PSYCHODYNAMIC

THEORISTS
FREUD, HORNEY, JUNG
SIGMUND FREUD
(1856 - 1939)
Psychoanalytic Psychologist
PSYCHOANALYTIC
THEORY
FREUD’S THEORY
• All human behaviour is • Human development Developmental
influenced by early occurs mainly in the psychologists
childhood experiences first few years of life
• Study of teenage behaviour
influence the mind
in an effort to better
throughout life
understand why teens
behave the way they do
The human
consciousness

1 Ego:

2 Id: Pleasure

3 Superego: Angel is always

The human
consciousness
EGO ID SUPEREGO
• The rational part of the • The instinctual part • The moral centre of the
mind, which operates on of the mind, which mind (conscience)
the “reality principle”, operates on the
suppressing the urges of
pleasure principle
the ID

The ego often struggles to satisfy the needs of impulsive id

while satisfying the moral superego. Human personality
results from the ego’s effort to resolve the conflicts
 Acts of the
Unconscious mind
● The EGO uses defence mechanisms to distort reality in
order to deal with anxiety
○ Repression is when unacceptable desires are
excluded from consciousness and left to operate
in the unconscious
○ Denial is is when a person refuses to recognize
that something is painful
○ Displacement is the shift of an emotion from its
original focus to another object, person or
situation
○ Projection is when a person attributes their own
threatening impulses onto someone else
 REVIEW
Who was Freud?
What is his theory primarily
concerned with?
What makes his theories
controversial?
KAREN HORNEY
(1885 - 1952)
Feminist Psychologist
 NEO-FREUDIAN
● Modifies Freud’s theory to include social
and cultural aspects
I ST Y
I N OG
M L
FE CHO
PERSONALITY

SY ● Personality is NOT influenced by sexual

P conflicts in childhood

FEMALES
● Women were pushed by society and culture to
depend on men for love and status
● Offers an alternative theory to counter the
biases related to the “female human identity”
FEMINIST PSYCHOLOGY
● Conflicts develop as a result of feeling unsafe,
unloved or undervalued
● Argued that in contrast to Freud’s theory, men
could feel threatened by women’s ability to have
children (“womb envy”)
○ She opposed the idea women were physically
jealous of men
 NEUROTIC DISORDER
What is it?

What did Horney’s theory

propose regarding neurotic
disorders?

Compared to Freud’s theory,

CONTRIBUTIONS what is the outlook of Horney’s
theory?
 Three types of Neurotic Needs”
1. Needs that move people towards
others: - seek affirmation and
acceptance - often described as
needy or clingy
2. Needs that move people away
from others: - create hostility and
antisocial behaviour. - often
described as cold or indifferent
3. Needs that move people against
CONTRIBUTIONS others: -result in hostility and a
need to control other people. -
often described as difficult and
unkind
Although no longer a mental
health diagnosis, researchers
continue to examine how
neurotic needs impact
personality and can lead to other
disorders or health related issues.
 REVIEW
Who was Horney?
What is her theory primarily
concerned with?
What impact does her theory have on
the study of personality?
CARL JUNG
(1875 - 1961)
Analytical Psychologist
 THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
Unique to each individual

THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

The Contains memories from ancestors,
shared by all humans regardless of
“Psyche” culture

ARCHETYPES
Universal symbols that tend to reappear
over time; including models of people,
behaviour and personalities
⇨ Human behaviour is motivated by
opposite tendencies
⇨ Most people have both elements but
balancing the two is important
⇨ Jung also focused on collective
unconscious: the archetypal figures
that ALL people shared knowledge
ARCHETYPE EXAMPLES

1 2 3 4
MOTHER FATHER HERO TRICKSTER
Soothing Stern, powerful, Courageous Deceptive
Nurturing controlling Champion
PERSONALITY
TESTING
 YOU HAVE 1 MINUTE…

ACTIVITY
TIME: DRAW A PIG!
GO!
 REVIEW
Who was Jung?
What is his theory primarily
concerned with?
What are some of the possible
concerns with his theory?
PERSONALITY
Introverted vs extroverted
Thinking vs feeling
Sensation vs intuition
Judging vs perceiving

According to Jung, consciously we gravitate to one type and

unconsciously to the opposite.

Myers - Briggs personality test, the Canadian personality

dimensions and the american true colors systems are based
on Jung’s theory.
Which one
are you?
Complete the personality test
then complete the reflection
questions on the next slide.
PERSONALITY
TEST
1. Do you agree with the results? Why or why not?
2. What do you think influenced your results?
3. Did you answer honestly or were you trying to achieve
a particular result?
THE VALIDITY OF What are the criticisms of

PERSONALITY personality tests? Why?

TESTS
PERSONALITY
SOCIETAL
`INTROVERSION EXPECTATIONS,
- Draining to be around Society expects people to
people be extroverts: “
- Gains energy from people-person”
within Introverts are often
- Likely to think before described as “loners”
acting
- Develops ideas privately Life can be challenging for
solitary introverts
PERSONALITY
PERFECTIONISTS NEGATIVE
- Sets unrealistically high CONSEQUENCES
expectations of Depression, anxiety and
frustration.
themselves
- Over critical for not Procrastination = side effect
meeting goals - Deciding not to act
- “All of nothing” mentality - Lacks confidence
- Enjoys the “final - Fears failure
destination” NOT the
journey
MODERATING
PERFECTIONISM
1 2 3 4
Understands Get rid of Hardships = Do tasks little by
that EVERYONE Statements like: opportunities to little
fails at some “it’s all my fault”, change and grow
point. “if i make a
mistake everyone
will hate me.”
 PREDICTING
PERSONALITY
Factor Analysis, Facial Patterns, Birth Order
ELEMENTS OF
PERSONALITY
- This is a Rorschach test
- The test was originally created to study people's
personalities
- Whether you see something happy, violent, sad or
exciting might reflect how you think, feel act,
- Today’s (psychoanalytic) psychologists do not think this
test is valid. But it does present an important question:
are our minds made up different parts? And, if so,
how can we access and study these different parts
Practical, Openness Curious, wide
conventional, (imagination, feelings, range of interests,
actions, ideas)
prefers routine independent

Conscientiousness
Impulsive, (competence, Hardworking,
careless, self-discipline, dependable,
thoughtfulness,
disorganized goal-driven) organizes

FACTOR
Extroversion
(sociability,
Quiet reserved assertiveness,
Outgoing, warm,
withdrawn emotional expression) seeks adventure

ANALYSIS:
“THE BIG 5”
Critical Agreeableness
(Cooperative, Helpful, trusting,
uncooperative, trustworthy, empathetic
suspicious good-natured)

Neuroticism Anxious, unhappy,

Calm even (tendency toward prone to negative
tempered, secure unstable emotions emotions
ELEMENTS OF
PERSONALITY
- These elements are still under debate
- Factor-analysis is most used today: statistical
techniques to identify patters
- Ex. How would you react in a “hypothetical
situation”?
- Patterns are identified and analyzed
COMPLETE
REFLECT:
1. DO YOU AGREE WITH THE
OUTCOME OF THE TEST?

THE “BIG 5
WHY OR WHY NOT?

2. WHAT ARE SOME ISSUES

WITH THIS TYPE OF

TEST”
TEST? WHAT MIGHT
SKEW THE RESULTS?
Can you spot
the extrovert?
Illustration of how we rate faces on
the following four factors:

(A) conscientiousness,
(B) neuroticism {dominance},
(C) extroversion, and
(D) agreeableness.
The faces are presented from lowest
scores on the left to highest scores
on the right.
Source: Olivola, et al. 2014, http://psychologytoday.com
ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY
1. What difficulties do you have in attempting to predict
personality traits based on facial expressions?
2. Can you offer examples about personal experiences
relating to personality and facial expressions?
3. What judgments might arise relating to facial
judgements?
Using FACIAL Patterns to
determine personality
- Ranking facial images against the “Big 5”
- Extroversion, considered the easiest to identify
- PROBLEM: questions still remain unanswered
- Ex. Cross-cultural difference in facial
expressions
Using BIRTH ORDER to
determine personality
1st BORN MIDDLE BORN LAST BORN ONLY CHILD
Responsible Diplomatic, loyal, feels, Attention seekers, Self motivated, high
perfectionists, natural forgotten quick/early learners achievers
leaders

CAREERS: medicine, CAREERS: Law CAREERS: CAREERS: medicine,

law, engineering, high enforcement, nursing, Journalism, athletics, law engineering, high
education firefighting, public sales education
servants
Using BIRTH ORDER to
determine personality
LIMITATIONS:
- Variable and influenced by age between siblings
gender and multiple births, etc.
- Birth order alone does not determine personality
The Psychology
of Dreams
Do you dream?
Have you ever wondered why you
dream?
Dream analysis
● Dream analysis was initially used to make
diagnosis
● The relationship between REM sleep and dreams
in the later half of the the century found interest
in the scientific community.
● REM sleep is important to help us make a sense of
the day’s events. We experience increased
amount of vivid dreams when we are deprived of
REM sleep.
Dream analysis
● Dream analysis can be used to help patients overcome
obsessions or phobias (this is new)
● Freud and Hung believed that dreams uncovered our
unconsciousness, but differed in their interpretations
○ Freud: dreams represented repressed sexual desires (this
has been widely criticized)
○ Jung: dreams and the symbols used in them were the
instinctive mind communicating with the conscious mind
■ Cautioned analysts to be careful in the interpretations
- that the interpretations should be specific to the dream
being analyzed and not generalized
 Complete the
worksheet as you
watch the video.