LISH GRAMMAR

ENG II

VERB PHRASE
COMPLEMENTATION
St. Fernada Dini Anggraeni
(184214139)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Intransitive verbs don't need any objects. There are 3 types of
verbs: behavior (laugh, smile, sigh, sneeze, die, etc), weather (rain,
snow), and occurrence ( appear, go, come, arrive, etc)

Some intransitive takes Locative / Goal Complement or Adjunct.

SUBJECT - PREDICATOR
Intransitive verbs with the S-P pattern do not use another element in the
sentence.

Examples:
a) Alan sneezed
S P

b) Susi arrives
S P

c) It rained
S P
S-P-LOC. COMPLEMENT
Sometimes, the intransitive verb put location complement or goal
complement to complete a sentence. Verbs of movement (walk, run,
stroll, crawl, fly) need a complement.

Examples:
a) Fina walked through the mud.
S P Loc. Comp.

b) The bird flies across the sky.

S P Loc. Comp.
 S-P-ADJUNCT
Adjunct is a supplementary part that modifies the verb. The sentence is still
grammatically correct when the adjunct is erased.
Some intransitive verbs that have S-P-Adjunct are: work, arrive, retire, stop.

Examples:
a) Hana retired from her position.
S P Adjunct

b) Jane stops in front of the mall building.

S P Adjunct
 COPULAR
VERBS
Copular verbs are used to connect a
subject and complement. It can be a
noun phrase, adjective, and adverb.
Some copular verbs are: be, appear, seem,
look, taste, smell, become, and get.
A copular verb expresses either that the
subject and its complement denote the
same thing or that the subject has the
property denoted by its complement.
COPULAR
Examples:
Candies are sweet
VERBS
S P Comp.
'Sweet' is the property of subject 'candies'.
SUBJECT - PREDICATOR
Copular verbs with S-P are similar to the intransitive S-P form.
This pattern also involves verbs of behavior, weather, and occurrence.

Examples: Occurrence (arrive, fade, happen,

Behavior (cry, smile, fall, die, sneeze, depart)
yawn, faint) a) Dina appeared.
a) Oni laughed. b) Her necklace disappeared.
b) She sighed.

Weather (rain, snow)

a) The sun rose.
b) It's snowed.
 S-P-LOCATIVE COMP.
Verbs that have this pattern are: be, stand, live, lie, remain, walk, run, stroll,
crawl, fly.
Examples:
a) Feni lives near the market.
S P Cloc

b) She lies on the mat.

S P Cloc

c) They walked home.

S P Cloc
 S-P-ADJUNCT
Similar to the previous slide, a sentence with an adjunct is still grammatically
correct when the adjunct is deleted. Adjunct is not to complete the meaning
but to add more information.
Examples:
a) Gea works in Bandung.
S P A
b) He will arrive late.
S P A
c) Uncle retired two months ago.
S P A
S-P-SUBJECT COMP.
Subject complement characterizes or identifies the subject. Two
kinds of verbs with S-P-SC pattern: verb of becoming and other
linking verbs.

Examples:
a) The concert is fabulous.
S P SC
b) Their recent song become famous.
S P SC
c) She went insane.
S P SC
 TRANSITIVE VERBS
Transitive verbs need an object to complete the sentence. There are 3 types of
transitive verbs

Monotransitive Ditransitive Complex Transitive

Ex: eat, wear, watch, Ex: give, offer, send, Ex: appoint, name,
put away, run out, say, buy, pass, rob, blame, find, etc.
etc. lend, owe, etc.
MONOTRANSITIVE
A monotransitive verb needs a Direct Object
or a Prepositional Object.
Examples:
a) I eat a bag of Chitato.
S P Od
b) We run out of time.
S P Op
c) She wears a blue blouse.
S P Od
d) Queenie watches over the security.
S P Op
DITRANSITIVE
A ditransitive verb requires two objects. The verbs
need Indirect-Direct Object and Direct-
Prepositional Object.
Examples:
a) Robby gives his wife a bucket of roses.
S P Oi Od
b) Kiel owes me lunch.
S P Oi Od
Indirect object can be move to the end of
sentence with adding a preposition.
a) Robbby gives a bucket of roses to his wife.
S P Od Oi
 COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
This verb requires Object and Complement. It is divided into some
categories:
1. Verbs of causing (hold, keep)
Ex: We should hold the map carefully.
S P Od Co
2. Mental verbs (believe, consider, think, find, imagine, like, want)
Ex: Mom considers it unimportant.
S P Od Co
 COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
3. Attributive verbs (wipe, drive, turn, presume)
Ex: Someone turns it off.
S P Od Co
4. Other verbs (elect, appoint)
Ex: Students appoint Hana the class captain.
S P Od Co
VERB COMPLEMENTATION BY
FINITE CLAUSE
Finite gives information about tense, singular/plural, and
gender of object.
FINITE THAT CLAUSE

Verb + that Verb + NP + that

clause clause
Verb of cognition, Communicating verbs such
expectation, and report. as tell, inform, persuade,
convince, remind, teach.
 VERB + THAT
Verb of cognition (think, believe, imagine, see, doubt):
Ex: I believe that the rain will stop tonight.
S P that clause

Verb of expectation (expect, hope, suppose, wish)

Ex: Wendy hopes that the recording session ended early.
S P that clause

Verb of report (say, announce, explain, mean, mention,

report)
Ex: The staff announce that the concert will be postponed.
S P that clause
VERB + NP + THAT CLAUSE
Examples:
a) He reminds me that I have to save water.
S V NP that clause
b) The guide told us that we should not take things from the museum.
S V NP that clause
Whenever the subject of a finite clause is the same as NP, the
sentence can be paraphrased into a non-finite clause.
a) He reminds me to save water.
S V NP non-finite clause
b) The guide told us to not take things from the museum.
S V NP non-finite clause
 FINITE WHAT CLAUSE
Verb + indirect interrogative
Some verbs followed by indirect interrogative are ask, wonder, doubt, enquire,
don't know.
Examples:
a) I wonder which color to choose.
S V wh- clause
b) She doubted what she just saw.
S V wh- clause
VERB COMPLEMENTATION BY
NON-FINITE CLAUSE
There are 4 forms of non-finite clause: to infinite,
bare infinite, -ing form, and -en form.
The idea of catenative is 'chaining'
Example:
I try to ask her to write a letter.
1st: think
2nd: ask
3rd: write
CATENATIVE
The verb 'try' needs the complement that
COMPLEMENT
starts with to infinite. The second chain is in
the verb 'ask' that needs a nominal followed
by to infinite. The last chain is in the verb
'write' that needs a nominal and bare infinite
phrase.
COMPLEMENTATION
BY TO-INFINITIVE
VERBS
 VERB + TO-INFINITIVE
Verbs that require to-infinite as complements are:
want, wish, intend, arrange
Examples:
a) My brother wants to eat fried fries.
S V to-infinite
b) They intended to put down the offer.
S V to-infinite
 VERB + TO-INFINITIVE
like, love, prefer, can't bear, hate
Examples:
a) Mom loves to drink tea in the morning.
S V to-infinite
b) Ginny prefers to go to the library than to the canteen.
S V to-infinite
promise, agree, learn, forget, decide
Examples:
a) He promised to invite me in.
S V to-infinite
b) Fredy forget to bring his dictionary.
S V to-infinite
 V + NP + TO-INFINITIVE
CLAUSE WITH SUBJECT
Verbs used with this pattern are: want, like, prefer, can't bear, dislike, hate, wish,
arrange.
Examples:
a) Father wants me to be confident.
S V NP to-infinitive
The NP 'me' is the subject to to-infinitive 'to be confident.

b) My parents had arranged our family to have a special dinner.

S V NP to-infinitive
The NP 'our family' is the to-infinitive 'to have a special dinner' subject.
 V + NP + TO-INFINITIVE
The NP after the verb performs as both object and implied
subject of to-infinitive.
Verb of action: advise, allow, beg, expect, invite, tell, persuade,
urge.
Examples:
a) Gani invited us to his birthday party.
S V NP to-infinitive
b) The teacher told me to choose carefully.
S V NP to-infinitive
Both NP are object and subject to each to-infinitive.
COMPLEMENTATION BY
BARE INFINITIVE
Verbs that require bare infinitive are let, have, see,
make, feel, help.
Examples:
a) I let him go.
S V NP bare infinitive
b) Jerry makes her laugh.
S V NP bare infinitive
COMPLEMENTATION
BY -ING CLAUSE
V + -ING CLAUSE
Some verbs followed by the -ing clause are like,
love, avoid, dislike, enjoy, miss, risk, hate, can't
help.
Examples:
a) My sister enjoys watching Korean dramas.
S V -ing clause
b) Jono dislikes running at the park.
S V -ing clause
 V + NP + -ING CLAUSE
NP in this form acts as subject of -ing clause. The verbs are: see, hear, feel, smell,
find, leave, discover, catch, come across, keep.
Examples:
a) I see her crying.
S V NP -ing clause
b) Mom smell something burning.
S V NP -ing clause
 COMPLEMENTATION BY
PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
Causative verbs: get, have, want, like, prefer,
see, hear, feel, abandon.
Examples:
a) I prefer the dough rested longer.
S V NP PP
b) I get my car painted red.
S V NP PP
REFERENCES
What are copular verb. (2010). Retrivied
from What are copular verbs?
(englishgrammar.org)
Isti'anah, A. Modul English Grammar. (2019).