Harvey 1

Erin Harvey

ENGL - 102

Samantha Massey

March 14th, 2023

Annotated Bibliography

Hayes, Brittany E., and Michelle E. Protas. “Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence: An

Examination of Individual, Community, and National Factors.” Journal of Interpersonal

Violence, vol. 37, no. 21/22, 2022, p. 24. MacEwan University Library,

https://library.macewan.ca/full-record/cja/159579969.

In “Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Individual,

Community, and National Factors,” Brittany E. Hayes and Michelle E. Protas discuss the

connection between rates of both physical and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) and

child brides. The article showcases data taken from developing countries across the globe,

developing countries having a higher rate of child marriages, despite its recognition as an

international human rights violation. Their research shows that girls who were married under the

age of fourteen were significantly more likely to be a victim of IPV, the number decreasing

significantly as the marriage age increased. They also discuss the normalization of child

marriages, stating that many countries, both developed and underdeveloped, maintain laws that

allow marriage before the age of eighteen.

This particular article works to bring to light a real but often overlooked aspect of modern

marriage. In 21st century Western society the perception of child marriage is that it is a thing of

the past, but the statistics presented in this paper say otherwise. The research will allow the
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following question to be posed; if this ‘outdated’ aspect of marriage is still prevalent, what else is

being overlooked. The article will also help to connect into another topic of exploration, the

emotional exploitation of women in marriage. The statistics on emotional IPV (along with other

more directly relevant sources) can be used to illustrate the unseen emotional labour that women

take on in modern marriage, and how that often ends up leading to emotional abuse.

McKeown, Janet K. L., and Diana C. Parry. “First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes

baby in the baby carriage? Exploring how women can use leisure as resistance to

gendered ideologies.” Leisure Studies, vol. 38, no. 2, 2019, pp. 191-204. MacEwan

University Library, https://library.macewan.ca/full-record/s3h/135476294.

In their journal article, “First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes baby in the

baby carriage? Exploring how women can use leisure as resistance to gendered ideologies,” Janet

K.L. McKeown and Diana C. Parry explore the relationship between women and marriage in the

21st century. Their research focuses on the lived experience of twelve Canadian women and the

stigma they face as unmarried women in modern society, often called ‘singlism.’ The article

highlights the connections people draw between marriage and an individual's worth, stating that

single women are often perceived as of lesser value to society than those who have married and

had children, while men are perceived the same. McKewon and Parry also discuss the ways in

which modern women are pushing back against this system, and how reclaiming and re-

establishing their singlehood is a choice they make to support themselves and not a tragedy

inflicted upon them.

The article is extremely relevant to the main topic of this paper, as it explores the

relationship that 21st-century women have with the concept of marriage. It highlights the gender
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inequality that is present in marriage and discusses women’s perceived value in connection to

motherhood as opposed to personhood. This all aids in supporting the point that marriage is an

outdated institution that needs to be heavily updated in order to benefit women in the same way

it has benefitted men throughout history. The researcher's use of not only statistics and data, but

personal stories and pathos, helps to emphasize the fact that this topic has a very real impact in

our modern world.