Matrices 2

Fourier series 10
Fourier transforms 19
Numerical methods 24
Z Transforms and Calculus of variations 33
 B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE-560 019
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3
UNIT 1: MATRICES
I. RANK OF MATRICES
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by reducing them into echelon form.
1 2 3 1 3 4 3 1 2 
1 4 2 3 9 12 3  3 6 
a)  . e)  . i)  
 2 6 5  1 3 4 1 7 1
 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2 4 5 

0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1  5 6 7 8
1 0 1 1  1 1 2 1 6 7 8 9
 f)  .  
b)  3 1 0 2 . 3 1 0 1  j) 11 12 13 14  .
   
1 1 2 0  Ans:  =2 16 17 18 19 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2
1 2 3 2 
 2 3 1 1  2 3 5 1  1 2 2 3 
 1 1 2 4  g)  .  2 5 4 6 
  1 3 4 5   
c) 3 1 3 2  . k)  1 3 2 2  .
  Ans:  =2  
6 3 0 7   2 4 1 6 
Ans:  =3 1 2 3 0 Ans:  =4
2 4 3 2 
1 4 5  
2 6 8  h)  3 2 1 3 .
d)  .  
 3 7 22  6 8 7 5
Ans:  =3
Ans:  =3

1 1 1 0 
4 4 3 1 
2. Find ‘ b ’ if the rank of  is 3. Ans: b  2 or b  6 .
b 2 2 2
 
9 9 b 3

II. Consistency and solution of linear system of equations:

n  Number of Unknowns

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

1. Discuss the consistency of the following system of linear equations

x  2 y  3z  0 x  2y  z  3
a) 3x  4 y  4 z  0 2x  3y  2z  5
7 x  10 y  12 z  0 3x  5 y  5 z  2
g)
Ans: Consistent and has trivial solution. 3x  9 y  z  4
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
2 x1  3x2  4 x3  x4  0 x  1, y  1, z  2
x1  x2  x3  2 x4  0
5 x1  x3  7 x4  0 2 x  6 y  11  0
b) 7 x1  8 x2  11x3  5 x4  0 6 x  20 y  6 z  3  0
h)
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions 6 y  18 z  1  0
 k1  7k2   6k1  3k2  Ans: inconsistent
x1  , x2  , x3  k1 , x4  k2
5 5
2 x1  2 x2  4 x3  3 x4  9
5x  3 y  7 z  4 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6
3 x  26 y  2 z  9 i) 2 x1  2 x2  x3  2 x4  3
c) 7 x  2 y  10 z  5 x1  x2  x4  2
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions Ans:Inconsistent
7  16k k 3
x y zk
11 11 2x  y  z  0
2 x  5 y  7 z  52
4x  2 y  6z  8 j) x yz 9
x  y  3z  1 Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
d) 15 x  3 y  9 z  21 x  1, y  3, z  5
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions
x  1, y  3k  2, z  k 3x  2 y  2 z  0
x  2y  4
10 y  3 z  2
2x  3y  7z  5 k)
2x  3y  z  5
3x  y  3z  13
e) Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
2 x  19 y  47 z  32
x  2, y  1, z  4
Ans: inconsistent
x1  x2  2 x3  x4  3 x5  1
2 x1  3 x2  x3  1 2 x1  x2  2 x3  2 x4  6 x5  2
3 x1  4 x2  3 x3  1 3x1  2 x2  4 x3  3x4  9 x5  3
l)
f) 2 x1  x2  2 x3  3 Ans : Consistent and
3 x1  1x2  2 x3  4 has infinitely many solutions
Ans: Inconsistent x1  1, x2  2a, x3  a, x4  3b, x5  b

2 x  3 y  5z  9
2. Investigate the values of  and  so that the equations 7 x  3 y  2 z  8 have (i) no solution
2x  3y   z  
(ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If   5 and   9 (ii)   5 and  can be any value (iii)   5 and   9 .

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

x  2 y  3z  6
3. Determine the values of a and b for which the system x  3 y  5 z  9 have (i) no solution (ii) unique
2 x  5 y  az  b
solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If a  8 and b  15 (ii) a  8 and for any b (iii) a  8 and b  15 .

4. Find the value of a for which the system x  2 y  z  3 ; ay  5 z  10 ; 2 x  7 y  az  b has a

unique solution. Also find the pair of values  a, b  for which it has infinitely many solutions.
Ans:
x  ay  z  3
5. Find the values of a and b for which the system of equations x  2 y  2 z  b is consistent.
x  5 y  3z  9
Ans: If a  1 and b =6 equations will be consistent and have infinite number of solutions.
If a  1 and b has any value, equations will be consistent and have a unique solution.
3x  4 y  5 z  a
6. Show that the equations 4 x  5 y  6 z  b do not have a solution unless a  c  2b .
5x  6 y  7 z  c
2 x  y  z  a
7. Test for consistency x  2 y  z  b where a, b and c are constants.
x  y  2z  c
Ans: if a  b  c  0 inconsistent , if a  b  c  0 , then infinitely many solution.

III. Gauss elimination method:

1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss elimination method:

2 x1  x2  x3  10 2 x1  x2  4 x3  12
3x1  2 x2  3x3  18 8 x1  3x2  2 x3  20
a) e)
x1  4 x2  9 x3  16 4 x1  11x2  x3  33
Ans: x1  7, x2  9, x3  5. Ans: x1  3, x2  2, x3  1.

x1  4 x2  x3  5
2 x  2 y  z  12
x1  x2  6 x3  12
3x  2 y  2 z  8
f) 3x1  x2  x3  4
b) 5 x  10 y  8 z  10
117 81 148
51 115 35 Ans: x1  , x2   , x3  .
Ans: x  ,y ,z  71 71 71
4 8 4
2 x1  x2  3x3  1
4 x1  4 x2  7 x3  1
2 x1  4 x2  x3  3 g)
2 x1  5 x2  9 x3  3
3x1  2 x2  2 x3  2
c) Ans: x1  1 / 2, x2  1, x3  1.
x1  x2  x3  6
Ans: x1  2, x2  1, x3  3.
2 x1  7 x2  4 x3  9
10 x  2 y  z  9
x1  9 x2  6 x3  1
2 x  20 y  2 z  44 h)
d) 3x1  8 x2  5 x3  6
2 x  3 y  10 z  22
Ans : x1  4, x2  1, x3  2
Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

5 x1  x2  x3  x4  4
x1  7 x2  x3  x4  12
i) x1  x2  6 x3  x4  5
x1  x2  x3  4 x4  6
Ans: x1 1, x2  2, x3   1, x4  2
3x  y  4 z  3
2. Show that if   5 the system of equations x  2 y  3z  2 have a unique solution. If   5
6 x  5 y   z  3
show that the equations are consistent. Determine the solution in each case.
4 9 4  5k 13k  9
Ans: when   5, x  , y  , z  0 , when   5, x  , y , zk.
7 7 7 7

5 x  3 y  2 z  12
3. Prove that the equations 2 x  4 y  5 z  2 are incompatible unless c  74 ; and in that case the
39 x  43 y  45 z  c
equations are satisfied by x  2  t , y  2  3t , z  2  2t , where t is any arbitrary quantity.

x  y  z 1
4. For what values of k the equations 2 x  y  4 z  k have a solution and solve them completely in
4 x  y  10 z  k 2

each case. Ans: when k  1, x  3z , y  2 z  1 , when k  2 ,

x  1  3 z , y  2 z.

IV. Factorization of Matrices:

A matrix can be expressed as product of lower triangular matrix L and upper triangular matrix U if all
the principal minors are non-zero.

Method of LU factorization :

Step 1: Reduce matrix A to echelon form without using any row interchanges.
(Use only the operation Ri  Ri  li j R j )
1 0 0 u11 u12 u13 

Step 2: If matrix A is 3  3 then L  l21 1 0  and U   0 u22
 u23  .

l31 l32 1   0 0 u33 

1. Find LU factorization of the following matrices

 2 1 1  4 3 1 1 1 0 4
 5 2 1  2 1
 0 4 2  b.  2 4 5  5 0 
c.  1 0 3 
a.
  d. 
 6 3 1   1 2 6  5 2 1 2
 3 1 6   
 3 0 2 6

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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

2. Solve the following equations using LU factorization method:

Step1: Obtain LU factorization of the co-efficient matrix A.
Step 2: A  LU   LU  X  B . Let UX  Y  LY  B .
Step3: Solve LY  B by forward substitution.
Step4:Solve UX  Y by backward substitution.

3x  2 y  7 z  4
2x  3y  z  5
a.
3x  4 y  z  7
Ans : x  7 / 8 y  9 / 8 z  1 / 8
3x1  x2  x3  4
x1  2 x2  2 x3  3
b.
2 x1  x2  3x3  4
Ans: x1  1, x2  0.5, x3  0.5.
10 x  y  z  12
2 x  10 y  z  13
c. .  2 4 6   x1   b1 
2 x  2 y  10 z  14
Ans : x  y  z  1
x  2 y  3z  14
2 x  3 y  4 z  20
d.
3 x  4 y  z  14
Ans : x  1 y  2 z 3
2x  3y  z  9
x  2 y  3z  6
e. 3x  y  2 z  8
Ans : x  35 y  29
18 18
3x1  6 x2  3x3  3
2 x1  6 x3  22
f.
4 x1  7 x2  4 x3  3
Ans: x1  2, x2  1, x3  3.
2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  4
2 x2  2 x3  2
g.
 x1  5 x2  2 x3  6
Ans: x1  1, x2  1, x3  0
10 x  7 y  3z  5u  6
6 x  8 y  z  4u  5
.
h. 3 x  y  4 z  11u  2 .
5 x  9 y  2 z  4u  7
Ans : x  5, y  4, z  7, u  1
2 x1  x2  x3  1
. 2 x2  x3  x4  1
i. x1  2 x3  x4  1 .
x1  x2  2 x4  3
Ans: x1  1, x2  0, x3  1, x4  2.
1 5 3   x   b 
  2  2
1 3 2   x3   b3 
(a ) BT   4 10 5
j. .
. (b) BT   20 49 32
Ans : (a) x1  3, x2  2, x3  1,
(b) x1  5, x2  7, x3  3.
 1 0 1 0   x1   5 
 2 3 2 6   x   1
.   2   
k.  0 1 2 0   x3   3  .
,z5     
18  0 0 1 5   x4   7 
Ans : x1  3, x2  1, x3  2, x4  1
4 8 4 0   x1   b1 
1 5 4 3  x2  b2 
,
 
1 4 7 2   x3   b3 
    
1 3 0 2   x4  b4 
( a ) BT  8, 4,10, 4
l. .
. (b) BT   28,13, 23, 4 
Ans : x1  3, x2  1, x3  1, x4  2
x1  3, x2  1, x3  2, x4  1

V. Iterative methods:
Gauss-Seidel Iteration method
The solution converges if the system is diagonally dominant.
 
Suppose AX  B is diagonally dominant with A  aij , X   xi  and B   bi  .

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Engineering Mathematics – 3
Then the iterative formula is
20 x  y  2 z  17
3 x  20 y  z  18
a.
2 x  3 y  20 z  25
Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1
5 x  2 y  z  12
x  4 y  2 z  15
b.
x  2 y  5 z  20
Ans: x  0.996, y  2, z  3
2x  y  6z  9
8 x  3 y  2 z  13
c. . 5 x1  x2  x3  10
x  5y  z  7
Ans: x  1, y  1, z  1
28 x  4 y  z  32
x  3 y  10 z  24
d.
2 x  17 y  4 z  35
Ans: x  0.9876, y  1.5090, z  1.8485
.
10 x  2 y  z  9
2 x  20 y  2 z  44
e.
2 x  3 y  10 z  22
Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3
83x  11y  4 z  95
7 x  52 y  13 z  104
f.
3x  8 y  29 z  71
Ans: x  1.06, y  1.37, z  1.96
54 x  y  z  110
2 x  15 y  6 z  72
g.
 x  6 y  27 z  85
Ans: x  1.926, y  3.573, z  2.425
5 x1  x2  9
 x1  5 x2  x3  4
h.
 x2  5 x3  6
Ans: x1  1.99, x2  0.99, x3  1
Unit 1: Matrices
x1n 1 
1
a11
 b1  a12 x2n  a13 x3n 
x2n 1 
1
a22
 b2  a21 x1n1  a23 x3n 
x3n 1 
1
a33
 b3  a31 x1n 1  a32 x2n 1 
8 x1  x2  x3  8
2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
. i. .
x1  7 x2  2 x3  4
Ans: x1  1 x2  1, x3  1
4 x1  2 x2  x3  11
 x1  2 x2  3
. j. .
2 x1  x2  4 x3  16
Ans: x1  1, x2  2, x3  3
k. Start with  2, 2, 1 and solve
2 x1  4 x2  12
x1  x2  5 x3  1
Ans : x1  2.5555, x2  1.7222, x3  1.0555
10 x1  x2  x3  12
2 x1  10 x2  x3  13
l. .
2 x1  2 x2  10 x3  14
Ans: x1  x2  x3  1
27 x1  6 x2  x3  85
.
6 x1  15 x2  2 x3  72
m. .
x1  x2  54 x3  110
Ans: x1  2.4255, x2  3.573, x3  1.926
x1  8 x2  3x3   4
.
2 x1  x2  9 x3  12
n. .
8 x1  2 x2  2 x3  8
Ans : x1  x2  x3  1
 2 1 0 0   x  0 
.
 1 2 1 0   y  0 
     
o.  0 1 2 1  z  0  .
    
 0 0 1 2   u  5 
Ans: x  1, y  2, z  3, u  4
.
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 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

VI. Characteristic values (Eigen values) and characteristic vectors (Eigen vectors)
If A is a square matrix, then  is said to be an eigen value of the matrix if there exists a non-zero
vector X such that AX   X . X is called the eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value  .
 X   IX   A   I  X  0 . We seek non-trivial solution of  A   I  X  0 .
X is non-trivial if   A   I   n  A   I  0 .
If A is matrix of size 3  3 then  3  Tr  A  2   M ii22  A  0 .

1 1 3  2 1 1
1 5 1  1 1 2 
   
3 1 1  1 2 1 
a. Ans:   2,3,6; x1  [  k ,0, k ], . g. Ans :   1, 1, 4; x1  [2, 1,1], .
x2  [k ,  k , k ], x3  [k , 2k , k ] x2  [0,1,1], x3  [1, 1,1]

3 1 4
0 2 6 
   1 2 2
b.  0 0 5   0 2 1
 
Ans:   2,3,5 x1  k1[1, 1,0]  1 2 2 
x2  k2 [1,0,0], x3  k3 [3, 2,1] h. Ans :   1, 2, 2; x1  k1[1,1, 1], .
 8 6 2  x2  k2 [2,1,0], x3  k3 [2,1,0]
 6 7 4 
 
c.  2 4 3 
2 2 1
Ans :   0,3,15 x1  [1, 2, 2], 1 3 1 
x2  [2,1, 2], x3  [2, 2,1]  
 1 2 2 
2 0 1 i. Ans:   5,1,1; x1  [1,1,1], .
0 2 0
  x2  [1,0, 1], x3  [2, 1,0]
d. 1 0 2 
 3 10 5 
Ans:   1, 2,3 x1  [1,0, 1]  2 3 4 
x2  [0,1,0], x3  [1,0,1]  
 3 5 7 
 2 2 3 j. Ans :   2, 2,3
 2 1 6 
  x1  x2  [5, 2, 3], x3  [1,1, 2]
 1 2 0 
 2 2 2 
e. Ans :   5, 3, 3 x1  k[1, 2, 1] . 1 1 1 

x2  [3k1  2k2 , k2 , k1 ]  1 3 1

 6 2 2  k. Ans :   2, 2, 2
 2 3 1 x1  x2  [0,1,1] x3  [ 4, 1,1]
 
 2 1 3  3 2 5 
f. Ans:   8, 2, 2; x1  [2, 1,1], . 4 1 5

x2  [1,0, 2], x3  [1, 2,0]  2 1 3
l. Ans:   5, 2, 2
x1  [3, 2, 4], x2  x3  [1,3, 1]

Page 7 of 8
 Engineering Mathematics – 3 Unit 1: Matrices

VII. Diagonalization of matrices:

Amatrix A is said to be diagonalizable if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that
P 1 AP  D , where D is a diagonal matrix.
If X 1 , X 2 , X 3 are independent eigen vectors of a matrix A and P   X1 X 2 X 3 
then P 1 AP  diag  1 , 2 , 3 .
11 4 7  1 1 2 
a.  7 2 5  Ans :   0,1, 2 and P  1 1 1
 
10 4 6  1 2 1
 8 6 2  1 2 2 
b.  6 7 4  Ans :   0,3,15 and P   2 1 2 
 
 2 4 3   2 2 1 
 7 2 0 
c.  2 6 2 
 
 0 2 5 
1 1 3  1 1 1 
d. 1 5 1 Ans :   2,3, 6 and P   0 1 2 
 
3 1 1  1 1 1 
 2 2 3  1 2 3
e.  2 1 6  Ans :   5, 3, 3 and P   2 1 0 

 1 2 0   1 0 1 
 6 2 2   1 1 2 
f.  2 3 1 Ans :   2, 2,8 and P   0 2 2 
 
 2 1 3   2 0 8 
1 1 1 1 1 1
g.  0 2 1 Ans :   1, 2,3 and P   2 1 1

 4 4 3  2 0 1
1 0 1 1 2 1
h.
1 2 1  Ans :   1, 2,3 and P   1 1 1 

 2 2 3   0 2 2 
8 8 2 
i.  4 3 2 

 3 4 1 

Page 8 of 8
 B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE – 560019
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-3 (19MA3BSEM3)
UNIT-1: FOURIER SERIES

Fourier series expansion of a function f ( x) over (a, a  2l ) is

a 
 n    n 
f ( x )  0   an cos  x    bn sin  x,
2 n 1  l  n 1  l 
1 a  2l 1 a  2l  n  1 a  2l  n 
Where a0   f ( x)dx , an   f ( x) cos  x  dx , and bn   f ( x) sin  x  dx .
l a l a  l  l a  l 
I. Fourier series expansion for the following functions in the interval : (0, 2 )

 .


2
1 1 1 4 4 sin nx
2
4 cos nx
1. If f ( x)  x and deduce that2
 2
 2
 2
 . Ans: f ( x)   2

6 1 2 3 3
n 1
n n

 x 1 1 sin nx 1 1   x 
2. f ( x)  and deduce that           . . Ans: 
2 1 3 5 7 4 2 n 1 n
2 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 
3. f ( x)  x(2  x) , show that f ( x)  4 2            and hence
 1 
2 2
3 2 3
1 1 1  2
deduce that 2  2  2        .
1 3 5 8
1 1 1 1  2
a)          
1 3 35 57 79 4
4. f ( x)  x sin x and deduce that .

1 3
b) n 2
1

4
n2

1 
cos nx
Ans: x sin x  1  cos x  2    sin x .
2 n2 n2  1

 
2 a
1 e 1 
a cos nx  n sin nx
5. f ( x)  e ax . Ans: e  ax   .
 n a
2 2
2a n 1

2
  x   2  cos nx
6. If f ( x )   , show that f ( x )   and hence deduce that
 2  12 n1 n 2

2
1 1 1 1
a) 2
 2
 2
 2
          
1 2 3 4 12

2
1 1 1 1
b) 2
 2
 2
 2
           .
1 2 3 4 6

2
1 1 1
c) 2
 2
 2
          
1 3 5 8
2 2 4 2 
cos  nx 
7. f ( x )  1  cos x . Ans: f  x  




n 1 4 n  1
2

II. Fourier series expansion for the following functions over the interval ( ,  ) :
  6 2 
1. f ( x)  x3 . Ans: x3  2   3   (1) n sin nx .
n 1 n n 

1 1 1 2  2  (1)  1 n
2. f ( x)  x , and deduce that       . Ans: x    cos nx .
2
1 3 52 2
8 2  n 1 n 2

Ed.: A. C. Melson Page 1

 Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

1 1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  2           
a)
3. f ( x)   2  x 2 and deduce that 1 2 3 4 12 .
1 1 1 1 2
b) 2  2  2  2           
1 2 3 4 6
2 2 
(1) n 1

Ans:  2  x 2  4 cos nx .

3 n 1 n2
1 1 1 1 2
a) 2  2  2  2    
1 2 3 4 12
1 1 1 1 2 2 
( 1) n cos nx
4. f ( x)  x , and deduce that b) 2  2  2  2    
2
. Ans: x  2
4 .
1 2 3 4 6 3 n 1 n2
1 1 1 2
c) 2  2  2    
1 3 5 8

2n ( 1) n sin m
5. f ( x)  sin mx where m is neither zero nor an integer. Ans: sin mx   sin nx .
n 1 m2  n2   
sin a 2a sin a  (1) n
6. f ( x)  cos ax where ‘a ‘is not an integer. Ans: cos ax    cos nx .
  n 1 a  n
2 2

1 1 1 1  2
7. f ( x)  x sin x and deduce that               .
1 3 3  5 5  7 7  9 4
1 
( 1) n 1
Ans: x sin x  1  cos x  2  2 cos nx .
2 n2 n  1

1  ( 1) n
8. f ( x)  x cos x and deduce that x cos x   sin x   2 sin nx .
2 n2 n  1

2 4 
cos 2nx
9. f ( x)  sin x . Ans: sin x    .
  n 1 4n 2  1

10. f ( x)  cos x . Ans: cos x 

2

4

 cos n  2  cos nx .
  n 1 1  n2
2 2 4 2 
cos nx
11. f ( x )  1  cos x . Ans: 1  cos x    .
  n 1 4n 2  1

12. f ( x)  e ax and hence derive the series for .
sinh 
sinh a 2 sinh a 
( 1) n  
( 1) n
Ans: e  ax     a cos nx  n sin nx  ,  1 2  .
a  n 1 a  n
2 2
sinh  n 1 1  n2
13. If f ( x)  x  x 2 and f ( x)  x  x 2 , deduce that
1 1 1 1 2
a)       
12 22 32 4 2 12
 2 4 2 
xx 
2
  ( 1)n 1  2 cos nx  sin nx 
1 1 1 1 2 3 n 1 n n 
b) 2  2  2  2     , Ans: .
1 2 3 4 6  2 
n  4 2 
1 1 1 2
x x 
2
  (1)  2 cos nx  sin nx 
c) 2  2  2     3 n 1 n n 
1 3 5 8

III. Fourier series expansion for the piece-wise continuous / discontinuous functions:
 x   / 2   x  0  1  3( 1) n
1. f ( x)   Ans: f ( x)   sin nx .
x   / 2 0 x  n 1 n

Page 2
 Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

2.
 cos x   x  0
f ( x)   .
2 4 n cos
Ans: f ( x )   
n
2 cos nx .  
 cos x 0 x    n  2 n 1
2

 1   x  0
 1 1 1 1 
3. f ( x)   0 x0 and hence deduce that           .
1 1 3 5 7 4
 0 x 
4 sin 3 x sin 5 x 
Ans: f ( x )   sin x   ......  .
 3 5 
   x  0
4. f ( x)   and hence deduce that sum of the reciprocal squares of odd integers
x 0 x 
 1  1  ( 1) 
n
2   1  2( 1) n 
is equal to . Ans: f ( x )    cos nx     sin nx .
8 4  n 1 n2 n 1
 n 
 x 2
  x  0 2   2 2 
5. f ( x)   2 . Ans: f ( x)    (1)n 1  3 1  (1)n  sin nx .
x 0 x   n1  n n 
1   x  0 1 6  sin  2n  1 x
6. f ( x)   . Ans: f ( x )     .
2 0 x 2  n 1  2n  1
 x   x  0 1 1 1 2
7. f ( x)   and hence deduce that 2  2  2        .
x 0 x  1 3 5 8
 2  1  (1) n
Ans: f ( x)    cos nx .
2  n 1 n 2
0   x  0
8. f ( x)   2 which is assumed to be periodic with period 2 .
x 0 x 
2  (1) n 1  n 2 2
Ans: f ( x)  2 cos nx   ( 1) (  ) sin nx .
6 n 1 n
2
 n 1 n3 n
  x  
 1 2
   x   .
9. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x )   0
2 2
1
   x
2

IV. Fourier series expansion for arbitrary period :

1 1 1 2
1. f ( x)  x and deduce that          in (l , l ) .
12 32 52 8
l 2l  1  (1) n n
Ans: f ( x)   2  cos x.
2  n 1 n 2
l
cos n x / l n sin n x / l 
f ( x)  e x , (l , l ) . Ans: f ( x )  sinh l   2l  (1) n 2
1  
2.  2  ( 1) n 1 2 .
l n 1 l n  2 2
n 1 l  n 2 2 
 (1) n 1 n x
3. f ( x)  sin mx in (l, l ) . Ans: f ( x)  sin ml  2 2 sin .
n 1 n   m l
2 2
l
1 4  (1)n 2  (1) n 1
4. f ( x)  x  x 2 (1,1) . Ans: f ( x)   2  2 cos n x   sin n x .
3  n 1 n  n 1 n
5. f ( x)  e  x in the interval 0  x  2 .

Page 3
 Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

e2  1  e2  1  n (e 2  1)
Ans: f ( x)    cos n x   sin n x .
2e2 n1 e 2 (1  n 2 2 ) n  e (1  n  )
2 2 2

l 3  (1) n 4l 2 n x
6. f ( x)  x 2
( l , l ) . Ans: f ( x)    cos .
3 n 1 n  2 2
l
x l  x 2l  (1) n n  n x 
7. f ( x)  x cos ,(l , l ) . Ans: f ( x)  sin   2 sin  .
l 2 l  n2 n  1  l 
8 16 (1) n 1 n t
8. f (t )  4  t 2 in (2, 2) . Ans: f ( x)   2  cos .
3  n 2
2
9. f  x   x  x 2 in  1,1
1 1 1 2
10. f ( x )  2 x  x 2 (0,3) and show that              .
12 2 2 32 12
 9  2n x   3  2n x 
Ans: f ( x)   2 2 cos    sin  .
n 1 n   3  n 1 n  3 
 x   x   1  sin n x
11. f ( x)  in 0  x  2 . Ans:   .
2 2 2 n 1 n
 0 2  x  1
1  x 1  x  0
 1 4  1  n  n x
12. f ( x)   . Ans: f ( x )    1  cos 2  cos 2 .
1  x 0  x 1 4  2 n 1 n 2
 0 1 x  2
 x 1  x  0 2  1
13. f ( x)   Ans: f ( x)  1   [1  2(1)n ]sin n x .
x  2 0  x 1  n 1 n

V. Application of Fourier Series

Obtain the Fourier series for the following wave forms f  x  which are periodic with period
2  or  2l and defined in the indicated interval.
1. Saw-toothed wave:
n 1

(1)
(i) f ( x)  x.  0, 2  Ans: x  2 sin nx
n 1 n

2  sin n x
(ii) f ( x)   x (0, 2) . Ans: f ( x)    .
 n 1 n

2. Modified saw-toothed waveform:

0    x  0  2  cos  2n  1 x   1 sin nx
n 1

(i) f ( x)   Ans: f ( x )    
x 0  x   4  n 1  2n  1 2 n 1 n
.
x 0  x 1
(ii) f ( x)  
0 1 x  2
1   1 sin n x
n 1
1 1  (1) n  1
Ans: f ( x)   2  cos n x   .
4  n 1 n2  n 1 n

Page 4
Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

 x   x  0  2  cos  2n  1 x
(iii) f ( x)   . Ans: f ( x)    .
0 x    2n  1
2
0 4 n0

3. Triangular waveform:
1  2 x /    x  0 1 1 1 2
(i) f ( x)   and hence deduce that 2  2  2      .
1  2 x /  0 x  1 3 5 8
4 1  (1)n

Ans: f ( x)   cos nx. .
 2 n 1 n 2
l  l , 0 
 2  x 1 1 1 2
(ii) f ( x )   and hence deduce that 2  2  2      .
l  x 1 3 5 8
 2  0, l 
4l  1  n x 
Ans: f ( x )  l   cos  .
 n 1,3,5.... n
2 2
 l 
 4x 3
1  3 
2
x0
1 1 1 2
(iii) f  x    and hence deduce that 2  3  2    .
1  4 x 0 x
3 1 3 5 8
 3 2
 x  1   x  0 1 1 1
(iv) f ( x)   and hence deduce the value of 2  2  2    .
 x 1 0 x  1 3 5
 4 cos(2n  1) x

Ans: f ( x)   1   .
2  n1 (2n  1)2
2  x in 0  x  4
(v) If f ( x)   , express f ( x ) as a Fourier series and hence deduce
 x  6 in 4 x8
2  1 8  1  (1) n n
that  . Ans: f ( x )   cos x.
8 n 1  2n  1 2
 n1 n
2 2
4
 x 0  x 1  x 0 x 
(vi) f ( x)   or f ( x)  
  2  x  1  x  2 2  x   x  2
show that Fourier expansion of the function
 4  cos  2n  1  x 2  1
f ( x)    and deduce that  .
2  n1  2n  1 2
8 n 1  2n  12
 x 0 x 
(vii) Show that the Fourier series of f ( x)   is
2  x   x  2
 4  cos x cos3x 
f ( x)    2  2   and hence deduce that
2  1 3 
1 1 1  2

2
 2  2    
1 3 5 8
  x 0  x    4 1
(viii) f ( x)   . Ans: f ( x)    cos nx. .
 x     x  2 2  n 1,3,5..... n 2
(  x) / 2   x  0 sin 2 x sin 3x
(ix) f ( x)   . Ans: f ( x)  sin x    .
 (  x) / 2 0 x  2 3

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 Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

4. Square waveform:
k   x  0 1 1 1 1 
(i) f ( x)   . And hence deduce that           .
k 0 x  1 3 5 7 4
4k  sin  2n  1 x
Ans: f  x    2n  1
 n 1
5. Half wave rectifier
(i) An alternating current after passing through a rectifier has the for
 I sin x 0  x  
i 0 , where I0 is the maximum current and the period is 2 express
0   x  2
1 1 1

a)    
1.3 3.5 5.7
i as a Fourier series and evaluate .
1 1 1 1
b)     
1 3 3  5 5  7 7  9


a) 1/2
1 I0 2I cos 2nx 
Ans: i   I 0 sin x - 0
 2 
 2
n 1 4 n -1
, series     2  .
 b)
 4

(ii) A sinusoidal voltage E sin  t is passed through a half-wave rectifier which clips the
negative portion of the wave. Develop the resulting periodic function
 0 T  t  0
 2 2
f t    and T  in a Fourier series.
 E sin t 0t T
2

E E sin  t 2 E  cos 2 nx
Ans: f  t   
 2
 
 n 1 4 n 2 -1

 0   x  0
(iii) f ( x)   and deduce that
sin x 0  x  
1 1 1 1 1
a)              
1 3 3  5 5  7 7  9 2 .
1 1 1 1  2
b)            
1 3 3  5 5  7 7  9 4
1sin x 2  cos 2nx
Ans: f ( x)     2 .
 2  n 1 4n  1
(iv) Find the Fourier Series of Full Wave rectifier f ( x)  a sin x in 0  x  2

(v) Complex Fourier Series

Find the complex form of the Fourier series of the following periodic functions
1. f ( x )  e  x in 1  x  1
2. f ( x)  eax in l  x  l
3. f (t )  sin t in 0  t  
4. f ( x)  cos ax in   x  
5. f ( x)  x  x 2 in   x  

Page 6
 Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

6. f ( x)  x sin x in   x  
7. f ( x)  1  cos x in 0  x  2
8. f ( x)  x 2 in 0  x  4
9. f ( x)  x sin x in 0  x  2
10. f ( x )  x in 0  x  2
11. f ( x)  x  2  x  in 0  x  4
12. f ( x )  x cos x in   x  
13. f ( x)  x 2 in l  x  l
0 in 0  x  l
14. f ( x)  
 a in l  x  2l
 k in    x  0
15. f ( x)  
k in 0  x  
0 in    x  0
16. f ( x)  
sin x in 0  x  
1  2 x in  3  x  0
17. f ( x)  
1  2 x in 0  x  3
  k in 0  x  l
18. f ( x)  
 k in l  x  2l
1 in 0  x  
19. f ( x)  
0 in   x  2
 x in 0  x  1
20. f ( x)  
  2  x  in 1  x  2
0 in  2  x  0
21. f ( x)  
 a in 0  x  2
 x in 0  x  
22. f ( x)  
2  x in   x  2

VI. Harmonic Analysis

Fourier series expansion of f ( x) over ( a, a  2l ) is
a0      2 2 
f ( x)    a1 cos x  b1 sin x    a2 cos x  b2 sin x     
2 l l   l l 
where a0  2  Mean value of f ( x )in( a, a  2l ) 
 n 
an  2  Mean value of f ( x) cos x in (a, a  2l )  n  1, 2     
 l 
 n 
bn  2  Mean value of f ( x)sin x in ( a, a  2l )  n  1, 2     
 l 

1. Express y as a Fourier series up to the second harmonics given

 : 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
. Ans: y  4  (0.33 cos x  1.732 sin x )
y: 4 3 2 4 5 6 4
2. The following data gives the variations of a periodic current over a period
t sec : 0 T / 6 T / 3 T / 2 2T / 3 5T / 6 T
i amp : 1.98 1.3 1.05 1.3  0.88  .25 1.98
Show that there is a direct current part of 0.75 amp in the variable current and obtain the
amplitude of the first harmonic. Ans: a0  0.75 a1  0.3733 b1  1.00456 amplitude=1.0717

Page 7
Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

3. Express y as a Fourier series up to the third harmonics given

x: 0  / 3 2 / 3  4 / 3 5 / 3 2
.
y : 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.3  0.88  0.25 1.98
Ans: y  0.75  (0.3733 cos x  1.00456 sin x )  10.89 cos 2 x  0.1097 sin 2 x )  (  0.0667 cos 3 x )
4. Obtain the constant term and the first two harmonic term of the Fourier series expansion of y
x : 0  / 3 2 / 3  4 / 3 5 / 3 2
from the following data.
y : 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
Ans: a0=2.9, (0.367 cos x  0.1732sin x) and (0.1cos 2 x  0.0577sin 2 x) .

x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
5. Express y as a Fourier series up to the third harmonics given .
y : 4 8 15 7 6 2

Ans: y  7  2.833cos  x  1.5cos 2 x  2.667 cos  x  4.33sin  x  0.866sin 2 x

3 3 3 3
6. Obtain the constant term and the first harmonic term of the Fourier series expansion of y from
the following data.
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 a0  41.6666
Ans:
y : 9 18 24 28 26 20 a1  8.3334 b1  1.1548

: 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

7. Given the following table . Obtain the Fourier
y : 7.9 7.2 3.6 0.5 0.9 6.8 7.9
series neglecting terms higher than first harmonics. Ans:
f ( x)  4.4833  4.05cos x  0.8949sin x .

8. The turning moment T on the crank shaft of a steam engine for the crank angle  is given as
 : 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
follows:
y : 0 2.7 5.2 7 8.1 8.3 7.9 6.8 5.5 4.1 2.6 1.2
Expand T as a Fourier series upto first harmonics. Ans: T  4.95  3.4165cos   1.4839sin 
9. The displacement y of a part of a mechanism is tabulated with corresponding angular
movement x0 of the crank. Express y as a Fourier series neglecting the harmonics above the
third.
 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
y 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 1.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.30 1.52 1.76 2
Ans: y  1.2625  (0.0414 cos x  0.6252 sin x )  (0.5292 cos 2 x  0.2335 sin 2 x )

10. The values of y periodic function of x are given below for twelve equidistant values of x
covering the whole period. Express y in a Fourier series as far as the third harmonics if the first
value is for x=30. 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.5 2.16 1.88 1.25 1.3 1.76 2
Ans: y  1.31  (  0.07 cos x  0.62 sin x )  (0.64 cos 2 x  0.18sin 2 x )  (  0.11cos 3 x  0.02 sin 3 x )

11. Express y as a Fourier series up to the second harmonics given

 : 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
.
y :2.34 3.01 3.68 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64
Ans: y  2.102  (0.558cos x  1.531sin x)  (0.354cos 2 x  0.145sin 2 x) .

Page 8
Math 3 B. M. S. C. E Unit 1: Fourier Series

12. The following data gives the variations of a periodic current over a period.
x: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
. Find the Fourier expansion up to the second
y : 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 2 2.0 9.0
harmonic. Ans: y  21.4835  (  8.217 cos   1.9918 sin  )  (  3.083 cos 2  0.202 sin 2 )

Page 9
 B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE – 560019
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – 3
UNIT-3 : FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Formulae :-

The Fourier transform of f  x  is given by F  s    f  x e
isx
dx


1
The Inverse Fourier transform of F  s  is given by f  x    F se
i s x
ds
2 

The Fourier Sine Transform of f  x  is given by Fs  s    f  x  sin sx dx
0

The Fourier Cosine Transform of f  x  is given by Fc  s    f  x  cos sx dx
0

2
The Inverse Fourier Sine transform of Fs  s  is given by f  x    F  s  sin sx ds
 0
s


2
The Inverse Fourier Cosine transform of Fc  s  is given by f  x    F  s  cos sx ds
 0
c

Infinite Fourier transforms

1. Find the Fourier transform of the following functions.
sin x 0  x   i s
a. f ( x)   . Ans: 1  e 2
 0 otherwise 1 s
 1
 2a if x a  sin( as )
b. f  x   . Ans:

0 if x  a 

as

 x for x  a   2i
c. f  x   . Ans: sin as  as cos(as)

 0 for x  a 
 s2
0    x  a 
d.

f  x  x

a  x  b . Ans:
s

1 isa 1

ae  beisb  2 eisb  eisa  
0 xb  s
 
cos x 0  x  1  1  is
e. f ( x)   . Ans: e is cos1  sin1  is 
0 otherwise  1  s2 
1  sin( s  1) sin( s  1)   1  cos( s  1) 1  cos( s  1)  
or    i   .
2  s  1 s 1   s 1 s 1 
 x 2
f. f ( x)  e . Ans:
1  s2
2. Find the Fourier transform of e a x , a  0 . Hence deduce that e x
2 2 2
/2
is self-reciprocal in

e s
2
4 a2
respect of Fourier transform. Ans : .
a

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3 Page 1

Dept. Math., BMSCE Unit 2: Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

1 x  1 
sin x 2 sin s
3. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x )    . Hence evaluate  dx .Ans: F ( s )  .
0 x  1 0
x s
a 2  x 2 x  a 
4. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)    . Hence evaluate
 0 x  a 
 
x cos x  sin x x cos x  sin x x
a)  dx b)  cos dx
0
x3 0
x 3
2
4    3 
Ans: F  s    as cos as  sin as  a)    b)   
s3  4  16 
 s2 4
5. Given F  e x    e
2
, find the Fourier transform of
 
i) e2( x 3) ii) e x cos 3x . iii) e  x /3 iv) e 4( x 3)
2 2 2 2

  
( s 3) 2 ( s 3) 2
   ii) 
e 
3is ( s 2 /8)  
3is  s 2 /16
 iii) 3 e 3s
2
Ans: i) e e 2  e 2 4
iv)
2 2  2
 

1  x x 1 sin 2 x 
6. Find the Fourier transform of f ( x)  
 0 x 1
and hence deduce that 0 x2 dx  2 .
2
Ans: F  f  x    2 1  cos  s  
s
Infinite Inverse Fourier transforms
Find the inverse Fourier transform of
 x2 4 sa
 s2 e a sin as
i) e Ans: ii) e Ans: iii) , a 0.
2    a  x 
2 2 s

Infinite Fourier cosine transforms

1. Find the Fourier cosine transforms of the following functions.

e( s
2
4)
f ( x)  e  x
2
i) Ans:
2

ii) f ( x)  e  ax
cos ax Ans:

a s 2  2a 2 
s 4  4a 4
x 0  x 1 
  2cos s  cos 2s  1
iii) f ( x)  2  x 1 x  2  Ans:
0 s2
 otherwise 
2. Find the Fourier cosine transform of e ax and hence deduce the Fourier cosine transform

cos  x
of f ( x)  xe ax , a  0 and also evaluate  d .
0
a2   2

a2  s2 cos  x 
Ans: F e   ax
 a
 2 2 F xe  ax
 and a d  e ax
a s
a  
2 2 2
2
 s2 0
2a

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3 Page 2

Dept. Math., BMSCE Unit 2: Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

Infinite Fourier sine transforms

I. Find the Fourier sine transforms of the following functions.

e ax s
1. f ( x)  ,a  0 Ans: tan 1  
x a

x sin mx  e m s
0 1  x2 , m  0 Ans: Fs  s  
x
2. f ( x)  e ,hence show that dx 
2 1  s2
sin x 0  x  a 1  sin( s  1) a sin( s  1) a 
3. f ( x)    Ans:  
0 xa  2  s 1 s  1 
4 x 0  x  1
   2 cos s  cos 4 s  1   2sin s 
4. f ( x)  4  x 1 x  4  Ans:   
0  s2   s 
 x  4 

x sin kx
5. Find the Fourier sine transform of e  ax
, x  0, a  0 and hence evaluate  dx .
0
a2  x2
x
a 
Hence obtain the Fourier sine transform of 2
 x2

s x sin kx 
a
 ax
Ans: Fs (e )  2 2 and d  e ak , k  0
a s 0
2
x 2
2

Infinite Inverse Fourier cosine transforms

Find the inverse Fourier cosine transforms of the following functions
 1  s 
a   0  s  2a  1 sin  ax 
2

1. Fc ( s )   2  2  , Ans: f ( x)  2
0  x2
 s  2a 
1
2. Fc ( s )  Ans: f ( x)  e  x .
1  s2
sin as 1 if xa
3. Fc ( s )  Ans: f ( x)   .
s 0 if xa

Infinite Inverse Fourier sine transforms

Find the inverse Fourier sine transforms of the following functions
e  as 2 x
1. ,a  0 Ans: tan 1  
s  a
s
2. Fs ( s )  Ans: f ( x)  e  x
1  s2

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3 Page 3

Dept. Math., BMSCE Unit 2: Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

Convolution
The convolution of two functions f ( x ) and g ( x) over the interval  ,   is defined as

f g  

f (u ) g ( x  u ) du  h( x )

Convolution theorem
Statement: The Fourier transform of the convolution of f ( x ) and g ( x) is the product of their
Fourier transforms.
i.e., F  f ( x)* g ( x)  F  f ( x)  F g ( x)

Problems
i
1. Use convolution theorem to find the inverse Fourier transform of , given that
1  s  2 2

2 x
is the Fourier transform of e .
1  s 
2

2
 s2
2. By employing the convolution theorem, show that inverse Fourier transform of e is
x 2
1  2
e .
2
  
e
1 1  a u  b x u 
3. Using convolution theorem, show that F 1  2 2   
  a  s  b  s   4 a b 
2 2
du

Parseval’s Identities
1. Parseval’s identities for Complex Fourier Transforms

If F(s) and G (s) are Fourier Transforms of f (x) and g (x) respectively, then
   
1 1
      f ( x) dx  
2 2
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx F ( s ) G ( s ) ds When f ( x ) g ( x ) F ( s ) ds
2  
2 
Where bar implies the complex conjugate.

2. Parseval’s identities for Fourier Cosine Transforms

   
2 2
   c c      Fc (s) ds
2 2
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx F ( s ) G ( s ) ds When f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) dx
0
 0 0
 0

3. Parseval’s identities for Fourier Sine Transforms

   
2 2
 f ( x) g ( x) dx   Fs (s) Gs (s) ds When f ( x)  g ( x)   f ( x) dx 

2 2
F (s) ds
0
 0 0 0
s

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3 Page 4

Dept. Math., BMSCE Unit 2: Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms

Problems
1. Using Parseval’s Identity for complex Fourier Transform to the function

1  x if x 1 
 x cos x  sin x 
2

2

f ( x)   show that  dx 
x 1
6

 0 if 0
x 15
2. Using Parseval’s Identity for complex Fourier Transform to the function

a  x if x a 
 sin t 
2
 
 sin t 
4

f ( x)   show that i)    dt  ii)    dt 

 0 if x a 0
t  2 0
t  3

3. Using Parseval’s Identity for Fourier Cosine Transform to the function


a  t
2 2
if t  a 
dt 
f (t )   ,show that  2 2  , where a  0, b  0

 0 if t  a 0  a  t  b 2
 t 2
 2 a b  a  b 

dt
and hence evaluate  .
0  t  1
2 2

4. Using Parseval’s Identity for Fourier Cosine Transform to the functions f ( x)  e  a x and
1 if 0xa 
 1  e a  
2
sin ax
g ( x)  
0 if xa
evaluate 0 x  a 2  x 2 dx  2
 2 
 a 
5. Using Parseval’s Identity for Fourier Sine Transform to the function f (t )  e at prove that

t2 
 dt 
t  1
2
0
2 4

6. Using Parseval’s Identity for Fourier Sine Transform to the functions f ( x)  e  a x and
  2
x2  x  
g ( x)  e b x
, evaluate  2 dx and hence show that   2  dx 
0  a  x  b  x  0
x 1 
2 2 2
4

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 3 Page 5

 B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU 560019
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIT 2: NUMERICAL METHODS
Branches: EEE/ECE/TCE/ML/IT
Solution of Algebraic and transcendental equations:
Intermediate Value Theorem :
If f is a function which is continuous at every point of the interval a, b
and f a 0 & f b 0 or f a 0 & f b 0 , then f (x) = 0 at some point x ∈ (a, b).
T e ef e, e e e a ea e be ee a a d b .
Newton-Raphson method

f xn
The iterative formula is xn 1 xn .
f xn
If a root exists in the interval a, b then x 0 a or x 0 b or x 0 any point between a and b or
a b
x0 could be taken as the initial approximation.
2
f x0
For n 1 , x1 x 0 1st approximation/iteration
f ' x0
f x1
For n 2 , x2 x1 2nd approximation/iteration
f ' x1
.
.
.
Proceeding like this until desired accuracy.

1. Find the roots of the following equations by Newton-Raphson method

a. x 3 3 x 1 0 near a) x 0.5 . Ans: 0.347 b) x 2 Ans: 1.532
b. x log10 x 1.2 in 2,3 correct to 4 decimal places. Ans: 2.7406

c. 3x cos x 1 in the interval 0,1 correct to 4 decimal places. Ans: 0.6071

d. xe x 2 0 near x 0.5 Ans: 0.853

Page 1 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods

e. 3sin x 2 x 5 0 near x 3. Ans: 0.684

f. x sin x cos x 0 near x . Ans: 2.7985

2. Find the fourth root of 32 using Newton-Raphson method. (Hint: x 4 32 0 ) Ans: 2.3784

Finite differences and interpolation for equal intervals

Forward difference yn 1 yn 1 yn .
Backward difference yn yn yn 1 .
k k 1 k 1
k th forward difference yn 1 yn 1 yn .
th k k 1 k 1
k backward difference yn yn yn 1 .

1. The following table gives a set of values of x and the corresponding values of y = f(x)
x: 10 15 20 25 30 35
y: 19.97 21.51 22.47 23.52 24.65 25.89
2 3
Form the forward difference table and write down the values of f (10), f (10), f (15) and
4
f (15) .
5
2. Given u 0 3 , u1 12 , u2 81 , u3 200 , u4 100 and u5 8 find y0 .

3. Form a Table of forward differences for the function f x x3 5 x 7 for x 1, 0,1, 2,3, 4,5 .
Show that the third differences are constant.
4. Construct a finite difference table for the function f x x 3 x 1 where x takes the values 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6. Identify the leading forward differences.
5. Form a table difference for the function f ( x ) x3 5x 7 for x 1 , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Continue
the table to obtain f(6).
6. Identify the missing value from the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 3 9 ? 81

Interpolation: Ne ton s for ard and back ard interpolation:

Ne ton s For ard Interpolation Form la

2 p p 1 p 2 3 p p 1 p 2 p 3 4
y y0 p y0 p p 1 y0 y0 y0 ... ...
2! 3!

x x0
Where p
h

Ne ton s Back ard Interpolation Form la

2 q q 1 q 2 3 q q 1 q 2 q 3 4
y yn q yn q q 1 yn yn yn ... ...
2! 3!

x xn
Where q
h
1. Fit a polynomial of degree three which takes the following values. Ans: x3 3x 2 2x .
x: 3 4 5 6

Page 2 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods
y 6 24 60 120

2. U g Ne f a df a, c e e e e f e ea a e e a e 1420 from the

following steam table.
Temperature 140 150 160 170 180
Pressure 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
3. The following table give the values of tan x for 0.10 𝑥 0.30. Find tan (0.26).
x 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
tan x 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093
4. The area of a circle (A) corresponding to diameter (D) is given below:
D 80 85 90 95 100
A 5026 5674 6362 7088 7854
Find the area corresponding to diameter 105 using an appropriate interpolation formula.
5. Find u 0.5 from the data u0 225 , u1 238 , u2 320 , u3 340 .
6. Extrapolate for 25.4 given the data
x 19 20 21 22 23
y 91 100.25 110 120.25 131
7. Given f(40) = 184, f(50) = 204, f(60) = 226, f(70) = 250, f(80) = 276, f(90) = 304, find f(38) and
f(85) using suitable interpolation formulae.
8. Given sin450 = 0.7071, sin 500 = 0.7660 sin 550 = 0.8192, sin 600 = 0.8660, find sin 570 using an
appropriate interpolation formula.
9. From the following table find the number of students who obtained less than 45 marks.
Marks 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 80
No. of students 31 42 51 35 31
10. If the number of persons earning below 1000 is 6000, estimate the number of persons having incomes
between 2000 and 2500 from the following data:
Income 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000
No. of persons 4250 3600 1500 650

11. A survey conducted in a slum locality reveals the following information as classified below.
Income per day (Rs) under 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Number of persons 20 45 115 210 115
Estimate the probable number of persons in the income group 20 to 25.
12. Compute u14.2 from the f g ab e b a g Ne bac a d e a f a.
x 10 12 14 16 18
ux 0.240 0.281 0.381 0.352 0.384
13. Use Ne forward interpolation formula to find y35 given y20 512 , y30 439 , y40 346 ,
and y50 243 .
14. Find f 2.5 by g Ne bac ad e a formula given that f 0 7.4720 ,
f 1 7.5854 , f 2 7.6922 , f 3 7.8119 , f 4 7.9252 .

15. A Ne bac a df a f d ec bc a satisfying f 4 25 , f 2 1,

f 0 3, f 2 29 , f 4 127 and hence find f(3) and f(5).
16. Compute f(1.22) with the help of forward difference table for the following data.
x 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
f x 0.841 0.891 0.932 0.963 0.985
17. From the following data estimate the number of students scoring marks more than 40 but less than 45.

Page 3 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods

Marks 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

No. of students 31 42 51 35 31
18. From the following data estimate the numbers of students who have scored less than 70 marks.
Marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of students 41 62 65 50 17

INTERPOLATION FOR UNEQUAL/EQUAL INTERVALS

Lagrange s Interpolation:
If y f x takes the values y 0 , y1 ,..., y n corresponding to x x 0 , x1 ,..., x n , then e Lag a ge
Interpolation formula is as follows:

x x1 x x2 ... x xn x x0 x x1 ... x xn
y y0 y1
x0 x1 x0 x2 ... x0 xn x1 x0 x1 x2 ... x1 xn
x x1 x x2 ... x xn 1
... yn
xn x1 xn x2 ... xn xn

Lagrange s Inverse Interpolation:

Lag a ge f a a ea be ee a ab e e e f c a be a e a e de e de
variable. Therefore, on interchanging x and y e Lag a ge f a, e b a
y y1 y y2 ... y yn y y0 y y1 ... y yn
x x0 x1
y0 y1 y0 y2 ... y0 yn y1 y1 y1 y2 ... y1 yn
y y0 y y1 ... y yn 1
... xn
yn y1 yn y2 ... yn yn 1

1. U e Lag a ge e a f a f a a ef g da a. He ce f d ( 2), y(1)

and y(4).
x -1 0 2 3
y -8 3 1 2
2. Find the distance moved by a particle and its acceleration at the end of 4 seconds, if the time verses
velocity data is as follows:
t 0 1 3 4
v 21 15 12 10
3. The following are the measurements T made on a curve recorded by oscillograph representing a change
of current I due to a change in the conditions of an electric current.
T 1.2 2.0 2.5 3.0
I 1.36 0.58 0.34 0.20
U g Lag a ge f a, f d I at T 1.6 .
4. Fit a polynomial of third degree and find y(0.2) from the following data.
x 0 0.1 0.3 0.5
y -0.5 0 0.2 1
5. B g e Lag a ge e a f a, f d f(11) f ef g da a:
x 2 5 8 14
y 94.8 87.9 81.3 68.7
6. Certain corresponding values of x and log10 x are: (300, 2.4771), (304, 2.4829), (305, 2.4843) and
(307, 2.4871). Find log10 301 b g Lag a ge e a f a.
7. U e Lag a ge e a f a f d a x 10 given

Page 4 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods

x 5 6 9 11
y 12 13 14 16
8. The observed values of a function are respectively 168, 120, 72 and 63 at the four positions 3, 7, 9, 10
of the independent variable. What is the best estimate you can give for the value of the function at the
position 6 of the independent variable?
9. Given u0 707 , u2 819 , u3 866 and u6 966 compute 𝑢 g Lag a ge e a
formula.
10. F e Lag a ge e a g a f ef x f y for the data and hence find x 5 &
y 5 .
x 2 10 17
y 1 3 4
11. A g Lag a ge f a e e f d e y 6 given the data
x 20 30 40
y 2 4.4 7.9
12. U e Lag a ge e e e a f a f d e a e f f = 100 g e y(3) = 6, y(5) =
24, y(7) = 58, y(9) = 108, y(11) = 174.
13. A Lag a ge f a e e f da f ee a f x 0 given that f 30 30 ,
f 34 13 , f 38 3 , f 42 18 .

14. C e e a e f , e =8b e e e a g Lag a ge f a

x -2 -1 1 2
y -7 2 0 11

15. Find the missing term in the following table using interpolation
x 0 2 4 5 6
y 14 15 5 ? 9
16. U g Lag a ge e a , ca c a e e f e ea 2000 f ef g da a:
Year 1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in Lakh of Rupees 43 65 159 248
17. A curve passes through the point (0,18), (1,10), (3,-18) and (6, 90). Find the slope of the curve at x 2 .
18. Find the polynomial f x b g Lag a ge f a a d e ce f d f 3 for the following data:
x 0 1 2 5
f x 2 3 12 147
19. If y 1 3, y 3 9, y 4 30, y 6 132 , f d e Lag a ge e a a a
takes the same values as y at the given points.
20. The following table gives the values of x and y :
x 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2
y 4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6
Find the value of x corresponding to y 12 , g Lag a ge e a f a.
21. A Lag a ge e a f a ba a f ee a f x 0 , given that
f 30 30, f 34 13, f 38 3 and f 42
18 .
22. A Lag a ge e a f d e a e f x when f x 15 from the given data:
x 5 6 9 11
f x 12 13 14 16
23. Obtain the value of t when A 85 f ef g ab e g Lag a ge e a .
t 2 5 8 14

Page 5 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods

A 94.8 87.9 81.3 68.7

Numerical Integration:
b x0 nh

I y dx f x dx
a x0

where f x takes the values y 0 , y1 ,..., y n corresponding to x x 0 , x1 ,..., x n , then

Simpson s 1/3 rd R le ( n is multiple of 2 )

x0 nh
h
f x dx y 0 y n 2 y 2 y 4 ... y n 2 4 y1 y3 ... y n 1
x0
3

Simpson s 3/8 th R le ( n is multiple of 3 )

x0 nh
3h
f x dx y0 yn 3 y1 y2 ... yn 1 2 y3 y6 ... y n 3
x0
8

Weddle s R le ( n is multiple of 6 )
x0 nh
3h
f x dx y0 5 y1 y2 6 y3 y4 5 y5 2 y6 5 y7 y8 ...
x0
10
When n 6,
x0 nh
3h
f x dx y0 5 y1 y2 6 y3 y4 5 y5 y6
x0
10
When n 12
x0 nh
3h
f x dx y0 5 y1 y2 6 y3 y4 5 y5 2 y6 5 y7 y8 6 y9 y10 5 y11 y12
x0
10

1
dx
1. Wedd e rule evaluate
by using S 1/3rd rule taking four equal strips and hence
0
1 x2
deduce an approximate value of 𝜋. Ans 0.7854 𝝅 = 3.1416
1 .4

2. Compute the value of sin x log x e x dx gS 3/8th rule.

0 .2
1
dx
3. Evaluate taking seven ordinates by applying S 3/8th rule. Hence deduce the value of
0
1 x
log e 2 . Ans: 0.6932 log e 2 = 0.6932
4

4. Use Simpson s 3/8th rule to evaluate e1/ x dx . Ans 4.9257

1

1
xdx
5. Evaluate b Wedd e e a g e e d a e a d e ce f d log e 2.
0
1 x2
/2

6. Find the approximate value of cos d by S 1/3rd rule by dividing 0, into 6 equal
2
1
parts. Ans: 1.1873
/2

7. B gS 3/8th rule, evaluate e sin d . Ans:3.1028

0

Page 6 of 9
Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods

/2

8. Compute sin xdx b g Wedd e e.

0
8
rd
dx
9. Use S 1/3 rule with seven ordinates to evaluate Ans: 9.7203
2
log10 x
0.6
x2
10. U e S 1/3rd rule to find e dx by taking 6 sub-intervals. Ans: 0.5351
0

11. Given that y = log x and

x 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2
y 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487
5.2

Evaluate I log xdx by a) S 1/3rd rule, b) S 3/8th rule, and

4
c) Wedd e e. A compare it with exact value.
Ans: a) 1.8278472, b) 1.8278470, c) 1.8278474, Exact: 1.827822556
6
sin x
12. Evaluate dx g Wedd e e. Ans: 1.42479
0
x
x2 1
13. B gS 3/8th rule with h= 0.2 find the approximate area under the curve y
x2 1
between the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.8. Compare the result with the exact result.
Ans: 0.9152 Exact: 0.9152
14. Find the distance travelled by a train between 8.20 AM and 9 AM from the following data.
Time 8.20 am 8.30 am 8.40 am 8.50 am 9 am
Speed (miles/hour) 24.2 35 41.3 42.8 39.4
Ans: 25.411 miles
15. A plane area is bounded by a curve, the x axis and two extreme ordinates. The area is divided into six
figures by equidistant ordinates 2 inches apart, the heights of the ordinates being 21.65, 21.04, 20.35,
19.61, 18.75, 17.80 and 16.75 respectively. Find the approximate value of the areas by numerical
integration. ` Ans: 233.616 sq. inches
16. Use Wedd e rule to compute the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x axis and the extreme ordinates
from the following table.
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y: 0 2 2.5 2.3 2 1.7 1.5 Ans:11.49sq units
17. A solid of revolution is formed by rotating about the x axis the area between the x axis, the
lines x = 0 and x = 1 and a curve through the points with the following co-ordinates.
x: 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
y: 1.0000 0.9896 0.9589 0.9089 0.8415
Using the S e, f d e e f e df ed. Ans: (0.897395)𝝅
18. A river is 80 feet wide. The depth d in feet at a distance x feet from one bank is given by
x: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
d: 0 4 7 9 12 15 14 8 3
Find approximately the area of cross section of the river. Ans: 710 sq. feet
19. The velocity v of a particle at distance s from a point on its path is given by the table:
s ft 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1
v ft s 47 58 64 65 61 52 38

Estimate the time taken to travel 60 ft by using S 1 rd rule. Ans:

3
20. A curve is drawn to pass through the points x, y given by the following by the following table using
Wedd e e, e a e e a ea b ded b e c e, x -axis and the lines x 1 & x 4.

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Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
y 2 2.4 2.7 2.8 3 2.6 2.1

Numerical Solution of Ordinary differential equations

Runge-Kutta Method of 4th order Method:

Geometrical Interpretation :

dy
Consider f x, y with y x0 y0 and taking h as the step length.
dx
Then, x1 x 0 h , y1 ?
To find y1 use the Runge-Kutta formula which is given below:
1
y1 y0 k where k k1 2k 2 2k 3 k4 ,
6
k1 h f x0 , y 0 ,
h k1
k2 h f x0 , y0 ,
2 2
h k2
k3 h f x0 , y0 ,
2 2
k 4 h f x0 h , y 0 k 3 .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Then, x 2 x1 h , y 2 ?
To find y 2 use the Runge-Kutta formula which is given below:
y2 y1
k
1
Where k k1 2k 2 2k 3 k4 ,
6

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Dept. of Mathematics, BMSCE Unit 2: Numerical Methods
k1 h f x1 , y1 ,
h k1
k2 h f x1 , y1 ,
2 2
h k2
k3 h f x1 , y1 ,
2 2
k4 h f x1 h , y1 k3 .
Similarly, we can find the values of y 3 , y 4 , ...

Solve the following differential equations by fourth order Runge-Kutta method:

1. x y y 1 , y 0.4 1 at x 0.5

2. y xy , y 1 2 at x 1.1

3. y x y2 , y 0 1 at x 0.2 in steps of 0.1

dy y2 x2
4. with y 0 1 at x 0.2 and 0.4 .
dx y2 x2
dy y x
5. , y 0 1 at the point x 0.2 , taking h 0.1
dx y x

dy 1
6. , y 0 1 for x 0 0.5 1 .
dx 1 x

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