Human Body Orientation

ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

DEFINITION ORGAN SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

ANATOMY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Study of the structure and shape of the body  Forms the external body covering.
and its parts.  Protects deeper tissue from injury.
PHYSIOLOGY  Helps regulate body temperature.
Study of how the body and its parts work or  Synthesizes vitamin D.
function  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors.

ANATOMY- LEVELS OF STUDY SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Protects and supports body organs.
GROSS ANATOMY  Provides muscle attachment for
 Large structures movement.
 Easily observable  Site of blood cell formation.
 Stores minerals.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Produces movement.
 Maintains posture.
 Produces heat.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Fast-acting control system.
 Responds to internal and external
change.
 Activates muscles and glands.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Secretes regulatory hormones.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY → Growth
 Structures cannot be seen with the → Reproduction
naked eye.
→ Metabolism
 Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Transports materials in body via blood
pumped by heart.
→ Oxygen
→ Carbon dioxide
→ Nutrients
→ Wastes

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Returns fluids to blood vessels.
 Cleanses the blood.
 Involved in immunity.

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

✓ Produces energy.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ✓ Regulated by hormones.
 Keeps blood supplied with oxygen. EXCRETION
 Removes carbon dioxide ✓ Eliminates waste from metabolic
reactions.
✓ Wastes may be removed in urine or
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM feces.
 Breaks down food. REPRODUCTION
 Allows for nutrient absorption into
blood.
✓ Occurs on cellular level or
 Eliminates indigestible material as organismal level.
feces. ✓ Produces future generation.
GROWTH
URINARY SYSTEM ✓ Increases cell size and number of
 Eliminates nitrogenous waste. cells.
 Maintains acid-base balance.
 Regulates water and electrolytes.
SURVIVAL NEEDS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Produces offspring. Nutrients
 Testes produce sperm and male  Chemicals for energy and cell building.
hormone.  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
 Ovaries produce eggs and female vitamins, and minerals.
hormones.
Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions.
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
Water
MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES  60-80% body weight.
MOVEMENT  Most abundant chemical in the body.
✓ Locomotion  Provides for metabolic reaction.
✓ Movement of substances
RESPONSIVENESS Stable body temperature
✓ Ability to sense changes and react.  37 degrees C (98 degrees F)
DIGESTION
✓ Breakdown and absorption of
Atmospheric pressure
nutrients.  Must be appropriate for gas exchange
METABOLISM
✓ Chemical reactions within the
body.
✓ Break down complex molecules
into smaller ones.
✓ Build larger molecules into smaller
ones.

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
 Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

HOMEOSTASIS Superior Toward the head end or

(cranial or upper part of a structure
HOMEOSTASIS cephalad) or the body; above
 Maintenance of a stable internal Inferior Away from the head end
environment (caudal) or toward the lower part
 A dynamic state of equilibrium of a structure or the body;
 Necessary for normal body below
functioning and to sustain life Ventral Toward or at the front of
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE (anterior) the body; in front of
 A disturbance in homeostasis Dorsal Toward or at the backside
resulting in disease. (posterior) of the body; behind
Medial Toward or at the midline
of the body; on the inner
side of
Lateral Away from the midline of
the body; on the outer
side of
Intermediate Between a more medial
and a more lateral
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY structure
Proximal Close to the origin of the
 Special terminology is used to prevent body part of point of
misunderstanding. attachment to a limb to
 Exact terms are used for: the body trunk.
1. Position Distal Farther from the origin of
2. Direction a body part or the point
3. Regions of attachment of a limb to
4. Structures the body trunk.
Superficial Toward or at the body
REGIONAL TERMS surface
Deep Away from the body
surface; more internal

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
 Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

Sagittal section
 Divides the body (or organ) into left
and right parts.
Median / Midsagittal section
 Divides the body (or organ) into equal
left and right parts.
Frontal / Coronal section
 Divides the body / organ into anterior
and posterior parts.
Transverse / Cross section
 Divides the body / organ into superior
and inferior parts.

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F
Human Body Orientation
ANAPHY (LECTURE) / WEEK 1

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MORALES, ANN MARGARETTE DELFIN- BN1F