ME 20:

Manufacturing and
Industrial Processes
 Mechanical INDUSTRIES:
chapter 1 engineering
The Food, drink and
tobacco products
Manufacturing refers industry is a key industries
to the process of discipline within Paper and Board
Manufacture
creating goods by the mechanical TEXTILE, CLOTHING
transforming raw industry, as it AND FOOTWEAR
materials into involves the
finished products design and Industry and its
location
through various development of Industries can be found
physical, machines and in various locations
mechanical, and systems that around the world,
chemical processes. depending on a variety
transform energy of factors such as the
The manufacturing
and materials. availability of
This includes the resources, labor costs,
process can be transportation
divided into several use of principles infrastructure, and
stages of mechanics, government policies.
·design thermodynamics, the location of
industries is
·planning and materials determined by a range
·sourcing of raw science to create of factors, including
materials efficient, the availability of
·production, reliable, and resources, labor costs,
·quality control, transportation and
cost-effective development.
·distribution
products.
 Graphical communication
chapter 2 Quality standards One of the key
advantages of graphical
The key requirements industry-specific communication is that
of a design brief standards, there it can be used to
can be summarized are also convey information
❑ The customer’s regulatory quickly and
concept. efficiently, even to
standards that those who may not have
❑ The functional products must meet a deep understanding of
requirements. to ensure their the subject matter.
❑ Market details safety and Visual representations
such as affordable can be used to simplify
compliance with complex information and
cost, market size,
safety legislation
relevant laws and make it more accessible
regulations. to a broader audience.
and legal In addition to being a
requirements. powerful tool for
❑ Quality Design communication,
standards. specification can graphical communication
be used to develop can also be used to
enhance creativity and
·Metals such as initial ideas promote innovation.
steel, aluminum, and concerning how the Visual representations
copper are commonly product might be can help to stimulate
used in new ideas and
designed and perspectives, and can
manufacturing due to manufactured be used to explore new
their strength and concepts and
durability. possibilities
 The preparation of
Handling of Materials:
chapter 3 materials and When handling materials,
The production components is an it is important to
planning process important aspect of follow proper techniques
the manufacturing to minimize the risk of
typically involves injury and damage to the
forecasting demand, process. materials.
determining the
production capacity Machinery, tools, Storage of Materials:
and capabilities of and equipment play Proper storage of
the organization, and materials is essential
an important role to prevent damage,
identifying the in many working contamination, and
necessary resources environments, from theft.
needed to meet the manufacturing
production goals. plants and The process of combining
Effective teamwork is and assembling
construction sites components requires
essential for
to offices and careful planning and
achieving success in
many areas, such as laboratories. attention to detail.

in business, sports, The assembly process

and other fields. It Processing methods requires careful
requires good play a critical planning and attention
communication, mutual role in the to detail to ensure that
respect, trust, and a transformation of all components are
assembled in the correct
willingness to listen raw materials into order and to the
and learn from finished products required specifications.
others. in various
industries.
 ·Smart materials are
chapter 4 IMPACT OF MODERN designed to respond to
TECHNOLOGY external stimuli, such
DATABASE - are a as temperature,
critical component of pressure, or magnetic
modern information The impact of
fields. They can change
technology, enabling modern technology their properties, shape,
efficient storage, has been or behavior in response
organization, and significant in many to these stimuli, making
retrieval of data. them useful in
areas of life,
applications such as
SPREADSHEETS - also including sensors, actuators, and
present some challenges communication, biomedical devices.
and limitations. transportation,
healthcare,
The process of rapid ·Modern materials are
prototyping involves
education, and those that have been
using computer-aided entertainment. Here developed or improved
design (CAD) software are some key through advances in
to create a digital impacts of modern science and technology.
model of the product or They offer enhanced
technology: properties and
design.
characteristics, such as
The development of 1. Communication strength, durability, or
microprocessors has 2. Transportation resistance to corrosion,
and are used in
enabled significant 3. Healthcare industries such as
advancements in 4. Education aerospace, automotive,
computing power and 5. Entertainment construction, and
efficiency electronics.
 Copper is a Brass is an alloy of
chapter 5 versatile metal that copper and zinc that
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS can be alloyed with has good corrosion
The properties of a various other metals resistance, low
material are determined to create alloys friction, and high
by its microstructure,
with unique ductility, making it
which is influenced by useful in various
the processing properties and
applications such as
techniques used to characteristics. plumbing fixtures,
manufacture it. Some of the most musical instruments,
common alloys of and decorative
Ferrous materials are
materials that contain
copper include hardware. Bronze is an
iron as the primary ·brass alloy of copper and
component. ·bronze tin that has good
·copper-nickel corrosion resistance,
Alloy steels are a type high strength, and
of steel that contains good wear resistance,
additional alloying
The two main types
of ferrous materials making it useful in
elements
are steel and cast various applications
Heat treatment is a iron. Steel is a such as bearings,
process used to alter ferrous material gears, and sculptures.
the properties of carbon Aluminum alloys are
that contains iron,
steels. widely used in various
carbon, and other applications due to
Non-ferrous alloys are alloying elements their low density,
alloys that do not such as chromium, high strength, and
contain iron and are nickel, and
composed of two or more
good corrosion
non-ferrous metals.
molybdenum. resistance.
 Extrusion: PRESS WORK AND DIE-
chapter 6 Extrusion involves PUNCH ASSEMBLY
Press work
Metal forming is a pushing a metal and die-punch assembly
manufacturing process billet or ingot are widely used in
that involves shaping
metal into desired forms
through a die to various industries,
using mechanical or create a specific including automotive,
thermal forces. shape. aerospace,
construction, and
FORGING manufacturing, to
Wire drawing: Wire produce a wide range of
Forging is
widely used in various drawing involves products such as sheet
industries, including pulling a metal rod metal components,
automotive, aerospace, or wire through a brackets, and panels.
construction, and The benefits of these
series of dies to processes include
manufacturing, to
produce a wide range of reduce its diameter improved mechanical
products such as gears, and increase its properties, better
crankshafts, connecting length. surface finish, and
rods, and turbine reduced material waste
blades. compared to other
Tube drawing: Tube
manufacturing
Rolling drawing involves processes.
Rolling mills are pulling a metal Casting is a
industrial machines used tube through a manufacturing process
for shaping metal into used to shape a
various forms and series of dies to
reduce its diameter material, typically
thicknesses by passing metal, into a specific
it through a series of and increase its form by pouring it into
rollers. length. a mold.
 The milling cutter can Welding is used in a
chapter 7 be either a vertical or wide range of
A lathe is a machine horizontal type, and applications,
tool used in there are various types
metalworking, of cutters available, including
woodturning, and other including end mills, construction,
machining operations to face mills, and ball manufacturing, and
shape material by nose mills. repair work. Safety
rotating it on its axis.
The grinding process can precautions must be
A shaper is a type of produce high taken when welding,
machine tool used to temperatures, so proper such as wearing
create flat surfaces, cooling and lubrication protective clothing
keyways, and irregular are necessary to prevent
shapes. A planer is a damage to the workpiece and eye protection,
similar machine tool, and the grinding wheel. and ensuring proper
but it is larger and Safety precautions ventilation to
more powerful, capable should also be taken, prevent inhalation
of handling larger such as wearing eye
workpieces and removing protection and using of welding fumes.
material at a faster proper ventilation to Overall, welding is
rate. prevent inhalation of a crucial process in
grinding dust. Grinding the fabrication
Drilling machines can be is a versatile and
used for a variety of essential process in the
industry, allowing
applications, including manufacturing industry, for the joining of
creating holes for bolts used to create precise materials to create
and screws dimensions and smooth complex structures
surfaces on a wide range
of workpieces.
and machinery.
 Non-metallic materials
chapter 8 are often used in 1. Electroplating: is
The importance of applications where metal a process that involves
materials and materials may not be depositing a thin layer
manufacturing extends suitable, such as in of metal onto a
beyond the creation of environments with high substrate using an
consumer products. corrosion or electrical electric current.
conductivity Electroplating is used
The location of a plant
should consider factors
requirements. to improve the
such as proximity to corrosion resistance,
suppliers, customers, and Miscellaneous processes hardness, and
transportation refer to a wide range of appearance of metals
infrastructure. A manufacturing processes and is commonly used in
favorable location can that do not fit into the automotive,
reduce transportation specific categories such electronics, and
costs, lead times, and as machining, welding, aerospace industries.
inventory carrying costs, or casting.
ultimately improving the 2. Injection molding:
company's competitiveness. is a process that
Additive manufacturing: involves injecting
also known as 3D molten material into a
Productivity refers to the
efficiency of production printing
mold cavity to create a
and can be measured in desired shape.
various ways Powder metallurgy: is a
process that involves Injection molding is
Production efficiency can forming metal powders used to create a wide
be further improved by into a desired shape by range of plastic and
implementing lean compacting and then polymer products, from
manufacturing principles, sintering them at high toys to medical
which involve minimizing temperatures. devices.
waste and optimizing
production processes.