**Subject: Philosophy**

Title: "Ethical Theories: Utilitarianism vs. Deontology"

1. **Introduction to Ethical Theories**

- Ethics is the study of what is morally right and wrong.

- Utilitarianism and deontology are two major ethical theories that provide different approaches to
ethical decision-making.

2. **Utilitarianism**

- Developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism focuses on the consequences
of actions.

- The principle of utility states that actions are right if they maximize overall happiness or pleasure.

3. **Deontology**

- Deontology, associated with Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the moral duty or obligation of an
action.

- The categorical imperative is a key concept, suggesting that one should act according to
universalizable principles.

4. **Comparison and Contrast**

- Utilitarianism prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number, often leading to
consequentialist judgments.

- Deontology emphasizes the inherent moral worth of actions, regardless of their consequences.

5. **Critiques and Applications**

- Critics argue that utilitarianism can lead to morally questionable actions if they produce the
greatest happiness.

- Deontology can be criticized for being too rigid and failing to account for situational context.

- Both theories have real-world applications in fields like ethics, law, and healthcare.