3 n
x x x x
e = 1+x+ + + ... +
2 3! n!

References

Section Break Problem 04.001 - Infinite series Difficulty: Easy

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6. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 04.001.b - Order of Taylor series and corresponding error

Use the Taylor series to estimate f (x) = e −x

at x i+1 = 1 for x i = 0.2 . Match the orders to their corresponding error percentage.

1. zero order

2. second order

3. third order

4. first order

✓  1 122.55%

Correct: 1

✓  4 55.49%

Correct: 4

✓  2 15.73%

Correct: 2

✓  3 3.26%

Correct: 3

References

Matching Problem 04.001.b - Order of Difficulty: Easy

Taylor series and corresponding
error

Problem 03.001 - Binary and Base-10 Number Systems

Convert the following base-2 number to base-10.

References

Section Break Problem 03.001 - Binary and Difficulty: Easy

Base-10 Number Systems

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7. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 03.001.b - Convert a binary decimal to base-10

101.1001

The equivalent base-10 number is 5.5625 .

References

Numeric Response Problem 03.001.b - Convert a Difficulty: Easy

binary decimal to base-10

Problem 03.001.b - Convert a binary decimal to base-10

101.1001

The equivalent base-10 number is 5.5625 .

Explanation:

2 1 0 −1 −2 −3 −4
(101.1001) = (1 × 2 ) + (0 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) + (0 × 2 ) + (0 × 2 ) + (1 × 2 ) = 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.00 + 0.000 + 0.
2

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8. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 04.013 - Function and condition matching

Match the function and the value of x to their corresponding condition numbers.

1. f (x) =
sin x

1+cos x
for x = 1.0001π
−x
e −1
2. f (x) = x
for x = 0.001

3. f (x) = e −x
for x = 10
− − −−−
4. 2
f (x) = √ x + 1 − x for x = 300
− −−− −
5. f (x) = √ |x − 1| + 1 for x = 1.00001

✓  5 157.617

Correct: 5

✓  3 -10

Correct: 3

✓  4 -0.99999444

Correct: 4

✓  2 -0.0005

Correct: 2

✓  1 -10.001

Correct: 1

References

Matching Problem 04.013 - Function and Difficulty: Medium

condition matching

Problem 03.003 - Conversions between alternate numbering systems

Consider the following.

References

Section Break Problem 03.003 - Conversions Difficulty: Medium

between alternate numbering
systems

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9. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 03.003.b - Convert a hexadecimal number to base-10

Hexadecimal, or base-16, numbers are based on the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Convert the base-16 number 2C.0B7 to base-10.

The equivalent base-10 number is 44.0447 .

References

Numeric Response Problem 03.003.b - Convert a Difficulty: Easy

hexadecimal number to base-10

Problem 03.003.b - Convert a hexadecimal number to base-10

Hexadecimal, or base-16, numbers are based on the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Convert the base-16 number 2C.0B7 to base-10.

The equivalent base-10 number is 44.0447 ± 2% .

Explanation:

1 0 −1 −2 −3
(2C.0B7) = (2 × 16 ) + (12 × 16 ) + (0 × 16 ) + (11 × 16 ) + (7 × 16 ) = 32 + 12 + 0 + 0.042969 + 0.001709 = 44.0447
16

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10. Award: 10 out of 10.00 points

Problem 04.003 - Maclaurin series expansion for sine

The Maclaurin series expansion for sin (x) is

3 5 7
x x x
sin (x) = x − + − +. . . .
3! 5! 7!

π
Starting with the simplest version, sin (x) = 1, add terms one at a time to estimate sin ( 6 ). After each new term is added, compute the true and
approximate percent relative errors. Use your pocket calculator to determine the true value. Add terms until the absolute value of the approximate error
estimate falls below an error criterion conforming to two significant figures.

The zero-order true error is 4.72 %.

The first-order true error is 0.0652 %, and the approximate error is 4.79 %.

The second-order true error is 42.652 × 10-5%, and the approximate error is 0.0656 %.

References

Numeric Response Problem 04.003 - Maclaurin Difficulty: Medium

series expansion for sine

Problem 04.003 - Maclaurin series expansion for sine

The Maclaurin series expansion for sin (x) is

3 5 7
x x x
sin (x) = x − + − +. . . .
3! 5! 7!

π
Starting with the simplest version, sin (x) = 1, add terms one at a time to estimate sin ( 6 ). After each new term is added, compute the true and
approximate percent relative errors. Use your pocket calculator to determine the true value. Add terms until the absolute value of the approximate error
estimate falls below an error criterion conforming to two significant figures.

The zero-order true error is 4.72 ± 2% %.

The first-order true error is 0.065 ± 2% %, and the approximate error is 4.79 ± 2% %.

The second-order true error is 42.65 ± 2% × 10-5%, and the approximate error is 0.0656 ± 2% %.

Explanation:

2−2
Use the stopping criterion: εs = 0.5 × 10 % = 0.5% ,
π
True value: sin ( 6 ) = 0.5

Zero order:
π π
sin ( ) = = 0.523599
6 6

0.5−0.523599
εt = ∣
∣
∣ × 100% = 4.72%
∣
0.5

First order:
π 3

( )
π 6
sin ( ) = 0.523599 − = 0.499674
6 6

εt = 0.065%

0.499674−0.523599
εa = ∣
∣
∣ × 100% = 4.79%
∣
0.499674

Second order:
5
π
( )
π 6
sin ( ) = 0.499674 + = 0.500002
6 120

−5
εt = (42.65×10 )%

0.500002−0.499674
εa = ∣
∣
∣ × 100% = 0.0656%
∣
0.500002

Since the approximate error is below 0.5%, the computation can be terminated.

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