Activity 3

The Animal Cell

The basic living unit of the body is the cell and each organ is an aggregate of many
different cells held together by intercellular supporting structures. Each type of cell is especially
adapted to perform o particular function. All the many cells of the body often differ from each
other, all of item have certain basic characteristics that are alike.

The study of the cell, its structure and functions is called cytology. For cytological
Studies, a small section is sliced from the body of an animal. This is "killed and preserved,
washed, dehydrated, cut into thin sections with a precision machine, the microtome, mounted on
microscope slices and stained to bring out the cellular structures. Live cells may be treated with
dyes that stain to make the parts visible. Many cell parts may be seen only when stained with
appropriate dyes or with the use of more sensitive and powerful microscope.

Among unicellular organisms like the bacteria, the whole body is a single cell while a
multicellular organism s body consists of many different cells. There are two main types of cells
in a multicellular animal: the sex cells (Sperm and ovum) which are responsible for the
reproduction of another organism and therefore the perpetuation of an organism's generation; and
the somac cells, which make up the bulk of the body and serves for the body's maintenance and
repair.

The unit of measurement of microscopic structures such as the cells is the micron which
is 0.001 of an mm or 1/100C of a millimeter.

Objectives:

1. 1dentity the parts of an animal cell

2. Describe the function/ s of each part.
3. Classify animal cells based on shape, organization, and functions.
4. Identify the various types of cell: and indicate the part of the body where they maybe found.

Materials:

toothpick
iodine solution
glass slide
cover slip
prepared slide of the frog's blood
microscope

Procedure:

A. Cell Structure and Functlon

Using figure 1, identity the numbered structures of a generalized animal cell.

Opposite the identified parts write the function. Enter your answers in table 1.
B. Examination of the Human Check Cells

Obtain a toothpick , iodine solution , glass slide and cover slip. Gently scrape
the inner lining of your cheek with the blint end of the toothpick. There seems to be nothing on
the toothpick but there are plenty of tiny cells attached to it. Spread this on a glass slide, put a
drop of iodine solution and cover with a cover slip. Focus under the LPO. How many cells can
you see? (1) ______

Take note of the shape of the cells (2)______. Study the cell under the HPO.
Draw the cheek cell under LPO and label the following parts: Cell membrane, Cytoplasm,
Nucleus. Draw one cell under the HPO and label the following parts: Cell membrane,
Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Nuclear membrane, Chromatin materials and Nucleolus.

C. Permanent Mount of Animal Cells(Frog's Blood Cells)

Obtain a prepared slide of the fog's blood and study this under the LPO and the HPO.
Compare the blood cells with those of the fresh mount of the cheek cells.
Draw red blood cells of the frog under the LPO and label the same parts found in
the fresh mount of the cheek cells. Draw one red blood cell under the HPO and label the parts.

D. Shapes of Animal Cells

Cells vary in shape according b their organization and functions. Some cells are
known to undergo changes in shape. Although there is a diversity of cell shapes, the shapes of
the nuclei are generally spherical. It is chiefly the cytosome that exhibits modified shapes. Below
is a list and examples of easily differentiated cell shapes.

Shapes of Animal Cell

1. Spherical or globular- egg cells or ova

2.Squamos or pavement (thin and flat)- surface cells of the skin
3. Polygonal- cells of the liver
4. Tall and columnar-cells lining the intestines.
5. Cuboidal- cells of kidney tubules.
6. Pyramidal-cells lining certain glandular structures.
7. Fusiform (spindle-shaped)-smooth muscle cells of the stomach and intestines,
8. Stellate (star-like)- nervous tissue cells
9. Spider-like-bone cells
10. Amorphous (constantly Changing shape)- white blood cells.
11.Oval-red blood cells of frog and camel.
12.Circular or disc-shaped-red blood cells of man.
13. thread like- sperm cells
14. Goblet-shaped goblet cells of intestines
15.Net-like-cardiac muscle cells
16.Filamentous-voluntary muscle cells
17.Ciliated (with numerous short hair-like protoplasmic processes known as cilia on its
exposed Surface) -cells of the trachea of mammals and lining of roof of buccal
cavity of frog.
18.flagelilated (with one or more slender whip-like cytoplasmic processes or flagella)
cells of the inner lining of the gastro-vascular cavity or hydra.

Using the given figures (1-20) identify the various shapes of animal cells.
Opposite the shape write the location or body parts where they may be found. Fill in correctly
table 2.
 WORKSHEET NO. 3
The Animal Cell
Name: Clarence James D. Oral
Course and Year: BS Biology 1A
A. Cell Structure and Function
Table 1 Parts and Functions of an Animal Cell
Numbered Cell Structure
Structure
1 Cytoplasm
2 Lysosome
3 Nuclear Membrane
4 Centrioles
5 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
6 Cell Membrane
7 Mitochondria
8 Microfilament
9 Nucleus
10 Nucleolus
11 Pinocytotic Vesicles
12 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Date: September 5, 2023
Instructor _____________
Function
It is the medium for chemical reaction. It
provides a platform upon which other
organelles can operate within the cell. All of
the functions for cell expansion, growth and
replication are carried out in the cytoplasm
of a cell.
Responsible for the digestion of
macromolecules.
Act as a barrier that separates the contents of
the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
It plays a role in organizing microtubules
that serve as the cell’s skeletal system, as
well as they engage in the arrangement of
mitotic spindles during cell division.
Its main functions are the synthesis of lipids,
steroid hormones, the detoxification of
harmful metabolic byproducts and the
storage and metabolism of calcium ions
within the cell.
The cell membrane separates the material
outside the cell, extracellular, from the inside
the cell, intracellular. It maintains the
integrity of a cell and controls the passage of
materials into and out of the cell.
Known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
Mitochondria produce the energy necessary
for the cell’s survival and functioning.
Mitochondria breaks down glucose into an
energy molecule known as ATP.
Microfilament help to generate the forces
used in cellular contraction and basic cell
movements.
The nucleus serves both as the repository of
genetic information and cell’s control center.
DNA replication, transcription, and RNA
processing all take place within the nucleus.
Its primary function is to produce and
assemble the cell’s ribosome.
It functions as carriers of the extracellular
fluid into the cell.
It is involved with the production, folding,
quality control and dispatch of some
proteins.
 13 Ribosome Ribosome function as the site of protein
synthesis in the cell.
14 Golgi Complex It is the organelle in the cell that is
responsible for sorting and correctly shipping
the proteins produced in the ER.
15 Vacuole It performs several functions such as storage,
ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion
of excess water.
16

17

18

19

20

B. Examination of the Human Cheek Cells

1._________________

2._________________

Human Cheek Cells under LPO _________X Human Cheek Cells under HPO
_________X

C. Permanent Mount of Animal Cell (Frog’s Blood)

Frog’s Red Blood under LPO _________X Frog’s Red Blood under HPO _________X

D. Shapes of Animal Cells

FIGURE SHAPE LOCATION

1
 2

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Questions:

1. Does a typical cell exist? Support your answer.

2. Are all cells microscopic? Support your answer by giving examples.

No, not all cells are microscopic, but majority of the cells are microscopic in size. For example,
the ostrich egg is the largest cell, as well as Amoebas can be up to 3mm and they can be seen by
the naked eye.

3. What is the purpose of the iodine solution in preparing fresh mounts of cells?
Most cells are colorless; an iodine solution is used to stain the cell, which makes the internal
structure of the cell more visible under a microscope by adding contrast.

4. Why was the inner lining of the cheeks used (instead of the outer layer of the skin)
for the study of fresh mount of animal cells?

Conclusion: