Name: Diosan Dave Venus

BCE323L(1617)
1. Name several of the admixtures that are used in concrete mixes. What is the
purpose of each?
• Air-entertaining admixtures – Generally used to improve concrete's
resistance to freezing and thawing as well as its ability to withstand the
degrading effects of deicing salts. The air-entraining chemicals make the
mixing water foam, which results in the incorporation of billions of little air
bubbles into the concrete.
• Accelerating admixtures - It quickens the development of its initial
strength. Such improvements lead to shorter curing and protection times
for the concrete as well as early form removal, which is especially helpful
in cold areas.
• Retarding admixtures - utilized to hold back temperature rises and slow
the setting of the concrete. They are made up of different acids, sugars, or
sugar derivatives.

2. What is Poisson’s ratio, and where can it be of significance in concrete work?

- Poisson's ratio is a measurement of the Poisson effect, which is the tendency
of a material to expand in directions opposite those of compression. The
opposite is true; if a material is stretched as opposed to compressed, it often
tends to shrink in the opposite direction.

3. What factors influence the creep of concrete?

- Similar to the elements that impact shrinkage, the following are the factors
that affect concrete creep which are quality of aggregate, concrete mix ratio,
cement properties, temperature, stress level, age at loading, and humidity.

4. What steps can be taken to reduce creep?

- Lowering the operating temperature of the metal being used is one technique
to decrease creep, however this is not always feasible. The continuous load
that the metal must sustain can be reduced as an alternative, but again, this
may not be possible depending on the application.

5. What is the effect of creep in reinforced concrete columns that are subjected to
axial compression loads?
- Long-term axial compression loading on reinforced concrete columns causes
creep, which causes extra compressive stress and strain to build in the
longitudinal reinforcement while the concrete's stress diminishes.

6. Why is silica fume used in high-strength concrete? What does it do?

 - A highly pozzolanic substance called silica fume, a by-product of the
ferrosilicon industry, is utilized to improve the mechanical and durability
qualities of concrete. It may either be used as a standalone component
applied straight to concrete or combined with silica fume and portland
cement.

7. Why do the surfaces of reinforcing bars have rolled-on deformations?

- The reinforced cement concrete members' ability to support more weight in
flexure, compression, and tension is enhanced by the ribbed surface or rolled-
on deformation, which also increases grip and adhesion.

8. What are “soft metric” reinforcing bars?

- A "soft" metric conversion mathematically converts an object's real physical
size in Customary U.S. units to its equivalent in meters. Many projects' specs
and details mention "hard" conversions to metric reinforcing bars.

9. What are three factors that influence the magnitude of the earthquake load on a
structure?
- The weight or mass of the building, its dynamic characteristics, the differential
in stiffness between neighboring levels, the intensity and length of the
earthquake, and other factors all affect how much of a load it can withstand.
An on-the-ground structure or one that is next to another building experiences
an earthquake load on its surface.

10. Why are epoxy-coated bars sometimes used in the construction of reinforced
concrete?
- To reinforce the concrete and prevent corrosion, epoxy coated rebar is utilized
in place of regular reinforcing bars.

11. What is the diameter and cross-sectional area of a #5 reinforcing bar in the U.S.
Customary?
- The nominal size is 0.625 inches (15.875 millimeters) in diameter and 0.31
inches (200 millimeters) in area.