Not to be confused with Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia or Union of Bessarabia with

Romania.

Map of a hypothetical union

between Moldova and Romania showing the largest cities of the resulting country
The unification of Moldova and Romania is a popular concept in the two countries that began during
the Revolutions of 1989. The Romanian Revolution in 1989 and the independence of Moldova in
1991 further contributed to the development of a movement for the unification of the two Romanian-
speaking countries. The question of reunification is recurrent in the public sphere of the two
countries, often as a speculation, both as a goal and a danger. Though historically Romanian
support for unification was high, a 2022 survey during the Russian invasion of Ukraine indicated that
only 11% of Romania's population supports an immediate union, while over 42% think it is not the
moment.[1]
A majority in Moldova continues to oppose it. However, support in Moldova for reunification has
increased significantly, with polls asking "if a referendum took place next Sunday regarding the
unification of the Republic of Moldova and Romania, would you vote for or against the unification?"
rising from approximately 20% to 44% support from 2015 to 2022. Support for unification with
Romania is much lower in Transnistria and Gagauzia than in the rest of Moldova.
Individuals who advocate the unification are usually called "unionists" (Romanian: unioniști). The
supporters of the union may refer to the opponents as "Moldovenists" (Romanian: moldoveniști).
When referring to themselves as a group, opponents of the unification sometimes use the term
"Statalists" (Romanian: stataliști).[2]

Background[edit]
See also: Greater Romania, History of Moldova, Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, and Union
of Bessarabia with Romania
The Principality of Moldavia was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire and its eastern territories
between the Prut and the Dniestr (approximately half of the principality) were annexed by
the Russian Empire in 1812, in accordance with the Treaty of Bucharest. The Russians referred to
this new region as Bessarabia, taking a name that had previously only applied to a southern portion
of the region (known also as the "Budjak") and extending it to cover the entire newly annexed
territory. The name derives from the Wallachian Basarab dynasty, who had presided over the
southern portion in the Middle Ages. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, a newly formed
regional parliament (Sfatul Țării) declared Bessarabia's autonomy within Russia. In 1918, after the
Romanian army entered Bessarabia, the makeshift parliament decided on independence, only to
review its position and ultimately decide on a conditional union with Romania. The conditions,
including the provisions for autonomy, were ultimately dropped. [3] This unification is now
commemorated by unionists in Romania and Moldova as the Day of the Union of Bessarabia with
Romania on 27 March.[4][5][6]
In 1940, during World War II, Romania agreed to an ultimatum and ceded Moldova to the Soviet
Union, which organized it into the Moldavian SSR. In the middle of 1941, Romania joined the Axis
Powers in the invasion of the Soviet Union, recovering Bessarabia and northern Bukovina, as well as
occupying the territory to the east of the Dniester it dubbed "Transnistria". By the end of World War
II, the Soviet Union had reconquered all of the lost territories, reestablishing Soviet authority there.
The Soviets strongly promoted the Moldovan ethnic identity, against other opinions that viewed all
speakers of the Romanian language as part of a single ethnic group, taking advantage of the
incomplete integration of Bessarabia into the interwar Romania. [7]
The official Soviet policy also stated that Romanian and Moldovan were two different languages and,
to emphasize this distinction, Moldovan had to be written in a new Cyrillic alphabet (the Moldovan
Cyrillic alphabet) based on the reformed Russian Cyrillic, rather than the obsolete Romanian Cyrillic
alphabet that ceased to be used in the 19th century in the Old Kingdom and 1917 in Bessarabia. [8]

Developments after 1989[edit]

On holiday Limba Noastră (31 August 1989)

In September 1989, with the liberalization in the Soviet Union, the parliament of the Moldovan
SSR declared Moldovan as the official language, and asserted the existence of a "Moldovan-
Romanian linguistic identity".[9]
On 6 May 1990, after several decades of strict separation, Romania and the Moldovan SSR
temporarily lifted border crossing restrictions, and thousands of people crossed the Prut River which
marked their common border.[10]
The factors hindering the unification were complex, ranging from the caution of political leaders in
Moldova and Romania, the war in Transnistria, and, perhaps more importantly, the mentality of large
parts of the population in Moldova (and to some extent in Romania) who were indifferent or opposed
to such a project.[11] In his address to the Romanian parliament, in February 1991, Moldova's first
President Mircea Snegur spoke of a common identity of Moldovans and Romanians, referring to the
"Romanians of both sides of the Prut River".[12] In June 1991, Snegur talked about Moldova moving
toward the reunification with Romania, adding that the Soviet Union is not making great efforts to
stop it.[13]
While many Moldovan intellectuals supported the union and wanted a "reunion with the Romanian
motherland",[14] there was little popular support for it, with more than 70% of the Moldovans opposing
it, according to a 1992 poll. At the same time, Transnistria, the eastern part of Moldova, inhabited by
Moldovians, Russians, Ukrainians approximately in the same proportions, used the putative danger
of unification with Romania as a pretext for its own aspirations for staying with Russia. [15]
On 26 June 1991, at the request of Larry Pressler, the U.S. Senate adopted a resolution which
supported the unification of Moldova and Northern Bukovina with Romania.[16]

Political ties and unionism[edit]

Following the declaration of independence on 27 August 1991, the Romanian flag defaced with
the Moldovan coat of arms and the Romanian anthem "Deșteaptă-te, române!" became the symbols
of the new independent Moldova. [17] Following the growing tension between the pro-union
governing Moldovan Popular Front and president Snegur, in particular over unification, [18] the
president moved closer to the Moldovanist group of Agrarians, and appointed their candidate Andrei
Sangheli as prime minister. As a result, and especially after the victory of Agrarians in the 1994
elections, Moldova began distancing itself from Romania. The state flag was slightly modified, and
the anthem changed to "Limba noastră". The Moldovan referendum of 1994 for an independent
Moldova was seen by many public figures to be aimed at implicitly excluding a union with Romania.
Furthermore, the constitution adopted in 1994 by the new Parliament dominated by Moldovanist
Agrarians and Socialists called the official language "Moldovan", as opposed to the earlier
Declaration of independence that called it "Romanian". The attempt by Moldovan president Mircea
Snegur in 1996 to change the name of the official language to "Romanian" was dismissed by the
Moldovan Parliament as "promoting Romanian expansionism".
In an interview, former Romanian President Ion Iliescu, who is criticized for failing to unify Romania
with Moldova as soon as the latter declared its independence from the Soviet Union, explained that
Romania alone, without international support (including from the Western countries) and without the
wish of the politicians in Chișinău, was unable to achieve this unification. [19]
A "Concept on National Policy" was adopted in 2003 by the Communist dominated Parliament,
stating that Moldovans and Romanians are different peoples, and that the latter are an ethnic
minority in Moldova.[20]

Opposition demonstration in Chișinău in January

2002. The text on the inscription reads "Romanian people–Romanian language".
Before 2005, only the Christian-Democratic People's Party, one of the political heirs of the Moldovan
Popular Front, actively supported unification. However, the stance of the Christian-Democrats
changed significantly after they started collaborating closely with the ruling Moldovan Communists.
During the elections of April 2009, the alliance of National Liberal Party (Partidul Național Liberal)
and the European Action Movement (Mișcarea Acțiunea Europeană) ran on a common platform of a
loose union with Romania, but accumulated only around 1% of the votes. [21]
On 2 March 2023, the Moldovan parliament voted the change of the state language
from Moldovan to Romanian. The idea was supported by the ruling Party of Action and
Solidarity and was strongly opposed by the Bloc of Communists and Socialists.[22][23] The Academy of
Sciences of Moldova also supported this decision. [24]
Political commentary[edit]
In 2004 and later, the Romanian newspaper Ziua published a series of articles and interviews
with Stanislav Belkovsky, an influential Russian political commentator, who proposed a plan of a
unification of Romania and Moldova excluding Transnistria. Speculations followed whether his plan
is backed by higher circles in the Kremlin, but they were never confirmed. Nevertheless, several
journalists and scholars[who?] dismissed the plan as a diversion, also pointing out several ambiguities,
such as the status of the city of Bender situated on the right bank of Dniester but
under Transnistrian control, and, more importantly, the unlikelihood of Moldova's acquiescence to
such a plan.[citation needed]
In January 2006, the Romanian president Traian Băsescu declared that he strongly supported the
Moldovan bid for joining the European Union and that "the minimal policy of Romania is for the
unification of the Romanian nation to take place within the EU". The phrase "minimal policy" led to
questions whether there is also a maximal policy.[citation needed] In July of the same year, Băsescu claimed
to have made a proposal to the Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin that "Moldova join the EU
together with Romania in 2007" and that the alleged offer was rejected. Băsescu also added that
Romania would respect this decision and would help Moldova to join EU on its own. [25]
In October 2006 the Romanian newspaper Cotidianul estimated the cost of a union with Moldova at
€30–35 billion,[26] and attracted criticism from the Romanian newspaper Ziua,[27] as well
as Timpul[28] for exaggerating the costs and disregarding other dimensions of a possible union.
After the Moldovan parliamentary election of April 2009, the 2009 Moldova civil unrest, the Moldovan
parliamentary election of July 2009 and the creation of the governing Alliance for European
Integration, a new wave of speculations about the union followed. The Party of Communists, now in
opposition, claimed "the unionists came to power." [29] In a November 2009 interview, political
commentator Stanislav Belkovsky declared that the April 2009 election marked the beginning of the
process of Moldova's return to Romania. [30]
Traian Băsescu made a state visit to Moldova[when?] along with a number of ministers to announce
several projects that would intensify ties between the two countries, and the offer of 100 million euro
grant for infrastructure projects. Băsescu called Moldova his "soul project". [31] Private Romanian
investments are also expected to increase significantly, with the opening of a Moldovan-Romanian
business and investment office, [32] and the takeover of the online news portal Unimedia by Romanian
group Realitatea-Cațavencu group, owned by businessman Sorin Ovidiu Vântu.[33]
On 15 February 2010, the Lipcani-Rădăuți border crossing between Romania and Moldova
opened[34] and the remnant Soviet barbed wire fence on the Moldovan side of the border with
Romania was dismantled.[35]
In January 2010, Mircea Druc, the former prime minister of Moldova between 1990 and 1991,
declared that the unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova is inevitable. [36] A similar
statement was also made by Russian political analyst Vladimir Bruter and by the pro-
Russian[37] Moldovan commentator Zurab Todua, both claiming in a Russian TV Show that the split of
the Romanian people is a "tragedy", and, if the people want the unification of the 2 countries, it will
happen and the global powers can't oppose it.[38] However, acting President Mihai Ghimpu denied in
an interview with the Russian language newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda v Moldove that such a
move will be taken, stating that a union is not included in the program of the governing coalition.
[39]
On another occasion he declared that if the people wanted unification, neither he, nor anyone else
could stop them.[40] He admitted on several occasions to personally share unionist views.[41] However,
in August 2010 he declared that the proposition of an "inter-state union" between Romania and
Moldova was "a very stupid" idea.[42]
On 27 November 2013, a day before participation in the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius,
Romanian President Traian Băsescu was invited to an interview at the national TV station, TVR.
There he said that the third priority for Romania, after joining NATO and the EU, must be the union
with Moldova.[43] "I'm convinced that if there is a unionist current in Moldova, Romania will say 'yes'
without hesitation", stated the Head of State.[44] In present, Romania supports the full integration of
Moldova into the EU. The Mayor of Chișinău Dorin Chirtoacă welcomed the statements made by
Băsescu.[45] On the other hand, the Moldovan prime-minister, Iurie Leancă, described Băsescu's
declaration as "creating crucial problems" for Moldova and affirmed his government's support for a
sovereign Moldova.[46] Positions similar to Leancă's were taken by the other leaders of the pro-
European ruling coalition, Vlad Filat and Marian Lupu,[47][48] as well as by Vladimir Voronin, leader of
the main opposition party.[49] However, in the latter years, Filat and Leancă became supporters of the
unification, due to rapid development of the Romanian economy. [50][51]
In April 2016, former minister of defence and army general Victor Gaiciuc (who is considered to be
close to former president Igor Dodon called the unionist idea a danger for Moldova's sovereignty and
that he is a statalist. He also added that, however, if the Moldovans decide throw a referendum to
unite with Romania, he will not oppose it.[52]
In August 2016, American ambassador to Moldova, James Pettit, declared that Moldova is not
Romania and that the Moldovan people have their own history and identity. [53] He also added that
Moldova should join the European Union as an independent state. [54] He later declared, in September
2016, after a meeting with the Moldovan unionist politician Mihai Ghimpu, that he respects the
unionists' ideal and the natural desire of Moldovans to unite with Romania. [53] In 2018, Romanian
historian Mircea Dogaru wrote a public letter to Pettit, criticising his anti-unionist position. [55]
Historian Victor Stepaniuc, known for his Moldovenist position, stated in 2016 that if Moldova cannot
succeed as an independent state, then the only solution is the unification with Romania. [56]
In 2017, Dumitru Diacov (founder and honorary president of the Democratic Party of Moldova) said
that the unification project is unrealistic at present, and that unification will probably be possible in
100 years.[57]
In October 2019, Romanian politician Kelemen Hunor declared that, although he understand the
wish of Romanians to unite with Moldova, the latter won't give up its independence to become some
counties in eastern Romania and that, in his opinion, it is the best for Moldova to join the European
Union, but remain independent.[58]
Petrișor Peiu (professor at Politehnica University of Bucharest, known for being a unionist
advocate[59][60]) criticized the lack of unionist elements in the speech of Romanian leaders (such
as Klaus Iohannis), focusing exclusively on "European integration", not on reunification. He also
claimed that he asked Romanian politicians why they don't support the unification, and they
answered: "Germany doesn't want it".[61][62] At the same time, Oana Ursache (USR PLUS), state
secretary of the Department for Romanians everywhere, cut off the financing of "Mesager
bucovinean", one of the most important newspapers for the Romanian community in Ukraine.[citation
needed]
Furthermore, during the 2021 Moldovan elections, Romanian defense minister Nicolae
Ciucă (PNL) stated that, between unification with Romania and the European integration, Romania
supports Moldova's European integration as a sovereign state. [63] In November 2021, Moldovan
foreign minister Nicu Popescu said that most of the Moldovan citizens don't support a unification with
Romania, and that he also supports an independent Moldovan state. [64][65]
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the idea of a union of Moldova with Romania has
again become a topic discussed in the press. Supporters of the idea (such as the Romanian
historian Marius Oprea)[66] argue that the unification would strengthen NATO's eastern flank and
defend Moldova in the event of an escalation of the Transnistrian conflict. Former Moldovan Prime
Minister Iurie Leancă said that the only way Moldova can be protected from Russia is to unite with
Romania.[67] On the other hand, Moldovan President Maia Sandu said that the Union with Romania
can be achieved only if the Moldovan population wants it. [68] Asked about what he thinks about the
unification in the new context, Moldovan foreign minister Nicu Popescu stated that only
the Moldovan people can decide their future.[69] Furthermore, Moldovan Prime Minister Natalia
Gavrilița said the unification with Romania is not being taken into account. [70] She also said that
Moldova wants to join the European Union, but not NATO.[71]
In January 2023, Russian deputies Leonid Kalashnikov and Svetlana Zhurova warned that
Moldova's intentions to unite with Romania, and thus joining NATO, may lead to its destruction.[72]
[73]
On 2 February 2023, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov declared that Moldova might have
Ukraine's fate (meaning to be attacked by Russia) if the Moldovan president Maia Sandu, who has
Romanian citizenship, wants Moldova to unite with Romania and join NATO. [74][75][76][77][78][79][80] Belkovsky
stated that these declarations of Russian political figures might accelerate the unification of Moldova
and Romania.[81]
Several political and public figures in Romania have said that Maia Sandu could run for
the presidency of Romania in 2024, similarly to Alexandru Ioan Cuza, having Romanian citizenship,
citing Sandu's popularity among the Romanian population, thus achieving a de facto unification.[82][83][84]
[85]
On 16 February 2023, Sandu addressed this issue, stating she has no intention of running for any
office in Romania.[86]
On 23 May 2023, 2 days after the large pro-European demonstration was organised by the
Moldovan government in Chișinău, in an interview with Euronews România, Moldovan
president Maia Sandu declared that there is not enough support for the unionist movement among
Moldova's population, which is why Moldova is pursuing the path to join the European Union as an
independent country.[87]

Current trends[edit]

Graffiti with shapes of Greater Romania near Briceni,

Moldova. The portrait is of Stephen the Great, a national hero in both countries.

"Romania and Moldova Reunited in 2018!" graffiti seen on a

wall adjacent to Bucharest Ring in December, 2017.
Dual citizenship for Moldovan citizens[edit]
A poll conducted by IPP Chișinău in November 2007 shows that 33.6% of the Moldovan population
is interested in holding Romanian citizenship, while 58.8% is not interested. The main reason of
those interested is: feeling Romanian (31.9%), the possibility of traveling to Romania (48.9%), and
the possibility of traveling and/or working in the EU (17.2%). [88]
Between 1991 and 2009, some 140,000 Moldovan citizens obtained Romanian citizenship. [89]
[90]
According to some estimates, as many as 1 million Moldovan citizens requested Romanian
citizenship by 2009.[91] In 2010, the Romanian government created the National Authority for
Citizenship to process the large number of applications for Romanian citizenship coming especially
from Moldovan citizens. The study "Reacquiring Romanian citizenship: historical, comparative and
applied perspectives", released in 2012, estimated that 226,507 Moldovan citizens reacquired
Romanian citizenship by 15 August 2011 [92][93] Between 15 August 2011 and 15 October 2012, an
additional 90,000[94][failed verification] reacquired Romanian citizenship, according to the National Authority for
Citizenship, bringing the total to 320,000.
A 2013 study by the Soros Foundation Romania found that from the passing of the citizenship law in
1991 until the end of 2012, the number of successful applications from Moldova was 323,049. [95] This
is an increase of 96,542 successful applications since 15 August 2011. [96] In the same period, the
number of applications was 449,783, meaning that around 125,000 applications still need to be
finalised.[95] In 2011 and 2012, 100,845 and 87,015 applications were submitted respectively. [95] The
actual number of persons granted citizenship in these applications remains unclear because each
application may include minors dependent on the adult filing. The number of persons is estimated to
be around 400,000, with a potential of 150,000 more persons if all outstanding applications are
successful.[95]
Between 1 January 2010 and 5 November 2021 as many as 1,027,091 Moldovan citizens acquired
Romanian citizenship, of which 746,695 were adults and 280,396 minors. [97]

Year Number of files processed (adults)[98][99]

1991–
108,000
2001

2002–
7,500
2008

2009 22,000

2010 41,800

2011 69,800

2012 73,800

2013 64,900

2014 61,800[100]
 2015 47,300

2016 63,000

2017 85,400

2018 47,200

2019 43,600

2020 73,900

2021 42,400

Total 852,400

Action 2012[edit]
Main article: Action 2012
 Young protesters demanding Romanian president, Klaus

Iohannis, the unification in Chișinău, in February 2015 Meeting

for unification in Sibiu, on 8 April 2009
In April 2011, a coalition of NGOs from Romania and Moldova created the civic platform Action
2012 (Acțiunea 2012), whose aim is to "raise awareness of the necessity of the unification between
Romania and the Republic of Moldova". Year 2012 was chosen as a reference to the bicentennial
commemoration of the 1812 division of historical Moldavia, when the Russian Empire annexed what
would later be called Bessarabia. The proponents see the unification as a reversal of this historical
division, a reversal inspired by the rather short-lived Union of Bessarabia with Romania (1918–1940)
disrupted by the Soviet occupation.[101][102][103][104]

Union Council[edit]
In February 2012, the Union Council was created to "gather all unionists" in order to "promote the
idea of Romanian national unity". Among the signatories: Mircea Druc former Moldovan prime-
minister, Alexandru Mosanu former speaker of the Moldovan Parliament, Vitalia
Pavlicenco president of the Moldovan National Liberal Party, Vladimir Beșleagă writer, Constantin
Tănase director of the Moldovan newspaper Timpul de dimineață, Val Butnaru president of Jurnal
Trust Media, Oleg Brega journalist and activist, Nicu Țărnă soloist of the Moldovan rock
band Gândul Mâței, and Tudor Ionescu, president of the Romanian neo-fascist association Noua
Dreaptă, Valentin Dolganiuc, former Moldovan MP, Eugenia Duca, Moldovan businesswoman,
Anton Moraru, Moldovan professor of history, Eugen Mihalache, vice president of People's
Party, Dan Diaconescu and others.[105][106][107]

National Unity Bloc (BUN)[edit]

Created on May 16, 2015, as a coalition of 30 NGO Support unification of Republic of Moldova with
Romania Head Persons: Ion Leascenco (actual leader), Anatol Ursu, Constantin Codreanu (former
leader), Oleg Chicu, Lucia Vieru, Vitalie Prisacaru, Artemis Balan, Claudia Iovita
Sfatul Țării 2[edit]
On March 27, 2016, the unionists formed the "Sfatul Țării 2", self-proclaimed successor of Sfatul
Țării.[108][109] It included representatives of each district, as well as representatives of ethnic-religious
minorities. At the end of the meeting, symbolically, the "declaration of the reunification of Moldova
with Romania" was adopted.[citation needed] Among the participants there were Nicolae Dabija, Mircea
Druc, Ion Ungureanu, Alexandru Moșanu, Alecu Reniță, Mihai Cimpoi, Ion Negrei, Eugen
Doga, Arcadie Suceveanu, Nicolae Botgros, Ion Varta, Petru Hadârcă, Iurie Colesnic, Gheorghe
Mustea, Ninela Caranfil, Ion Iovcev, Octavian Țîcu, Sandu Grecu, Vasile Iovu, Petru
Bogatu, Vladimir Beșleagă and Silviu Tănase.[110][111][112]

Union marches[edit]

Pro-European demonstration in Chișinău, on 6 April 2014

See also: 2015–2016 protests in Moldova
The newly created Action 2012 and Union Council initiative groups organized several manifestations
in support of the unification throughout 2012. The first one was a rally of 2,000 to 3,000 people
in Chișinău on 25 March 2012,[113] held as an anniversary of the Union of Bessarabia with
Romania on 27 March 1918. Larger rallies took place on 13 May[114] (which commemorated 200 years
of the 1812 Treaty of Bucharest and the first Russian annexation of Bessarabia) and on 16
September.[115] A union march was also held in Bucharest in October 2012 and was attended by
several thousand people. Smaller-scale manifestations took place in the Moldovan cities
of Cahul and Bălți on 22 July[116] and 5 August[117] respectively. Various intellectuals and artists from
both countries supported the marches,[118] while Moldovan Speaker Marian Lupu and Prime
Minister Vlad Filat opposed them.[119] The rallies in Bucharest were later repeated in October 2013 [120]
[121]
and October 2014. Also, in September 2014, another rally took place in Chișinău, during which a
300-metre long Romanian flag was carried through the central street of the city. On 16 May 2015,
between 5,000 (police estimates) and 25,000 people (organizers' estimate) demonstrated for
unification in Chișinău,[122] in what has been claimed to be the largest pro-Romanian protests since
the 1990s.[123][124] Another protest, attracting between 5,000 and 30,000 people (organizers' claim),
took place on 5 July 2015 in Chișinău.[125][126] Around a thousand young people from among the
participants headed to Bucharest in the "March of Stephen the Great" (Romanian: Marșul lui Ștefan
cel Mare) calling for the unification of Moldova with Romania. [127] The march lasted a week, from 5 to
11 July. In the Republic of Moldova, the march followed the route Strășeni–Lozova–Călărași–
Cornești–Ungheni.[128] Participants crossed the Prut River, on 11 July at 10 a.m., in a large-scale
reenactment of the Bridges of Flowers in 1990.[129] Their march ended in Bucharest, where were
greeted by several hundred Romanian citizens in University Square, before making their way to
the Cotroceni Palace to call on Romanian President Klaus Iohannis to support the unification project.
[130]
Former Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin has sharply condemned the march to Romania. In a
letter to European Parliament President Martin Schulz, released on 7 July, Voronin accused
Bucharest of fomenting "the destruction and annexation of Moldova". [131]
On 22 September 2015, the Governments of Romania and the Republic of Moldova held a bilateral
reunion in Neptun, Constanța county, where over 300 unionists demonstrated. Their representatives
obtained access to the meeting, discussing with the Minister of Foreign Affairs about common
projects. The unionists announced the "Reunification Agenda 2018", some of their claims being
accepted and decided within the intergovernmental meeting. [132]
In 2018, centennial celebration of the Great Union, a demonstration called the Centenary March was
organized by several Romanian and Moldovan activists for unification. [133] It started in Alba Iulia on 1
July 2018 and ended in Chișinău on 1 September 2018. [134] One of its main objectives was to achieve
the unification of Moldova with Romania. The participants tried to collect 1 million signatures for the
organization of a referendum.[135] Although at first the Moldovan authorities prohibited the participants
to cross the border, they were allowed to enter later. [136][137]

Public opinion[edit]
Moldova[edit]
The International Republican Institute in partnership with Gallup, Inc. regularly conducts polls in the
Republic of Moldova on several social and political issues.[138] The following results reflect the public
stance in Moldova on the question of reunification:

Don't
Fully Somewhat Somewhat Fully
Date Question know/No
support support oppose oppose
opinion

Excluding the impact of

potential Moldovan
Jan–
membership in the
Feb 10% 18% 16% 47% 9%
European Union, do you
2011[139]
support unification of
Moldova with Romania?

Do you support or
Aug–
oppose the reunification
Sep 11% 20% 16% 43% 10%
of the Republic of
2011[140]
Moldova with Romania?

A poll conducted by IRI in Moldova in November 2008 showed that 29% of the population would
support a union with Romania, while 61% would reject it.[141][142]
The pro-Unionist NGO "Romanian Centre of Strategic Studies" published reports claiming
significantly higher support for the idea:

Don't
Fully Somewhat Somewhat Fully
Date Question know/No
support support oppose oppose
opinion

Do you support or oppose

Feb the reunification of the
Republic of Moldova with 27% 25% 20% 12% 15%
2014[143]
Romania? (excluding
Gagauzia and Transnistria)
The Public Opinion Barometer (BOP), released twice a year in Moldova at the initiative of IPP
(Institute of Public Policy), included beginning with its November 2015 edition a question about the
reunification

I don't
I
For Against know/ No
Date Question wouldn't
unification unification I haven't answer
vote
decided

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
November unification of the
20.6% 52.7% 9.4% 13.8% 3.5%
2015[144] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
April unification of the
17.3% 66.1% 4% 11.5% 1.1%
2016[144] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
October unification of the
15.6% 63.8% 8.1% 11.8% 0.8%
2016[144] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
April unification of the
23.0% 58.1% 8.2% 8.6% 2.0%
2017[144] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?
 If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
November unification of the
21.7% 56.2% 7.1% 12.7% 2.3%
2017[144] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
April unification of the
24.0% 57.0% 9.0% 9.0% 1.0%
2018[145] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If you were asked to

vote regarding the
unification of the
October
Republic of Moldova 33.3% 48.3% 3.5% 12.8% 2%
2020[146]
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
it?

If you were asked to

vote regarding the
unification of the
June
Republic of Moldova 41.4% 46% 3.7% 8.2% 0.7%
2021[147]
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
it?

The Socio-Political Barometer, released several times a year by IMAS Moldova, also included the
question about the reunification

I don't
I
For Against know/ No
Date Question wouldn't
unification unification I haven't answer
vote
decided

August If a referendum took 19.0% 55.0% 7.0% 16.0% 4.0%

2016[148] place next Sunday
 regarding the
unification of the
Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
May unification of the
24.0% 65.0% 4.0% 7.0% 0.0%
2017[149] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
July unification of the
25.0% 61.0% 4.0% 15.0% 3.0%
2017[150] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
December unification of the
32.0% 54.0% 3.0% 9.0% 3.0%
2017[151] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
February unification of the
25.0% 62.0% 3.0% 8.0% 2.0%
2018[152] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

December If a referendum took 34.0% 54.0% 3.0% 8.0% 1.0%

 place next Sunday
regarding the
unification of the
2019[153] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

If a referendum took
place next Sunday
regarding the
June unification of the
37.0% 52.0% 2.0% 7.0% 2.0%
2020[154] Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

In the case you were

sure that salaries and
pensions in the
April Republic of Moldova Not an
50.0% 43.0% 7.0% 0.0%
2021[155] will become the same option
as those in Romania,
would you vote for or
against unification?

The polls conducted by FOP presented the following results

I don't
I
For Against know/ No
Date Question wouldn't
unification unification I haven't answer
vote
decided

If next Sunday a
referendum took place
11 – 20
for the unification of
March 23% 63% 7% 6% 0%
the Republic of
2016[156][157]
Moldova and Romania
you would vote

June If a referendum took 33% 55% 4% 7% 1%

2020[158] place next Sunday
regarding the
unification of the
 Republic of Moldova
and Romania, would
you vote for or against
the unification?

The company iData has regularly included a question about unification in its polls. One from the
second half of March 2021, with 1,314 participants, stated that 43.9% of Moldova would vote to
reuniting with Romania if given a referendum within a week, and 67.8% of Moldova wanted to join
the European Union (EU).[159][160] Another poll from the same company, conducted between May 19–
28 of 2021, with 1,227 participants, determined that 41.6% of Moldova would vote to unite with
Romania if given a referendum within a week, and 67.3% of Moldova supported joining the EU. [161]
Another poll was organized in June 2021 by a group of several companies. On it, 35.0% of
Moldovans said they would vote for unification with Romania and 47.3% said they would vote
against.[162] The number of people in favor of the unification increased to 41.2% as shown by a poll
from iData made between 21 and 28 July 2021 with 1,065 participants, including some from
Transnistria.[163] The collaboration between the two countries during the COVID-19 pandemic has
also led to an increase in the number of supporters of the unification. [164][165][166][167]
In September 2021, iData made a new poll, in which 70% of Moldovans expressed their desire to
join the European Union and in which 40% of Moldovans declared they supported the unification of
Moldova and Romania.[168] In October 2021, 43.8% of participants of a poll of the same company
voted for the unification with Romania, [169] this number being 41.2% in a November 2021 poll.[170]
A January 2022 poll from iData showed that 38.4% of Moldovans would support unification with
Romania.[171] Later, a January–February 2022 poll by CBS Research showed that 34.4% of
Moldovans would want to unite with Romania and that 49.9% would oppose this. [172] A posterior poll
conducted between 27 April and 6 May 2022 showed 35.2% of Moldovans favored union while
50.6% opposed it.[173] Another poll made between 5 May and 14 May showed 34.7% of Moldovans
supported union and 49.7% of them opposed it.[174]
In May 2022, a poll in Moldova found that 30.7% supported reunification, while 27.1% were in favour
of recognizing Transnistria's independence. [175] In June 2022, another Moldovan poll found 35.2%
supported unification.[176] In September 2022, 34.6% of Moldovans did so.[177] This increased to 39.7%
in a 29 September–11 October poll, believed to be because of changes in Romanian legislation that
allowed the sale of electricity to Moldova at preferential prices to combat the country's energy
crisis at the time.[178][179] According to a poll conducted between 16 and 23 November, 42.5% of
Moldovans would vote in favor and 57.5% against. [180]

Romania[edit]
A poll conducted in November–December 2010 and extensively analyzed in the study The Republic
of Moldova in the Romanian public awareness (Republica Moldova în conștiința publică
românească)[181] addressed the issue of reunification.

Don't
Strongly Partially Partially Strongly
Question know/No
agree agree disagree disagree
opinion

Unification should be a 23% 29% 23% 11% 15%

national objective for
 Romania?

Sooner or later, the Republic

of Moldova and Romania
16% 29% 16% 11% 28%
should unite upon the German
model?

A similar survey carried out in Romania in June 2012 by the Romanian Centre of Strategic Studies
showed the following results:[182]

Don't know/No
Question Yes No
opinion

Do you believe that the language spoken in Bessarabia is 11.9

71.9% 16.2%
Romanian? %

Do you believe that Bessarabia is a Romanian land? 84.9% 4.7% 10.4%

Do you agree with the unification of Bessarabia with 12.7

86.5% 0.8%
Romania? %

Do you consider that the unification of Bessarabia with 20.5

55.2% 24.2%
Romania should be a priority for Romanian politicians? %

Moldovan Don't know/No

Question Romanians Russians
s opinion

Do you consider that Bessarabians

67.5% 28.2% 3.9% 0.3%
are primarily:

According to a poll conducted by the Romanian Institute for Evaluation and Strategy (IRES) on 29
November 2013, 76% of Romanians agree with the union of Romania and Moldova, while only 18%
oppose a possible union.[183][184]

I I don't I Don't
Question
agree agree know
 Do you personally agree with the unification of the Republic of
76% 18% 6%
Moldova with Romania

A poll by INSCOP, conducted between 9–14 July 2015, [185] asked about the unification by 2018.

Question Answer

I support the unification of Romania with the Republic of Moldova by 2018 (the
67.9%
centennial anniversary of the Great Union)

I do not support the unification of Romania with the Republic of Moldova by 2018 (the
14.8%
centennial anniversary of the Great Union)

I don't know/no answer 17.3%

Impact of a unification scenario[edit]

The Republic of Moldova would bring an addition of 2.6 million inhabitants and an increase in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of US$12.7 billion (4.8% of Romania's GDP) to Romania. However, GDP
per capita would fall to $14,400, as the current Romanian GDP per capita is estimated at
US$15,980, while the Moldovan GDP per capita stands at US$3,700. [186] It is estimated that
unification would cost US$10 billion, that Moldova would be able to cover a US$1.5 billion, and that
Romania would have to cover the US$8.5 billion difference. It has been proposed [by whom?] that the
European Union would cover part of the cost.[187]
If Moldova decided to unite with Romania, the status of Gagauzia, a "national-territorial autonomous
unit" of Moldova with three official languages (Romanian, Gagauz, and Russian), would be unclear.
While the autonomy of Gagauzia is guaranteed by the Moldovan constitution and regulated by the
1994 Gagauz Autonomy Act, the laws of Romania do not permit ethnic-based territorial autonomy
and any other official language than Romanian. [188] The selection of a capital city would also be in
question.
When it comes to Transnistria, a non-recognised self-proclaimed state with three official languages
(Moldovan, Russian, and Ukrainian), it is not clear what would happen upon unification. In fact, the
popularity of unification idea contributed to the outbreak of the Transnistria War in 1992, when
Transnistria declared independence from Moldova. The UN still recognizes Transnistria as part of
Moldova. One version of the unification proposal would exclude Transnistria. [189]

Unification scenarios[edit]
There are several possible scenarios for a possible unification of Moldavia with Romania:

 The political Union of the Republic of Moldova and Romania by merging into a single state, into
the present "de jure" (legal) borders (which implies the new state taking over Transnistria as a
territorial unit without considerations for the Russian military presence in the area) and
 regardless of the political and administrative situation of the current territorial units, which can be
preserved or reformed within the new state;
 Political Union of the Republic of Moldova and Romania by merging it into one state, at the
current "de facto" borders (which implies the new state giving up the territory controlled by the
breakaway state of Transnistria, which will then have a choice between independence, joining
Ukraine or joining Russia: This was called by the press "Belkovsky Plan").[190][191][192][193] Romania
could also give Transnistria to Ukraine, receiving an equal share in the area of Chernivtsi
Oblast or Odessa Oblast, where important communities of Romanians exist.[194][195]
 The political Union of the Republic of Moldova and Romania by federalization of the two States
(which would keep the political sovereignty of each state) in an economic, monetary, customs
and military community (this option is inspired by Mircea Snegur's "one people, two States"
idea).[196]

Supporters of unification[edit]
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly
defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help this article to clean it
up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate
items into the main body of the article. (October 2021)

Republic of Moldova[edit]
Political parties[edit]

 Christian-Democratic People's Party (PPCD)

 Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM), declared as aim the proposed union with Romania
by 10 September 2018.[197]
 National Unity Party (PUN)
 Mișcarea Politică Unirea (MPU)
o Liberal Party (PL)
o National Liberal Party (PNL)
o Romanian Popular Party (PPR)
o Save Bessarabia Union (USB)
 Democracy at Home Party (PPDA)
 Unionist Movement of the Republic of Moldova (MURM)
 Antimafia Popular Movement [ro][198]
 Democratic Action Party[199]