Introduction

In Africa the biggest river delta is Niger delta and in world it is third largest delta. It covers about 70,000
square kilometer area. It helps about 30 million people for basic needs (Musa et al., 2016). In the region
information on the network of the rivers are very significant. It can allow the efficient monitoring of
variations in the circulation of very powerful system of fluvial and its impacts on assets and risk to
population. For the sedentary labor largest population of this area depend on the water of river. For the
management and monitoring of vital resources the comprehensive information on network of river is very
significant.

The common incidences in Niger delta region are flooding and oil spilling. It have very shocking
consequence on infrastructure and population (Ekeu-Wei and Blackburn, 2018). However, for the Niger
delta there is a lake of geographical data. To support the suitable strategies for use of land and for
development of schemes which can mitigate the flood, a very modernize data system is required. It is the
area where gas and oil extraction accour at very large scale (Anejionu et al., 2015). There is a well-known
and a long history of pollution by oil in the Niger delta region. It have very dangerous effect on the
population (Obida et al., 2018).

In 2014 sentinel 1 was launched. It was the first devoted satellites in the orbit of Copernicus program
(potin et al., 2014). It repeat the cycle after 12 days. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of sentinel 1 which
has an antenna in active phase help the 4 various working mood of imaging. It is giving different
coverage and resolution. The data of sentinel 1 was obtained free from European Satellite Agency (ESA).
We used IW (Interferometric Wide) swath mood.

In 2019 ozigis et al. compare the two method for detection and mapping of impact of spilled oil. They use
Random Forest (RF) and Fuzzy Forest (FF) method. After that they compare these method with
multispectral SAR senital 2 images. In the Niger delta Random forest and Fuzzy forest were hired to
distinguish oil free and oil spill influenced pace. In the process of classification, Fuzzy Forest (FF)
utilized particular functions for the use and collection of unrelated variable in the process of classification
to produce an advance result. Fuzzy Forest (FF) confirmed an effective method for the selection of
variable which discourse the effects of multi collinearity and dimensionality. The use of optical image
variable and various SAR techniques give the better and more precise result than random forest (RF). By
the use of SAR the overall accuracy in the dense vegetation area was 75%, however the accuracy of the
SAR in grassland and cropland is 65% and 59.4%. But the performance of Random Forest (RF) in the
cropland is better with an overall accuracy of 65%. This study confirmed that the observing oil spilling
Figure 1; panel A: study area of Niger delta Nigeria Penal B: Color combination of SAR Penal C: Map
produce by ESA and ECCI.
by SAR on the foliage is possible. This technique also has high probability for launching oil spilled area
and monitoring of oil pipeline.

In 2018 Chinedu and Chukwuemeka reported that, there are 12000 incident of oil spilling were recorded
in the period of 1976-2014. From 1776 to 2009 the oil spilling trend did not pursue the consistent pattern.
But the incidents of oil spilling in 2010-2014 were increase in a regular manner without a consistent
decrease. In 2014 there are high number of incidences of oil spilling as shown in fig 2. 3.1 million bbl. of
crude Oil were spilled out in the period of 1976-2014. But the bulk of spilling oil decrease annually in
the study area (Niger Delta Region) as shown in fig 3.

Figure2: Oil spilling trend in Niger delta

Figure 1 Volume of oil spilling in period of 1976-2014

The spilling of oil have worse effect on the ecosystem, health, economic and cultural effects. By exposure
to material of spilling or direct interaction and volatile compound inhalation have serious consequences
on the health of people. Physical interaction of people with the oil like drinking of oil contaminated water
and eating of oil containing seafood have some serious effect on the people health. It causes dizziness,
nausea, disruptions or inhibition of CNS (Central Nervous System), some cancerous effects. It causes
some long lasting effect like developmental, reproductive and cancerous (Change et al., 2014). The large
number of people those interact with the volatile hydrocarbon during the process of clean up show the
symptoms of headaches, respiratory, neurovestibular and skin disease (Zabbey et al 2017). The economy
of the people are in this region is depend on the farming, fishing. The mangroves trees present in the
Niger delta region. Large amount of the oil discharge into the environment of the coastal. The mangroves
are tremendously responsive to oil contamination. The degradation of mangroves influence the domestic
women and men who belong to the fishing (Zabbey et al., 2017). They cannot earn their livelihood. To
get a living, the young people capture the foreigner and claim large amount of money (Babatunde et al
2017).The events of industries of oil in this region have frequently caused lot of problem of culture. This
involve displacement of people and unemployment (Dauda et al., 2017).

In Niger delta the large volume of oil spilled out due to the illegal activities. In 2019 two thousand tons of
oil was spilled out as compare to sixteen hundred tons in 2018. From 2017 Shell Petroleum Development
Company (SPDC) eliminate the 523 illegitimate points of theft. There are three phases of cleanup process
1) elimination of oil present on the surface. 2) Soil remediation 3) mangroves planting and it checking. In
2019 Sell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) cleanup 130 sites. Out 0f 130 site Nigerian
government certified the 123 sites. But in the 2018 company remediate the 45 sites are remediated and
government certified the 116 sites. Due to better cleanup process the government of Nigeria gave many
awards and recognitions to Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) (Shell, 2020).
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