1.

CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction

CEMENT from temperature changes, causes cracks the size of
3. CONCRETE which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized
of Good by placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be
Concrete
3.03 Materials of broken up to some extent to smaller ones.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place
3.07 Transporting shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks are
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the
3.11 Forms concrete, construction joints should be made on
4. PROCESSED horizontal and vertical lines.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is

CEMENT placed.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
3.02 Qualities
of Good
and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
Concrete durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• Three main factors that affect hardening are:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - age or time
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing - temperature, and
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - moisture.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
CEMENT
concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
from excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too
3.02 Qualities rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere
of Good
Concrete
with the chemical action.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The strength of the concrete increases with age when the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing curing conditions remain favorable.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The increase in strength is rapid during the early

CEMENT
ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of
3.02 Qualities its own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
of Good
Concrete
about 80% at an age of 3 months.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying

CEMENT
out too rapidly. This may be done by:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with
of Good
Concrete paper sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is
3.04 Slump Test hard enough to walk on.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not
and Placing be removed until after the time specified.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
3.11 Forms
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE removed.
4.01 Types of
Processed d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
3.02 Qualities c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
of Good
Concrete WALLS a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day
3.03 Materials of
Concrete AND cms. thick or more (24 hours) for every additional meter or
3.04 Slump Test PLASTERS fraction thereof.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Thin walls less b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2
3.07 Transporting
than 30 cms. Thick days (36 hours) for every additional meter or
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage fraction thereof
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Cantilever walls, c. Without loads, same as (b).
3.11 Forms
buttresses,
4. PROCESSED counter forts,
CONCRETE diaphragms.
4.01 Types of
Processed COLUMNS a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
Concrete least diameter up
4.02 Aggregates for to 4
Light-weight b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours)
Conc. b. Ratio of height to for every additional meter or height or
least diameter fraction there of but not more than 28 days
from 4 to 15. (672 hours).
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day (12
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
of Good fraction thereof.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24
Concrete hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
3.06 Mixing (672 hours).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing BEAMS a. Sides a. 3 days
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing AND b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day
3.10 Admixtures GIRDERS
3.11 Forms for every 1 ft. additional span or fraction
thereof but not more than 28 days (672
4. PROCESSED hours).
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
Processed b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
Concrete c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight BALUSTRADES a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours)
Conc. , COPINGS,ETC.
R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Substances added to cements, mortars, and

CEMENT concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
3. CONCRETE particular properties, such as:
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
of Good • To improve durability by entrainment of air
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test calcium chloride
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• To retard setting (retarders).
3.07 Transporting • To improve wear resistance
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
3.11 Forms
• To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
4. PROCESSED hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
CELITE.
Processed • To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for METALICHROME.
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

CEMENT • those for mixing into concrete
3. CONCRETE • those for mixing into mortar
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
• those for surface application or finish.
of Good
Concrete Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete admixtures include:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop

3.01 Definition earlier strength, and to reduce length of time for
3.02 Qualities
of Good protection. Principal ingredients are calcium chloride.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Maximum amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate
3.07 Transporting attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
high tension steels.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement
4. PROCESSED during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include
CONCRETE zinc oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic
4.01 Types of
Processed acid.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength
Light-weight
Conc.
and will therefore require careful control and more
frequent slump tests, also reduces the expansion and
contraction of concrete.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to

CEMENT
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing
3. CONCRETE
and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the
of Good proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They
Concrete
3.03 Materials of are manufactured from such ingredients as rosin, beef
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test tallow, stereates, foaming agents (soap).
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
3.09 Curing strength.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
glass , silica sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are
4.01 Types of added to improve workability, used as per
Processed
Concrete
manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated lime is usually in the
4.02 Aggregates for proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by volume.
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds

CEMENT
- reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
3. CONCRETE concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
of Good concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from
Concrete
3.03 Materials of stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They are
3.05 Proportioning introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting weight of cement.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to

CEMENT
concrete floors. There are two types:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface
3.02 Qualities
of Good coloring. They are dusted on, usually in two coats,
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
after all surface water has disappeared. The surface
Concrete is then finished with a steel trowel .
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
3.09 Curing before water is added. Amount of color pigment
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms required is not more than 10% of the cement by
4. PROCESSED weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:

CEMENT
• Accelerators
3. CONCRETE
• plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities agents) to lower water cement ratio and make the mix
of Good
Concrete
more workable
3.03 Materials of • waterproofing agents, and
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • color pigments
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • hardeners
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • color pigments
4. PROCESSED
• special aggregates
CONCRETE • sealers
4.01 Types of
Processed
• abrasive materials
Concrete • waterproofing agents, and
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
• fillers and patchers.
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Lumber used in form
3.02 Qualities construction should only
of Good
Concrete be partially seasoned.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Kiln-dried lumber has a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning tendency to swell when
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting soaked by the concrete,
and Placing and this swelling causes
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing bulging and distortion of
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms the forms.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
4.01 Types of
Processed
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
Concrete This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
Conc. boards thoroughly saturated with water.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
When using natural,
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities well seasoned lumber,
of Good
Concrete
care should be taken
3.03 Materials of not to drive the work up
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test too close, since forms
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing should always be left in
3.07 Transporting a position to experience
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
some slight swelling
3.10 Admixtures without any undesirable
3.11 Forms
results.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities both edges even are used where the removal and
of Good
Concrete
cleaning of the forms are necessary for re-use .
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning be used in face work, where smooth and true surface
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting is important.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
• Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
4. PROCESSED • Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form
CONCRETE square of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams,
4.01 Types of
Processed and girders.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Sizes of lumber frequently used :
Light-weight • 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
Conc.
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
Use nails sparingly in
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the construction of
of Good
Concrete
forms because
3.03 Materials of unnecessary nailing
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test not only adds to the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing labor of wrecking but
3.07 Transporting also renders the
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
lumber unfit for
3.10 Admixtures continued use. Where
3.11 Forms
nails must be used,
4. PROCESSED leave the head
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of protruding so that
Processed they may be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for withdrawn without
Light-weight injury to the lumber.
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus
of Good
Concrete
make a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and
3.03 Materials of petroline preserve the forms against damage by
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test alternate wetting and drying. The forms should
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing preferably be oiled before they are set in place. Oil
3.07 Transporting should not be used, however, on forms against surfaces
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
which are to be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of
3.10 Admixtures the plaster. In such cases, wetting with water will be
3.11 Forms
sufficient.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
The inside of forms which have been used once and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities are to be used again shall be coated an approved
of Good
Concrete
soap or other approved material, or thoroughly wetted
3.03 Materials of before concreting. No application of soap or other
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test material should be made to forms after the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing reinforcements are in place.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur.
3.11 Forms The joints should be made tight enough to prevent
4. PROCESSED leakage of the mortar.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
3. CONCRETE Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
3.01 Definition plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least
3.02 Qualities
of Good 12mm (½”) thick.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete c. STEEL FORMS
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms d. PLASTIC FORMS
4. PROCESSED Polystyrene forms are now
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of available for concrete work.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
a. “AEROCRETE”
3. CONCRETE This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete
3.01 Definition produced by adding a small amount of metallic
3.02 Qualities
of Good aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
and sand of cinders.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
3.07 Transporting throughout the material.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
4. PROCESSED
refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
CONCRETE floor and roof slabs.
4.01 Types of
Processed In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for resistive qualities.
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. “GUNITE”
3. CONCRETE This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under
3.01 Definition high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
3.02 Qualities
of Good under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
Concrete
3.03 Materials of required supply of water is added just before the dry
Concrete constituents emerge from nozzle.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
3.07 Transporting
and Placing reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing for swimming pool construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. “PORETE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam

3.01 Definition is added to generate gases in the process of
3.02 Qualities
of Good deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-
Concrete
3.03 Materials of made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
Concrete manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning siding of industrial buildings.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage d. “HAYDITE”
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms This is processed concrete added with lightweight
4. PROCESSED aggregate .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
3.02 Qualities bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
spaces .
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
• Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties
.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures blocks
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
• Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat
CONCRETE resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
4.01 Types of
Processed
structural steel
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates

CEMENT
are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
which make them weight saving and good insulators
3.02 Qualities :
of Good
Concrete
• Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for
3.03 Materials of water and slump, and closer supervision of mixing.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Very light aggregates tend to float out of the mortar
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures
3.07 Transporting require the addition of a fine aggregate like sand to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • As aggregates become lighter they become
4. PROCESSED structurally weaker so the strength of the matrix
CONCRETE must be modified by adding more cement. More
4.01 Types of
Processed cement is needed, also to “wet” the greater
Concrete aggregate surface area, due to the irregularity of the
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight particles .
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
• The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel,
rock, and sand because of small production facilities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
and the additional processing that is sometimes
3.02 Qualities necessary .
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh
Concrete more than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the usual
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of
and Placing that of rock or gravel aggregates for the same volume.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a little less than
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate
4. PROCESSED should weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general

CEMENT
classifications :
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete • Pumice, weighing from 25
3.03 Materials of
Concrete to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
3.04 Slump Test qualified as a lightweight
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
aggregate when dry and
and Placing well graded. It is hard to be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing handled and mixed without
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms excessive breakdown.
4. PROCESSED Undesirable feature,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of however, is its water
Processed absorption. This can be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for mitigated by wetting the
Light-weight aggregate before it is
Conc.
mixed with cement .
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Aggregates of volcanic origin

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities and thus durable for use as a lightweight aggregate
of Good or for insulation. Its disadvantages are its friability,
Concrete
3.03 Materials of small particle size, and extreme lightness. The small
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test particle size requires more cement, while its
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft. increases the
3.07 Transporting tendency to float out of the mortar.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Perlite is useful where
4. PROCESSED
maximum strength is not
CONCRETE required, as in precast
4.01 Types of slabs and blocks and in
Processed
Concrete floor fill, fireproofing and
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
plaster .
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. Micaceous minerals
3. CONCRETE
• Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
of Good
Concrete
volume.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning heat for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting 12 lbs. per cubic ft.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
steel, for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and
fireproof plaster.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Expanded shales and clays

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities require heating the material in a kiln to a
of Good temperature near its fusion point. The material
Concrete
3.03 Materials of softens and coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test gases are trapped, forming cellular structures and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expanding the volume of the material about 50%.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage The crushing and firing operations are varied with
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures different processes. In some, the material is fired to
3.11 Forms
a clinker, then crushed and sized; the process is
4. PROCESSED often reversed with crushing operation first.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. .
Light-weight
Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF d. By-product Aggregates

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water
of Good or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in
Concrete
3.03 Materials of the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
steam is very important because too much granulates the
3.05 Proportioning slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting aggregate.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-
3.10 Admixtures place walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
3.11 Forms
buildings.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal
4.01 Types of
Processed along with the various quantities of unburned or partially
Concrete burned combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum
4.02 Aggregates for
Light-weight
amount of combustible material are satisfactory for use in
Conc. concrete but are not particularly weight saving. Lightweight
cinders often have unsound physical and chemical
properties.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY

CEMENT
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic
of Good Weight per Foot of Concrete
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Cubic Foot Using Aggregate
Concrete (Lbs.) (Lbs.)
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Gravel 120 150
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Sand 90-100 150
and Placing Crushed Stone 100 145
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120
Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Cinders 40-50 110-115
4.01 Types of Pumice 30-60 60-90
Processed Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates for Perlite 6-16 40-65
Light-weight Vermiculite 6-10 25-50
Conc.
 End of
Div 03 CONCRETE