MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN

FEDERATION
MOSCOW INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS AND
TECHNOLOGY (State University)

V.N. Semenov1,2, Hardeep Zinta1,, A.P. Rudometkin3

1
Моscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University)
2
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute(TsAGI)
3
Aircraft Design and Construction Bureau"Stalker", Krasnodar.

BIO-INSPIRED AIRCRAFT DESIGNING

62nd All-Russian Scientific Conference of MIPT

18 - 23 November 2019
1
 CONSTRUCTIVE DECISIONS
AND INTELLIGENT MATERIALS
FOR THE FORMATION OF ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES

BIONICA is studying the possibility of applying the

principles of organization, properties, functions and structures of
living nature in technical devices and systems.

When using bionic solutions, it is important to identify the

fundamental possibility of implementing a particular idea, and
then, on the basis of certified methods, to prove its feasibility and
rationality.

2 2
 When trying to implement the technical solutions found by nature, the designer
often encounters insurmountable limitations related to the large-scale effect and
environmental properties.
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912) associated the criteria for the attainability of positive
effects in aerodynamics with the presence of laminar or turbulent body flow. Aerodynamic
flow is characterized by the Reynolds number (Re), (1):

Re = vLρ / η (1)

here ρ is the fluid density, v is the flow rate, L is the characteristic length of the flow element,
η is the viscosity coefficient. The Re number is dimensionless, and in its physical sense
reflects the ratio between the forces of inertia and viscosity.
At Re <2300, the flow is laminar, and the aerodynamics of the aircraft is economical. When
the critical number Re is exceeded, the flow becomes turbulent, and the required energy
expenditure increases many times. It follows that the use of bionics solutions is most
promising for micro-aircraft and UAVs flying at low speed.

The range of use of structural and strength solutions of nature in future aircraft projects is
significantly wider. Conceptually, a design of a convertoplan (Fig. 4) is considered, in which,
on take-off and landing modes, the convertoplan's wing is twisted like a polar owl's wing
(Fig. 5).

3 3
 ANALOGY IN THE SOLUTIONS THAT HAVE FOUND AND NATURE AND SCIENCE

The optimization of the closed wing of the aircraft (Fig. 1) with the cantilever part.
The wing consists of two planes, the root parts of which are spaced apart in height, and the
cantilever part. Varying the separation height of the root sections of the wings and the
proportion of the cantilever part of the wing span.
In fig. 2 shows the dependence of the weight of the wing structure on the proportion of its
cantilever part. The results are normalized by the weight of the standard m - monoplane wing
with equal area in terms of
The appearance of an aircraft with a closed wing system, which has a cantilever part,
obtained during the synthesis, naturally turned out to be similar to the element of the spine of
the katran (Fig. 3).
-

Fig. 2. Technical solution

for a closed wing with a console

Fig. 3. Bionic solution.

Fig. 1. Constructive look of
Vertebrae of the Black Sea shark
aircraft with a closed wing.
(katran)

4 4
 EXAMPLE OF THE FUTURE TECHNICAL SOLUTION OF BIOLOGICAL
MOVEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TRANSFORMATIONS

Fig. 4. Convertible
with sectional
twisted
spar.

Fig. 5. Spar - actuator

with sections of alloys with shape
memory, providing
biosimilar deformations
wing
5 5
 KINEMATICS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE LA CONSTRUCTION
WITH ACTUATORS OF NON-EXISTENT DEFORMATION
Substructure reversal drives

Aircraft in Take off time Aircraft in cruising speed

Properties of alloys with shape memory, suitable for functional use:

1. Creation of large reactive voltages  (for NiTi alloy  up to 800 MPa

with relative deformations  = 4 (multi-cycle) - 8% (disposable)),
2. Transformation of the form (shape memory effect). Substructures, wing adaptation, ...
3. The change of the elastic modulus in 2-4 times during phase martensitic transformation.
Strain management
6
 РАЗРАБОТКА РЕШЕНИЙ ПО АДАПТАЦИИ
КОНСТРУКЦИИ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА К РЕЖИМУ ПОЛЕТА
Разделение адаптивных функций “Выделенные“ характеристики сплава с памятью
между группами элементов формы ( СПФ), используемые для управления
деформациями конструкциями
3. ER, MR

2. PZT 1 - реактивные усилия,

1. СПФ 2 - изменение модуля упругости,
Y 3 - изменение формы элемента,
4 - конвертация энергии (муфты),
X Y
Z 5 - преобразование форм деформации:
X
(кручения-сжатие).

1. Лонжероны из сплава с памятью формы 1

2. Панели закрылков и предкрылков из пь езоэлектриков
5
3. Магнитострикционные и реологически е шарниры

Фиксаторы и шарниры
3 Изменение формы переменной жесткости
1
4
+Т
-Т

2 терфеноловая
гильза
7 7
 Use asymmetrical
deformations to increase
maneuverability of the device.

VARIATION OF SPATIAL FORM

Impact
axis shapes
on the twist of the wing

8 8
 REDUCTOR FORMS (REFORMERS)

terphenol sleeve
for fixing turns

reagent transfer

rheological grease

shape memory effect

9 9
 SET OF EXPOSURE TO STRESSED-DEFORMED CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS
Loading 1. The study of the НДС element
through nodes and boundary conditions
Hinge
Tough 2. Selection of termination conditions:
embedment momentary, elastic, momentless

Epics of Mizg 3. Synthesis of the shape of the elastic line of

other the beam
from the condition of minimum weight

4. Selection of sites for management

material characteristics (SMA)
Axis shape synthesis
Ea - austenitic state
element and control
(when heated)
(SMA)characteristics
Em - Martensitic
Ем ЕА state

5. Cycle by elements
6. Iterations by
constructive synthesis
- power circuit as a whole 10
10
PROTOTYPE OF SEARCH PROGRAM OF OPTIMAL FORM OF ELASTIC AXIS BEAM

11
 PHYSICAL ESSENCE THAT BECOMES A WINNING WEIGHT AT THE EXPENSE
INPUT CURVATURES OF THE BEAM, WORKING ON BENDING AND COMPRESSION (EXTENSION)

Superposition and mutual compensation of internal load components of the

beam (upper wing of the aircraft)

The main contribution to the weight of the wing G is made by the elements
perceiving bend of the wing Mx.
The required weight is characterized by the area of the Mx plot.
where [σ] is the level of permissible stresses,
k  M x ( z )dz  - the proportion of structural material,
[ ] L
G= hz - the average height of the caisson in the section z,
hz L is the span along the centerline of the wing,
k– statistical coefficient taking into account the mass
other component of the wing. Approximately k = 2 12
 PROPERTIES OF FORM ALLOYS WITH MEMORY IN VARIOUS PHASES
Фаза Едини- Поликристаллы Моно-
Свойства А - аустенит цы кристалл
М- мартенсит Ni-Ti Cu-Zn-Al Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Al-Ni

Память формы
Диапазон температур 0
С -20 -200 -200 -200
превращения +100 +120 +200 +250
0
Диапазон гистерезиса С 20-30 10-20 20-30 10-40
Максимальная цикл 1 цикл 8 5 6 10
деформация N=102 6 1 1.2 9
% N=104 2 0.8 0.9 8
N=107 0.5 0.5 0.5 -
Максим. псевдоуп- % 8 2 2 25
ругая деформация
Знакопеременное МПа 600-800 400 400 -
напряжение
Скорость изменения МПа/К 4-12 2-6 2-5 2-5
напряжений

The behavior of the modulus of

13 elasticity SMA at martensitic
transformation
 Фаза Едини- Поликристаллы Моно-
Свойства А - аустенит цы кристалл
М- мартенсит Ni-Ti Cu-Zn-Al Cu-Al-Ni Cu-Al-Ni
Физические
0
Точка плавления С 1240-1310 950-1020 1000-1050 1000-1050
Плотность кг м-3 6400-6500 7800-8000 7100-7200 7100-7200
Теплопроводность А Вт/м К 1.8 120 75 75
М 8.6 120 75 75
Коэффициент А 10 /К
-6
11 - - -
термического
расширения М 6.6 16-18 16-18 16-18

Теплоемкость Дж/кг К 470-620 390 400-480 400-480

Удельное 10-6 Ом 1.0 0.07 0.1 0.1
сопротивление
Механические
Модуль Юнга А ГПа 70-98 70-100 80-100 20-60
М
Предел упругости А МПа 200 - 800 150-300 150-300 150-300
М 150 - 300 - - -
Предел прочности
на растяжение М МПа 700-1100 700-800 1000- 1200 700
(отожженный)
(неотожженный) 1300-2000
Удлинение до М % 40-50 10-15 5-10 25-35
разрушения
Предел усталости при МПа 350 270 350 -
106 циклах 14
   доп=  − 
PROJECTION RELATIONSHIPS 4
− 1М 2М
FOR TUBULAR ACTUATOR FROM SMA NiTi A-> M  *
3
ЦАГИ, ИПРИМ РАН  НД
L/R ≥ φ/ √(3ε) 
2
r 
Рабочий
ход
R 2 3M
Холо стой ход
()подго товительный
0 R
3  r4  1A
L   1 − 4  0
1 2 3 4 5 Такты
 R  Управляющие параме тры
Т ,С Тдоп<< 470 С
* = 4 - 8%,
ТА
* = 400–800 MПa.
Где L - длина рабочего цилиндра ТМ
D - диаметр
 доп= − МПа
ε – относительная псевдопластическая ε=Dφ/4L М 
деформация. Для сплава NiTi < 5-10%. Внеш нее на гружен ие Рабочее
φ – угол скручивания М у силие

The radius of the cross section of the active Такты

1 2 3 4 5
element R is selected from the condition of Максимальное отклонение от запомненной формы
ensuring the required working torque of the drive U КПД = до 15-2 0 %
M: Рост
внутренн ей
эн ергии з а счет В ысвобожде ние
A turnover of 360 ° reversible twisting раб оты внешних внутренней
си л и температуры энергии с
deformation is achieved with an L / D ratio of выпо лнением
работы
about 10. (for 90 ° L = 2.5 D) 1 2 3 4
Такты
5 15
PHASE OF APPROXIMATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF BIOLOGICAL DEVICES
Design solution of the design bureau (ОКБ )on the force frame MIG-25

1/10 scale model

for static tests

The model obtained by the method of linear programming.

Sorokin A.P. "Application of

linear programming methods to
the problem of optimization of
structures based on the finite
element method" // M. Works of
TsAGI,
issue 2050, 1980.

The best spatial positions are With an equal weight of the models of frames 30%, the
determined internal nodal points. angle of rotational deformation of the wing in the root
termination is reduced. (V-shaped) 16
Optimized frame structure
Structural synthesis based on the
optimization block and FEM with initially excess
number of retiring elements.
V.N.Semenov 1982

Redundant internal elements are removed

from the original set if, during an iterative
calculation of the area of their sections, they
meet minimum limits.

To the synthesis of biosimilar structure of the frame

Found in steps 2-3, the positions of the internal

nodal points and the necessary elements allow
you to perform the following step: to find the
shape of the elastic axis for each element and its
required stiffness characteristics

17
 CONCLUSION

Search decisions on the appearance and structure of the aircraft power

design should go ahead of the technology, creating and scientifically substantiating
new solutions.

It is important to show specialists in the related sciences the promise and feasibility
of new solutions, which can initiate their search for the rational use of adapting the
form of the structure.

The ideas of the use of a closed wing in the construction of aircraft, alloys with
shape memory [4-6], adaptive and biosimilar solutions from the field of research
and development have already moved into the design and practical use stages. The
constraining factor so far is the high-technology and high cost of projects and the
lack of proven technical implementations.

18
 LITERATURE
1. Wolkovitch J. The Joined Wing: An overview.// Journal of Aircraft, v. 23, No. 3, 1986. - pp.
161-178.
2. Novoseltsev S.V., Semenov V.N. Research of aerodynamic and strength characteristics of an
aircraft with a closed biplane wing system // - M .: TVF, N 7, 1984. - P. 1-5.
3. Semenov V.N. The design of the aircraft closed and variable schemes. M. TsAGI, 2006. 228 p.
4. Movchan A.A., So Neunt, Semenov V.N. Designing a force torque exciter from a shape
memory alloy. // Proceedings of TsAGI. 2004. Vol. 2664. pp. 220-230.
5. Semenov V.N., Vojtyshen V.S., Kollerov M.Yu., Shcherbakov V.N., Von Mynt Thun. Trends in
the use of alloys with shape memory in engineering and medicine. // Mechanics of
composite materials and structures. M .: IPRIM RAS. T.23. № 2. 2017. p. 157-167.
6. Hardeep Zinta, Semenov V.N., Vojtyshen V.S., Von Mynt Thun. Plenary report at the 4th
International. conference ERBA-2018. "The development of ideas and prospects of the
aircraft with a closed wing." MIPT. Zhukovsky. (Article submitted to MATEC Web of
Conferencts. Scopus)

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