Module 3 .

3
Advanced
Computer
Funcionality
Disajikan oleh Team B:
Asep Jaya Mutakin(4062120008)
Bias Ahsha Swasi(40621200023)
Riki Guntara (406212100012)
 CPU
Architectures
INTRODUCTION
A program consists of a sequence of
stored instructions.
CPUs execute these instructions based
on a specific instruction set.
ARCHITECTURES
There are two main types of CPU instruction
sets:
a. Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC):
mRISC architecture utilizes a small set of
instructions.
RISC CPUs are designed for fast execution
of these instructions.
Examples: PowerPC, ARM.
b. RComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC):
CISC architecture employs a broader set
of instructions.
CISC CPUs require fewer steps to execute
each operation.
Examples: Intel x86, Motorola 68k.
 C A C H E
Cache Management
Rule Of Cache Benefits of Cache Type of Cache
Techniques

While executing a Faster access to Level 1 (L1) cache: The Cache management
program step, the CPU frequently used closest and fastest algorithms ensure
stores the remaining instructions and cache to the CPU. efficient utilization of
instructions and data in data. Level 2 (L2) cache: A cache resources.
a high-speed memory Reduced latency in larger cache that may Techniques include
called cache. retrieving be shared among cache coherence,
Cache memory is instructions, CPU cores. replacement policies,
located near the CPU enhancing CPU Level 3 (L3) cache: and prefetching.
for faster access. efficiency. An even larger cache
Cache minimizes the Improved overall shared across
need to access slower system performance multiple CPU cores.
main memory, due to reduced
improving overall memory access
performance. delays.
Conclution & Enhancing
Conclusion - CPU Architectures
CPU architectures can be categorized as
RISC or CISC.
Cache memory plays a crucial role in
improving CPU performance.
Different levels of cache help reduce
memory access delays.
Efficient cache management techniques
enhance overall system efficiency.
Enhancing CPU Operation
Various CPU manufacturers complement
their CPUs with performance-enhancing
features.
This section focuses on some of these
features and their benefits.
 Intel's Hyper- AMD's CPU Power Overclocking and
CPU Virtualization
Threading HyperTransport Measurement CPU Throttling

Intel incorporates AMD processors CPU power is Overclocking is a AMD and Intel CPUs
Hyper-Threading to use measured by its technique to make a support CPU
enhance CPU HyperTransport to speed and data CPU work at a faster virtualization.
performance. enhance CPU processing speed than its CPU virtualization
Hyper-Threading performance. capabilities. original enables a single
processor to act as
allows simultaneous HyperTransport is CPU speed is rated specification.
multiple processors.
execution of multiple a high-speed in cycles per Overclocking is not
Hardware virtualization
threads in the CPU. connection second (MHz or recommended due
technology improves
Operating systems between the CPU GHz). to potential CPU efficiency compared
perceive a single and the Data processing damage. to software emulation.
CPU with Hyper- Northbridge chip. capacity depends CPU throttling is the Operating systems
Threading as two Enables faster data on the front side opposite technique, can run multiple virtual
CPUs. transfer and bus (FSB) width. reducing CPU speed machines
Improved communication Increased FSB to conserve power simultaneously.
performance during between width allows higher or reduce heat. Each virtual machine
the processing of components. performance, Commonly used on behaves as if running
multiple threads. similar to wider laptops and mobile on an independent
lanes on a roadway. devices. computer.
CPU virtualization may
Current processors
require enabling in the
use 32-bit or 64-
BIOS.
bit FSBs.
Conclusion - Enhancing
CPU Operation
CPU manufacturers incorporate
various performance-enhancing
features.
Hyper-Threading and HyperTransport
improve CPU performance.
CPU power is measured by speed and
data processing capabilities.
Overclocking and CPU throttling are
techniques for modifying CPU speed.
CPU virtualization enables efficient
support for multiple operating
systems.
 Latest processor technology
incorporates multiple CPU cores
into a single chip.
Multicore Multicore processors have two or

Processors more processors on the same

integrated circuit.
Enhanced performance and
efficiency compared to single-core
processors.
 Multicore Processors
Types
Different multicore processor
architectures exist.
Cores may have separate L2 and
L3 cache resources or shared
cache for better performance
and resource allocation.
Refer to the accompanying table
for various multicore processor
types.
Benefits
Fast connection between
processors due to integration on
the same chip.
Instructions can be distributed
to all processors simultaneously,
leading to faster execution.
Shared RAM between cores
since they reside on the same
chip.
Recommended for applications
such as video editing, gaming,
and photo manipulation
Power Consumption and
Heat Dissipation
Multicore processors conserve
power and produce less heat
compared to multiple single-
core processors.
Improved performance and
efficiency due to reduced power
consumption and heat
generation.
Positive impact on overall
system stability and lifespan.
Multicore Processors
Integrated Graphics Processing
NX Bit (Execute Disable Bit)
Unit (GPU)
Some CPUs feature an integrated GPU for
CPUs can be enhanced with the NX bit, also
graphics processing.
known as the execute disable bit.
GPU performs rapid mathematical
When supported and enabled in the
calculations required for rendering
operating system, it protects critical
graphics.
memory areas containing OS files from
Integrated GPU is embedded on the CPU
malware attacks.
and depends on system RAM, while
Helps improve system security and
dedicated GPU is a separate chip with its
mitigate risks from malicious software.
own video memory.
Integrated GPUs offer cost savings and less
heat dissipation, suitable for less complex
tasks.
 Multicore processors provide enhanced
performance and efficiency.

Conclusion - Integration of multiple CPU cores on a

single chip enables faster instruction
execution and shared resources.

Multicore Reduced power consumption and heat

generation contribute to system stability.

Processors Integrated GPUs offer cost and space

savings, while dedicated GPUs provide
higher performance.

NX bit enhances system security by

protecting critical memory areas.
 CPU Cooling Mechanisms
Case Fan
Increasing air flow in the computer
case helps remove heat.
Active cooling solution: Fans inside
the case blow out hot air.
Some cases have multiple fans for
improved air flow, with cool air being
brought in and hot air blown out.
CPU Heat Sink
CPU generates a significant amount
of heat inside the case.
Heat sink is installed on top of the
CPU core to draw heat away.
Heat sink has a large surface area
with metal fins to dissipate heat into
the surrounding air.
Passive cooling mechanism.
CPU Fan
CPUs that are overclocked or have
multiple cores generate excessive
heat.
Common practice to install a fan on
top of the heat sink.
CPU fan moves heat away from the
metal fins of the heat sink.
Active cooling mechanism.
 CPU Cooling Mechanisms

Graphics Card Cooling Water Cooling System Heat Pipes (Alternative

System Used in computers with fast CPUs to CPU Fan)
and GPUs. CPU fans can be noisy at high
Graphics cards (video adapter cards)
Metal plate placed over the speeds.
have their own processor called the
processor, and water is pumped over Heat pipes provide an alternative
graphics-processing unit (GPU).
it to collect heat. cooling method.
GPU generates significant heat and is
Pumped water is then sent to a Heat pipe contains a sealed liquid
equipped with one or more fans.
radiator to disperse the heat into the that uses cyclic evaporation and
Fans on the graphics card help
air. condensation to transfer heat
dissipate heat and prevent damage.
Water is recirculated to cool the efficiently.
components.

RAID Concepts
Storage devices can be grouped and
managed using RAID technology to
create large storage volumes with
redundancy.
RAID stands for redundant array of
independent disks.
RAID provides:
a. Availability, reliability, capacity,
and redundancy.
b. Improved performance.
c. Cost-effectiveness compared to
single large drives.
Terminology
STRIPING:
Enables data distribution across multiple drives.
Provides significant performance increase.
Failure of a single drive results in the loss of all data.
MIRRORING:
Stores duplicate data on one or more other drives.
Provides redundancy.
Drive failure does not cause data loss.
The mirror can be recreated by replacing the failed drive and
restoring data from the good drive.
PARITY:
Provides error checking and fault tolerance.
Stores checksums separately from data.
Enables reconstruction of lost data without sacrificing speed
and capacity.
Double Parity:
Provides fault tolerance for up to two failed drives.
Drive Enclosures:
Large drive enclosures used in data
centers can house one or more RAID
implementations.
Drive enclosures may use hot
swappable drives.
Hot swappable drives can be replaced
without powering down the entire
RAID.
Not all drives and RAID types support
hot swapping.
 RAID Levels
Different levels of RAID are available, utilizing mirroring, striping, and parity in various ways.
Higher RAID levels combine these techniques to provide speed, capacity, and redundancy.

LEVEL 0 LEVEL 1 LEVEL 10

RAID 0 (Striping): RAID 1 (Mirroring): RAID 10 (Combining RAID 1 and

Data is distributed across multiple drives
for improved performance.
No redundancy.
Failure of a single drive results in data loss.
LEVEL 5
RAID 5 (Striping with Parity):
Data is striped across multiple drives.
Parity information is calculated and stored on
different drives.
Provides speed and redundancy.
Can tolerate the failure of a single drive without
data loss.
Requires a minimum of three drives.
Data is duplicated on two drives for
RAID 0):
redundancy.
No striping. Combines mirroring and striping
Failure of one drive does not result in data functionalities.
loss. Provides both redundancy and
Mirror can be recreated by replacing the failed performance.
drive. Data is mirrored and then striped
across the mirrored sets.
LEVEL 6 Can tolerate multiple drive failures
depending on the mirrored sets
RAID 6 (Striping with Double Parity):
used.
Similar to RAID 5 but with additional parity
information.
Can tolerate the failure of up to two drives
without data loss.
Requires a minimum of four drives.
Ports,
Connectors,
and Cables
______________________

Computers and peripheral devices

rely on various ports, connectors,
and cables to establish connections
and enable data transfer.
Understanding different types of
ports and connectors is essential for
proper device compatibility and
efficient data transmission.
Legacy Port
Legacy ports are older types of ports that have been largely replaced by
newer technologies such as USB. These ports were commonly found on
older computers and peripheral devices.

SERIAL PORT PARALLEL PORT GAME PORT

Parallel ports have a 25-pin The 15-pin game port was

Serial ports were used to connect
receptacle and were mainly used designed for connecting joysticks
peripherals like printers,
to connect printers, earning them and game controllers. Initially, it
scanners, and modems. They
the nickname "printer ports." was a separate expansion card,
were commonly used for serial
Unlike serial ports, parallel ports but later it was integrated with
communication, which transfers
send data in multiple bits sound cards and motherboard
data one bit at a time. Serial
simultaneously, using parallel designs.
ports come in two form factors:
communication.
the 9-pin DB-9 port and the 25-
pin port.
Legacy Port

PS/2 PORT AUDIO PORT

Audio ports are used for

The PS/2 port is a 6-pin DIN
connecting audio devices to the
connector used for connecting a
computer. Analog audio ports
keyboard and a mouse. It
usually include a line-in port for
typically comes in two color-
connecting external audio
coded variants: purple for the
sources (e.g., stereo systems), a
keyboard and green for the
microphone port for connecting
mouse. PS/2 ports were
microphones, and line-out ports
commonly found on older
for connecting speakers or
computers and peripheral
headphones.
devices.
Video and Graphic Port
Graphic ports are used to connect monitors and external video displays to desktop computers and laptops.

VGA DVI

Analog port Developed for transmitting uncompressed

Oldest graphics port, still used on some digital video
PCs Variants: DVI-A (analog), DVI-D (digital), DVI-I
VGA ports are blue and accept a 15-pin (integrated)
connector with three rows of pins. Two forms of DVI connections: single-link and
dual-link

HDMI DISPLAY

Carries video information and provides digital Carries video information and provides
audio and control signals digital audio and control signals
Uses a 19-pin connector Uses a 19-pin connector
HDMI versions: 1 (Standard) and 2 (High HDMI versions: 1 (Standard) and 2 (High
Speed) Speed)
Supports high resolutions and refresh rate Supports high resolutions and refresh rate
matching matching
USB Cables
and
Connectors
USB Cables 01 The USB protocol has evolved over the years, with
various standards providing different transfer rates.

and 02 USB 1.0 offered low-speed (1.5 Mbps) and full-speed (12
Mbps) channels.

Connectors 03 USB 2.0 introduced High-Speed mode at 480 Mbps.

04 USB 3.0 increased the transfer rate to SuperSpeed (5

Gbps).

05 USB 3.1 further enhanced SuperSpeed to 10 Gbps.

06 USB 3.2 (USB-C) supports SuperSpeed+ at 20 Gbps.

USB Cables and Connectors
USB Type-A
Rectangular connector found on desktop
PCs, laptops, TVs, game consoles, and
media players.
Physically compatible with USB 1.1, 2.0,
and 3.0 Type-A connectors and
receptacles.
Mini-USB
Rectangular connector with small
indentions on each side.
Being phased out and replaced by the
micro-USB connector.
Micro-USB
Connector found on smartphones,
tablets, and other devices.
Widely adopted by manufacturers,
excluding Apple.
USB 2.0 Micro-B connector has two
corners pushed in at an angle.
USB Cables and Connectors
USB Type-B
Commonly used to connect printers and
external hard drives.
Square shape with beveled exterior
corners and an extra notch at the top.
USB Type-C
Newest USB interface.
Smaller than Type-A, rectangular with
four rounded corners.
Supports Thunderbolt 3 and acts as a
multipurpose cable for different
peripheral devices.
Thunderbolt 3 combines USB,
Thunderbolt, DisplayPort, and power
delivery.
Lightning
Small proprietary 8-pin connector used
by Apple mobile devices (iPhones, iPads,
iPods).
Supports both power charging and data
transfer.
Similar in appearance to a USB Type-C
connector.
SATA Cables
and
Connectors
SATA Cables
and Connectors: Used to connect SATA hard drives and
storage devices to the motherboard.
Long (up to 1 meter) and thin cables.
Flat and thin 7-pin connector on each end.
One end plugs into SATA port on
motherboard.
The other end connects to the back of an
internal storage device (e.g., SATA hard
drive).
SATA connector has an "L" shaped key for
proper installation.
SATA Cables and Connectors
SATA Data and Power
Cables:
SATA cable transmits data only.
An additional cable is needed to
supply power to SATA drives.
eSATA Cable: eSATA Adapter Card
Used to connect external SATA drives. Often, an expansion card is installed in
eSATA connectors do not have an "L" shaped
the computer to provide eSATA ports.
key like SATA connectors.
eSATA port has a key feature to prevent
accidental insertion of a USB connector.
 Twisted Pair Cables and
Connectors

Twisted pair cable is commonly used in

01 wired Ethernet and older telephone
networks.

The name "twisted pair" comes from pairs of

02 wires inside the cable that are twisted
together.

Twisting wire pairs helps reduce crosstalk

03 and electromagnetic induction.
Twisted RJ-45 RJ-11
Pairs: Connector Connector
There are two main types Each end of a UTP cable Older telephone
of twisted pair cables: requires a connector for networks used a four-
Unshielded Twisted Pair termination. wire UTP cable.
(UTP) and Shielded In Ethernet networks, the The UTP cable had two
Twisted Pair (STP). cable is terminated with
wire pairs terminated
UTP is the most an RJ-45 connector.
with a 6-pin RJ-11
commonly used form of The RJ-45 connector is
twisted pair cabling. plugged into an Ethernet connector.
UTP consists of color- port. The RJ-11 connector is
coded insulated copper similar in appearance
wires without the foil or to the RJ-45 connector
braiding found in STP but smaller.
Coax Cables and
Connectors
Coaxial cable overview:

Components of a coaxial cable

Inner center conductor (copper or
copper-clad-steel)
Non-conductive dielectric insulating
material
Foil shield (outer conductor)
PVC outer jacket
 RG-6 Cable
RG-6 cable characteristics Coax Cable Construction
Heavy gauge
Insulation and shielding tuned for high- Visual representation of coaxial cable
bandwidth, high-frequency applications with the outer jacket pulled back
Common applications of RG-6
Internet, Cable TV, Satellite TV signals Revealing the braided shielding and
Connector type: F-Type copper core conductor
connector (include an image)
 RG-59 Cable
BNC Connectors
RG-59 cable characteristics
BNC connector overview
Thinner than RG-6 Quarter-turn connection scheme
Less shielding
Recommended applications of RG-59 Common applications of BNC
Low bandwidth connectors
Lower frequency applications (analog video, CCTV) Digital or analog audio
Connector type: BNC connector (include Video
an image)
SCSI AND
IDE CABLES
AND
CONNECTORS
SCSI and IDE Cables and Connectors
SCSI Cables External SCSI Internal SCSI IDE Cable:
and Connectors: Cable: Cable:
Used to connect certain
SCSI is a standard for Used for connecting Common SCSI
hard drives and optical
connecting peripheral older external SCSI connector for internal
drives to the
and storage devices. devices like scanners hard drives.
motherboard.
SCSI is a bus and printers. Internal 50-pin SCSI
IDE ribbon cables
technology where Centronics connector: connector with 50 pins
resemble internal SCSI
devices are daisy- Available in 36-pin and arranged in two rows.
cables but use 40-pin
chained together. 50-pin versions. Attached to a ribbon cable
connectors.
Cabling/connector Pins arranged in two for internal connections.
Typically three connectors
requirements depend rows with a plastic bar
on the cable:
on the location of the holding the contact
One for the IDE port on the
SCSI bus. pins.
motherboard.
Squeeze latches or bail
Two for attaching IDE
locks used to hold the
drives.
connector in place.
Safe Disposal of Equipment and Supplies
Batteries
Batteries contain rare earth metals
harmful to the environment.
They should be recycled to comply
with local environmental regulations.
Mercury used in batteries is extremely
harmful to humans.
Toner Kits, Cartridges, and
Developers
Used printer toner kits and cartridges
should be disposed of properly.
Recycling options are available, some
suppliers take empty cartridges for
refilling.
Refilling inkjet cartridges may void the
printer warranty.
Monitors
CRT monitors store high voltage even
when disconnected.
Monitors contain glass, metal, plastics,
lead, barium, and rare earth metals.
Disposal of monitors must comply with
environmental regulations.
Chemical Solvents and
Aerosol Cans
Contact local sanitation company for
proper disposal of cleaning chemicals
and solvents.
Never dump chemicals or solvents
down sinks or drains connected to
public sewers.
SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Hazardous Materials Safety Data Sheets Determining Hazardous

and Disposal (SDS) Materials
Formerly known as Material Consult the manufacturer's
Hazardous materials contain
Safety and Data Sheets SDS to determine if a material
high concentrations of heavy
(MSDS). is classified as hazardous.
metals like cadmium, lead, or
Summarizes information about Required by OSHA in the U.S.
mercury.
material identification, when transferring materials
Disposal regulations vary by
hazardous ingredients, and to a new owner.
state or country.
first-aid requirements.
Contact local recycling or
Includes chemical reactivity,
waste removal authorities for
incompatibility, handling,
disposal procedures and
storage, and disposal
services.
procedures.
SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Regulation in the
Safe Disposal Methods
European Union
The regulation REACH
SDS provides guidance on
(Registration, Evaluation,
disposing hazardous materials
Authorization and Restriction
safely.
of Chemicals) came into effect
Always check local regulations
on June 1, 2007.
for acceptable disposal
Replaces various directives
methods for electronic
and regulations with a single
equipment.
system.