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Solution Manual For Accounting Information Systems 10th Edition
Solution Manual For Accounting Information Systems 10th Edition
CHAPTER 7
THE CONVERSION CYCLE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
materials, labor, and overhead, into finished products or services for sale.
2. The batch processing system consists of four basic processes: plan and control
cost accounting.
groups of a uniform product, such as a particular size and type of box. Made-to-
Continuous and batch processing systems produce goods to meet expected sales
orders.
4. Sales forecast, production schedule, bill of materials, route sheet, work order, move
5. The primary determinant for materials requirements, the bill of materials, specifies
the types and quantities of the raw materials and subassemblies used in producing a
single unit of finished product. Given a good that is to be produced from the
production schedule, the route sheet specifies the sequence of operations (i.e.
that adequate inventories exist to meet current demand. Inventory models used to
7. The work order from the production planning and control department triggers the
move tickets, and standards for the various resources (as provided by the standard
cost file).
9. Probably the most important type of report is the variance report. This report
illustrates to management the actual cost versus standard costs and any deviations
from the standards. These reports allow management to make any necessary
observed with respect to direct materials, the bill of materials may be able to be
10. The receipt by cost accounting of the last move ticket for a batch from the work
11. Inventory control, which maintains the records for the raw materials and finished
goods inventories, should be separate from both the raw materials storeroom and
finished goods warehouse functions. Cost accounting, which maintains the records
for work in process, should be separate from the work centers in the production
process.
12 .
requisitions.
b. Segregation of duties:
into production.
13. Computer-aided design (CAD) involves the use of computers to design products to
inventory will tend to accumulate. If the wrong product mix is being produced, then
inventories may build up while the customers are unhappily waiting for delivery of
their product. Inventories may build up and become obsolete or damaged while they
are sitting in storage. Further, production has been wasted building the wrong
product.
15. The goal of lean production is improved efficiency and effectiveness in every area,
16. Activities describe the work performed in a firm, while cost objects are the reasons
17. Essential activities add value to the organization either through adding value to the
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the form of islands that stand alone within the traditional setting.
with the objective of eliminating non-value-added activities. A CIM facility makes use
controlled (CNC) machines to produce an entire part from start to finish in one
location.
20. A company’s value stream includes all the steps in the process that are essential to
producing a product. These are the steps for which the customer is willing to pay.
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. The various work centers send cost accounting completed move tickets. Along with
standards provided by the standard cost file, move tickets enable cost accounting to
update the affected WIP accounts with the standard charges for manufacturing
overhead (MOH). The receipt of the last move ticket for a particular batch signals the
completion of the production process and the transfer of products from WIP to the
finished goods inventory. At that point cost accounting closes the work-in-process
2.
a. The assumption that demand for the product is known with certainty is not
unreasonable for most firms. Some firms will have better estimates than
the very extreme, Christmas items are highly seasonal, as are many
recreational items such as camping gear, hiking gear, suntan lotion, and
b. The lead time is known and constant. This assumption is not too unrealistic.
c. The assumption that the total cost of placing orders is inversely related to the
troublesome.
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d. The assumption that all inventories in the order arrive at the same time is
f. The assumption that the total yearly carrying costs is a variable that increases
3. This is the point where total costs are minimized. In other words, it is the minimum of
4. The cost accountants need to keep the records for WIP inventory files. They also
need to track labor, material, and overhead variances, and provide management
with these reports so that they may make any necessary adjustments. The work
centers should not be allowed to track their own variances, as they might try to cover
every item of FG inventory can be traced back through the production process to its
source. This process is important for detecting errors in production and for tracking
journal vouchers from cost accounting and summaries of the inventory subsidiary
a dime. Top management must be intimately aware of customer needs and not
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assets. To activate the talents of everyone, decisions are pushed to the lowest
structure.
c. A world-class company profitably meets the needs of its customers. Its goal is
not simply to satisfy customers, but to positively delight them. This is not
something that can be done once and then forgotten. With competitors
aggressively seeking new ways to increase market share, a world class firm must
d. The philosophy of customer satisfaction permeates the world class firm. All of
its activities, from the acquisition of raw materials to selling the finished product,
which is the next activity in the process. The final “paying” customer is the last in
the chain.
following a philosophy of lean manufacturing. This involves doing more with less,
8. By replacing labor with automation, a firm can reduce waste, improve efficiency,
9. Students will present different answers to this question. For example: Second Skin
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Swimwear in Boca Raton, Florida digitizes the image of the customer, which is then
displayed on the computer screen. The customer, with the aid of a salesperson, then
tries various swimsuits on the screen, making any desired changes. Different fabrics
are also examined. Once a suit is decided upon, a pattern is automatically prepared
and cut for manufacturing. Thus, the customer basically designs her own swimsuit.
Some car manufacturers allow customers to add on their options via a computer
screen by which they can visualize the results of different options. Once the
customer places an order, the order is sent to the manufacturer and the car is
retailers’ stores which allow customers to build their decks, with the aid of a
salesperson. Once the deck is drawn with the help of a CAD program, the customer
10. Low priced, poor quality raw materials can end up costing the firm more money if
more scrap is produced due to difficulty of working with the raw material. Also, poor
quality raw materials or labor will most probably result in the production of an inferior
11. The problem is that manufacturing performance is not given enough emphasis by
not support the objectives of lean manufacturing firms. Firstly, traditional cost
accounting systems do not accurately trace costs to products and processes. This
results in product cost distortions, which can ultimately cause poor decisions
third problem is the time lag between the reports generated by the cost accountants
and the actual manufacturing activities. Managers need to know in real time about a
robotic machine, which is producing sub-optimal work. Lastly, the accounting data
uses dollars as the standard unit of measure between items that are not always
amenable to a dollar measure, such as product quality, delivery time, set-up time,
etc. Attempting to force this data into such a common financial measure may distort
12. The ABC process model provides critical information about cost drivers and
relative efficiency of activities and the resources used in the process in order to
better manage the activities and resources and target areas for cost reduction.
the other hand, is a far more significant element of cost in advanced technology
manufacturing.
14. The use of standard costs provides a type of access control. By specifying the
quantities of material authorized for each product, the firm limits usage. To obtain
15. A Value Stream Map (VSM) is used to graphically represent a business processes to
identify aspects of it that are wasteful and should be removed. A VSM identifies all of
the actions required to complete processing on a product, along with key information
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about each action item. Specific information may include total hours worked,
overtime hours, cycle time to complete a task, and error rates. The VSM shows the
total time required for each processing step, the time required between steps, and
identifies the types of time spent between steps such as the outbound batching time,
16. ABC allows managers to assign costs to activities and products more accurately
than standard costing permits. Some advantages that this offers are:
channels
17. ABC has been criticized for being too time consuming and complicated for practical
applications over a sustained period. The task of identifying activity costs and cost
drivers can be a significant undertaking that is not completed once and then
and drivers. Unless significant resources are committed to maintaining the accuracy
inaccurate. Critics charge that rather than promoting continuous improvement, ABC
creates complex bureaucracies within organizations that are in conflict with the lean
18. Traditional accounting systems do not accurately trace costs to products and
than in the CIM environment. Overhead, on the other hand, is a far more significant
a direct relationship between labor and technology needs to exist. In CIM, this
relationship is diametric rather than complementary. When the cost pool is large and
19. Most organizations produce more than one product, but these often fall into natural
families. Product families share common processes from the point of placing the
order to shipping the finished goods to the customer. Value stream accounting cuts
across functional and departmental lines to include costs related to the product
purchasing, distribution, and more, but makes no distinction between direct costs
20. MRP II evolved into large suites of software called enterprise resource planning
(ERP) systems. Similarities in functionality between ERP and MRP II systems are
quite apparent. Some argue that very little real functional difference exists between
the two concepts. Indeed, the similarities are most noticeable when comparing top-
A primary distinction, however, is that the ERP has evolved beyond the
manufacturing firms as well. On the other hand, cynics argue that changing the
label from MRP II to ERP enabled software vendors to sell MRP II packages to non-
manufacturing companies. The market for ERP systems was for many years limited
by high cost and complexity to only the largest manufactures. This market was
dominated by a few software vendors including SAP, J.D. Edwards, Oracle, and
PeopleSoft. In recent years this market has expanded tremendously by the entry of
many small vendors targeting small and mid-sized customers with less expensive
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B
2. E
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. E
10. D
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PROBLEMS
1. DOCUMENT FLOWCHART
See diagram below
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a. EOQ =
D = 32,000
S = $13
H = $.35
EOQ = 1,541
b. ROP = I x d
I= 4
D = 91
ROP = 366
3. WORLD-CLASS COMPANIES
c. GE – process improvement
4. INTERNAL CONTROL
a. The work order is not sent to the cost accounting department to set up
corrective procedure is to have the work order sent directly to the cost
accounting department.
should not have both custody over raw materials and the
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the work centers may pilfer raw materials and be able to cover it up by
Solutions to this problem will vary. The key elements of this central
based upon the monthly sales forecast on file in the central computer system
tickets, and purchase orders based upon stored standards and inventory on
hand data.
c. Purchase orders are sent directly to suppliers (this could be via mail,
fax, or EDI).
e. When work is completed work center employees enter the time and
department terminal.
PO Data Material
reqWork
AP Ledger Orders
Move
Cost Standards Ticket
A
Employee A
A
Download
Download
Purchase
Production Cost
Access Material Reports
Reports
Req per worker
request for RM
Management
Management
Repts
Repts
Material
Req
Issue RM to Review
Review
Employee and File
and File
and obtain
Signature
Management
Management
Material Repts
Repts
Req
The advantages are that no defective units will be produced once a problem is
detected. Defective units are problematic and can cause recalls of the tractors at
great expense to Northern and damage to customer relationships. In the long run
the costs associated with shutting down the production line are more than off-set by
the cost savings from avoiding recalls and damage to the company’s reputation.
Achieving JIT requires more than simply the desire to do so. Challenges include:
d. The company needs to obtain excellent cooperation from suppliers. Since the
firm will hold no excess inventory, late or defective deliveries of raw materials
7. ACTIVITY DRIVERS
Overhead components for the company include executive salaries, legal expenses,
ordering costs, accounting and other support department costs, janitorial services,
electricity, plant, property and equipment costs, inventory handling expenses, saw
blades, scrap or waste disposal costs, glue, sand paper, mineral oil, packaging
An activity driver for cutting could be lumber square feet; the most logical activity
driver for the assembly, shaping, sanding, and finishing processes would be the
number of cutting boards made. An activity driver for packing could be the number of
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boxes packed.
Responses may vary, but the essay should include the following points:
a. Pull processing. Products are pulled from the consumer end (demand), not
pushed from the production end (Supply). They are pulled into production as
capacity upstream becomes available. Unlike the traditional push process, lean
b. Perfect quality. Success of the pull processing model requires zero defects
in raw material, work in process, and finished goods inventory. Poor quality is
costs can represent between 25 to 35 percent of total product cost. Also, quality
c. Waste minimization. All activities that do not add value and maximize the
i. Overproduction of products,
v. Inefficient motion of workers who must walk more than necessary in the
correct
viii. Safety hazards that cause injuries and lost work hours and associated
expenses
success in inventory reduction. Lean firms have only a few days or sometimes
even a few hours of inventory on-hand. The three common problems outlined
through obsolescence.
large batches to absorb the allocated costs and create the image of
improved efficiency.
g. Team Attitude. Lean manufacturing relies heavily on the team attitude of all
that threaten the continuous flow operation of the production line. Lean requires
a constant state of quality control along with the authority to take immediate
action
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1. FG Warehouse clerk has asset custody and also has inventory control
materials.
supervisor.
an accounting function.
ordered items, and update the RM ledger. These tasks should be separated
responsibility.
c. Control Weaknesses
used to identify production problems and theft, loss, damage of raw materials.
3. Excess materials are left uncontrolled in work areas where they could
d. Optional flowchart: Student solutions may vary, but they should address the
materials.
supervisor.
raw materials.
supervisor.
responsibility.
responsibility.
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Chapter 7 page 350
Chapter 7 page 351
supervisor.
accounting function.
responsibility.
responsibility.
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Solution Manual for Accounting Information Systems, 10th Edition