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Engineering Maths 1 Important Questions
Engineering Maths 1 Important Questions
Engineering Maths 1 Important Questions
1
Solution: Let X = 2 be the eigen vector of the matrix corresponding to the eigen value .
−1
The eigen vectors are obtained from the equation 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋
−2 2 −3 1 1
2 1 −6 2 = 2
−1 −2 0 −1 −1
−2 + 4 + 3
2 + 2 + 6 = 2
−1 − 4 + 0 −
= 5.
7 If trace and determinant of 2 × 2 is -2 and -35 respectively, then find the eigen values of matrix?
Solution: Let 1 and 2 are two eigen value of the given matrix 𝐴
Trace of A= sum of the eigen values
⟹ 1 + 2 = −2…………….. (1)
Determinant of A = Product of the eigen values
⟹ 1 2 = −35…………………(2)
Sub (1) ⟹ 1 = −2 − 2 in equation (2)
(−2 − 2 )2 = −35
(−2 − 2 )2 + 35 = 0
𝜆22 + 2𝜆22 − 35 = 0
(𝜆2 − 5)(𝜆2 + 7) = 0
Therefore, 𝜆2 = 5 and -7
If the 𝜆2 = 5 then 𝜆1 = −2 − 5 = −7
If the 𝜆2 = −7 then 𝜆1 = −2 + 7 = 5
Hence the eigen values are 5 and -7.
2 1 0
If A = 0 3 4 then find the eigen values of A-1 and A2-2I.
8 (APR/MAY 2018)
0 0 4
Solution: In a triangular matrix, the main diagonal values are the eigen values of the matrix.
2, 3, 4 are the eigen values of 𝐴. Hence the eigen values of A-1 = 1 , 1 , 1 .
2 3 4
2 2 2 2
The eigen values of 𝐴 are (2) , (3) , (4) = 4, 9, 16.
The eigen values of 𝐴2-2𝐼 are 4 – 2, 9 – 2, 16 – 2 = 2, 7, 14.
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
9 Determine whether the given matrix 𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟔 𝟎] is Diagonalizable?
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
2 0 0
Solution: The given matrix 𝐴 = [2 6 0] is triangular matrix
3 2 1
since eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues are linearly independent, A has three
linearly independent eigenvectors and it is therefore diagonalizable.
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 2
Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
2 0 0
10 If A = 0 3 0 , then find the eigen values of adjoint of A. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 0 1
-1
Solution: We know that, adjoint of A = A A .
0 5 − 1 x1
5 6 x
X T AX = ( x1 x2 x3 ) 1 2 = 0 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + 10 x1 x2 + 12 x2 x3 − 2 x1 x3 .
2 2 2
−1 6 2 x3
12 Determine the nature of the following quadratic form𝒇(𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 ) = 𝒙𝟐𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐𝟑 .
1 0 0
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is
Q = 0 2 0
0 0 −9
1 1
Solution:
The matrix of the quadratic form is
A= 1 −1
1 −1
The principal sub determinants are
𝐷1 = 𝜆
𝜆 1
𝐷2 = | | = 𝜆2 − 1 = (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1)
1 𝜆
1 1
𝐷3 = 1 −1 = 𝜆(𝜆2 − 1) − 1(𝜆 + 1) + 1(−1 − 𝜆)
1 −1
= 𝜆3 − 3𝜆 − 2 = (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2)
For positive definite
𝐷1 > 0, 𝐷2 > 0, 𝐷3 > 0
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, 𝜆2 − 1 > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆 > 0, (𝜆 + 1)(𝜆 − 1) > 0 , (𝜆 + 1)2 (𝜆 − 2) > 0
⇒ 𝜆−2>0
⇒ 𝜆>2
Therefore, the quadratic form is positive definite.
15 Find the matrix whose eigen values are 1,3 and eigen vectors are (𝟏, −𝟏)𝑻 , (𝟏, 𝟏)𝑻 .
0 1
Solution: Since the given eigen vectors ( ) , ( ) are orthogonal
−1 0
By orthogonal reduction
𝑁 𝑇 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐷
𝐴 = 𝑁𝐷𝑁 𝑇
The normalized model matrix
0 1
𝑁=[ ]
−1 0
0 1 1 0 0 −1
∴𝐴= [ ][ ][ ]
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 3 0 −1
=[ ][ ]
−1 0 1 0
3 0
∴A=[ ].
0 1
Find the nature of the conic 8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 36 by reducing the quadratic form
16
8 x 2 − 4 xy + 5 y 2 to the form AX 2 + BY 2 .
8 −2
Solution: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =
−2 5
The characteristic equation of A is | A − I |= 0
8 − −2
=0
−2 5 −
(8 − )(5 − ) − 4 = 0
3 − 13 2 + 36 = 0
𝜆2 − 13𝜆 + 36 = 0
( − 4)( − 9) = 0
The eigen values of A are = 4, 9
A- I = ( A- I )
T
= ( AT − I T )
= |𝐴𝑇 − 𝜆𝐼 )| (∵ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑇 )
A and AT have same characteristic polynomial A and AT have same characteristic equation.
Hence, A and AT have same eigen values.
1 2
20 Show that the eigen values of −3A−1 are the same as those of A =
2 1
1− 2
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is =0
2 1−
2 − 2 − 3 = 0
( + 1)( − 3) = 0
= −1,3 are the eigen values of A .
1 1
Now the eigen values of A−1 are , and hence the eigen values of −3A−1 are 3, −1.
−1 3
PART – B
1 1 3
1 (i) Verify Caley Hamilton theorem for A = 1 3 −3 . Also find adj( A ) and 𝑨−𝟏 .
−2 −4 −4
(APR / MAY 18)
1 3 7
(ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= 4 2 3 , hence find A4 and 𝑨−𝟏 .
1 2 1
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
2 (i) Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝑨 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) to express as a linear polynomial
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝟔 𝟓 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐
in 𝑨 − 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟖𝑨 − 𝟐𝑨 − 𝟗𝑨 − 𝟑𝟏𝑨 − 𝟑𝟔𝑰.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix [𝟏 𝟎 𝟏]. Determine the algebraic and
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
geometric multiplicity.
4 (i) The Eigen vectors of a 33 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to the eigen values 2,3,6 are (1,0,-
1)T, (1,1,1)T and (1,-2,1)T respectively. Find the matrix A.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
(ii) Prove that the eigen vectors of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = [𝟏 𝟓 𝟏] are orthogonal in pairs
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
6 −2 2
5 (i) Diagonalize the matrix A = −2 3 −1 by means of orthogonal transformation.
2 −1 3
𝟑 𝟏 −𝟏
(ii) Show that the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 ] is diagonalizable, hence find 𝑴 such that
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝑴−𝟏 𝑨𝑴 is a diagonal matrix. Then obtain the matrix 𝑩 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟓𝑨 + 𝟑𝑰
6 (i) Compute the eigen values and eigen vectors of the following system:
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑 = 𝝀𝒙𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Verify that the eigen vector of the real symmetric matrix 𝑨 = (−𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏) are
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
orthogonal to each other
7
reduction. Also find its nature.
8
transformation. Find also its nature. (APR / MAY 18)
9 Reduce the quadratic form 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 xz to canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Also find its
nature.
10 (i) An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary circle 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so
that a point 𝐏: (𝐱 𝟏 , 𝐱 𝟐 ) goes over into the point 𝐐: (𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) given by
𝐲𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 𝐱𝟏 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱𝟐
𝐲 = [𝐲 ] = 𝐀𝐱 = [ ] [𝐱 ] in components, 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟑𝐱𝟏 + 𝟓𝐱𝟐
Find the principal directions, that is, the directions of the position vector x of P for
which the direction of the position vector y of Q is the same or exactly opposite. What
shape does the boundary circle take under this deformation?
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
(ii) Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 𝑨 = [−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏] and hence determine
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
its inverse.
An elastic membrane in the 𝐱 𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 -plane with boundary 𝐱 𝟏𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏 is stretched so that point
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
11 𝐏(𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱 𝟐 ) goes over into point 𝐐(𝐲𝟏 , 𝐲𝟐 ) such that 𝐲 = 𝐀𝐱 with 𝐀 = [ ]. Find the principal
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
directions (Eigen vector) and corresponding factors of extension or contraction of the elastic
deformation (eigenvalues). Sketch the shape of the deformed membrane.
UNIT II – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
PART – A
1 Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = 3− x − 2+ x. (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
The given function is f ( x ) = 3 − x − 2 + x .
Since the square root of a negative number is not defined (as a real number), the domain of f ( x ) consist
of all the values of x such that 3 − x 0 and x + 2 0 . This is equivalent to x 3 and x −2, so the
domain of the given function is −2,3.
2 Find the domain and range and sketch the graph of the function f ( x ) = 4 − x2
Solution:
Given y = 4 − x 2
y 2 = 4 − x2
x2 + y2 = 4
which represents a circle with centre at origin ( 0, 0 ) and radius 2.
x, x 0
The given function is f ( x ) = x = .
− x, x 0
The graph of f ( x ) coincides with the line y = x to the right of the y −
axis and coincides with the line y = − x to the left of the y − axis.
f (x) − 8
4 If lim = 10 , then find lim f (x) (NOV/ DEC 2020)
x →1 x−1 x →1
Solution:
f (x) − 8
Let lim f (x) = lim[f (x) + 8 − 8] = lim .(x − 1) + 8
x →1 x →1 x →1
x −1
f (x) − 8
= lim . lim(x − 1) + 8
x →1 x − 1 x →1
= 0 + 8 = 8.
t −1
4
5 Evaluate lim . (NOV/ DEC 2018)
t →1 t3 − 1
Solution:
( ) ( )( )
2
t 4 −1 t 2 − 12 t 2 −1 t 2 + 1 a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b)
lim 3 = lim 3 3 = lim 3 3
t →1 t − 1 t →1 t −1 ( )
t →1 t − 1 t 2 + t + 1
( ) (
a − b = (a − b) a + ab + b
2 2
)
( t − 1) ( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1)
= lim
t →1
( t − 1) ( t 2 + t + 1)
( t + 1) ( t 2 + 1) (1 + 1) (12 + 1) 4
= lim = = .
t →1
(t 2
+ t +1 ) 1 +1+1
2
3
3x + 9
6 Check whether lim exist. (APR/ MAY 2019)
x →3 x + 3
3x + 9 3x + 9
Solution: lim−= lim− = −3
x →3 x + 3 x →3 − ( x + 3)
3x + 9 3x + 9
lim = lim+ =3
x →3+ x + 3 x →3 x + 3
3x + 9 3x + 9 3x + 9
Here lim+ lim− lim does not exist.
x →3 x + 3 x →3 x + 3 x →3 x + 3
x − 4, if x 4
7 If f ( x ) = , determine whether lim f ( x ) exists
8 − 2 x , if x 4
x→ 4
Solution:
x − 4, if x 4
Given f ( x ) =
8 − 2 x, if x 4
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+ x − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
x →4 x→4
lim− f ( x ) = lim− (8 − 2 x ) = 8 − 2 ( 4 ) = 0
x →4 x →4
lim+ f ( x ) = lim− f ( x ) = 0
x →4 x →4
x →a
2
x →a
( 2
)
If −2 a 2 , then lim f ( x ) = lim 4 − 4 − x = 4 − lim 4 − x = 4 − 4 − a = f ( a )
2
x →a
( )
f ( x ) is continuous at a if −2 a 2 .
Similarly lim + f ( x ) = 4 = f ( −2 ) and lim− f ( x ) = 4 = f ( 2 )
x →( −2 ) x→2
f ( x ) is continuous on [−2, 2] .
a + bx , x 1
9 Suppose f ( x ) = 4, x = 1 and if lim f ( x ) = f (1) . What are possible values of a and b.
x →1
b − ax , x 1
a + bx, x 1
Solution: The given function is f ( x ) = 4, x =1
b − ax, x 1
Now lim− f ( x ) = lim− ( a + bx ) = a + b
x →1 x →1
a + b = 4 and b − a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a=0, b=4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
10 If f ( x ) = xe x then find the expression for f ''( x ) . (NOV/DEC 2019)
Solution:
Given f ( x) = xe
x
Let f ( x, y ) = xe y − x + y
dy f
By formula =− x
dx fy
f x = e y − 1 & f y = xe y + 1
dy (e y − 1)
=− y
dx xe + 1
1− ey
= .
(1 + xe y )
We see that f ' ( x ) exists only if x 0 , so the domain of f ' ( x ) is ( 0, ) . This is slightly smaller than
the domain of f ( x ) , which is [0, ) .
if sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
dy 2
13 Find
dx
Solution: Given sin ( x + y ) = y cos x
2
( ) ( )
cos ( x + y ) 1 + y ' = y 2 ( − sin x ) + ( cos x ) 2 yy '
dy dy / dt
=
dx dx / dt
2a 1
= =
2at t
15 Find the critical points of y = 5 x 3 − 6 x . (APR/MAY 2019)
Solution: A critical point of a function y = f ( x ) is a point c in the domain of f ( x ) such that either
y ' ( c ) = 0 or y ' ( c ) does not exist.
y ' = 15 x 2 − 6 = 0.
15 x 2 = 6
6 2 2
x2 = = x= .
15 5 5
ex e
16 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = at the point 1, 2
1 + x2
ex
Solution: Given y =
1 + x2
dy (1 + x ) dxd ( e ) − e
2 x x d
dx
(
1 + x2 )
(1 + x 2 ) e x − e x ( 2 x ) e x (1 − x )
2
= = =
(1 + x ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
2 2 2
dx 2
e dy
The slope of the tangent line at 1, is =0
2 dx x =1
e
This means that the tangent line at 1, is horizontal and its equation is given by
2
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
e
= 0 ( x − 1)
y−
2
e
y− =0
2
e
y= .
2
Find the points on the curve y = x − 6 x + 4 where the tangent line is horizontal.
4 2
17
Solution:
Horizontal tangents occur where the first derivative of the function y is zero.
Given y = x − 6 x + 4
4 2
dy
= 4 x3 − 12 x = 0
dx
4 x ( x 2 − 3) = 0
x = 0, x 2 − 3 = 0 x = 3
Therefore the given curve has horizontal tangents when x = 0, x = 3, x = − 3.
The corresponding points are ( 0, 4 ) , ( )(
3, −5 , − 3, −5 . )
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 4 + 2 x 2 − x at the point (1,2)
18
(NOV/DEC 2020)
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 11
Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
Solution:
The equation of tangent line at ( x1 , y1 ) is given by ( y − y1 ) = m ( x − x1 )
Given y = x 4 + 2x 2 − x
dy
= 4x 3 + 4x − 1
dx
dy
at (1, 2), = 4(1)3 + 4(1) − 1 = 7
dx
Equation of tangent line is y − 2 = 7(x − 1)
y = 7x − 5.
19 State the extreme value theorem.
Solution:
If f ( x ) is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then f ( x ) attains an absolute maximum value f ( c )
and an absolute minimum value f ( d ) at some points c and d in a, b.
20 State Fermat’s theorem.
Solution:
If f ( x ) has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ' ( c ) exists, then f ' ( c ) = 0 .
PART – B
1 − x , if x −1
1 (i) A function f ( x ) is defined by f ( x ) = . Evaluate f ( −2 ) , f ( −1) and
2
x , if x −1
f ( 0 ) and sketch the graph.
x 2 + 1, if x 1
(ii) If f ( x ) = , (i) Find lim− f ( x ) and lim+ f ( x ) , (ii) Does lim f ( x )
( x − 2 ) ,
2
if x 1 x →1 x →1 x →1
exists.
1
(iii) Show that lim x 3 sin =0.
x →0
x
2 (i) Find the values of a and b that make f (x) continuous on ( −, )
x3 − 8
, if x 2
x − 2
f ( x ) = ax 2 − bx + 3, if 2 x 3 . (NOV/DEC 2018)
2 x − a + b, if x 3
(ii) For what value of the constant b, is the function f ( x ) continuous on ( −, ) if
bx 2 + 2 x , x 2
f ( x) = 3 . (APR/MAY 2019)
x − bx , x 2
3 (i) The equation of motion of a particle is s = t 3 − 3t , where s is in meters and t is in seconds.
Find (a) the velocity and acceleration as functions of t, (b) the acceleration after 2s and (c)
the acceleration when the velocity is zero.
(ii) Show that the function f (x) = x − 6 is not differentiable at 6. Find a formula for first
derivative of f(x) and sketch its graph. (NOV/DEC 2020)
4 1− x
(i) If f ( x ) = then, find the equation for f ' ( x ) using the concept of derivatives.
2+ x
(NOV/DEC 2019)
dy
( )
4
(ii) Find if y = x 2e 2 x x 2 + 1 . (APR/MAY 2019)
dx
5 b + a cos x
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = cos −1 . (NOV/DEC 2018)
a + b cos x
y
(ii) Find y ' if tan ( x − y ) = . (NOV/DEC 2018)
1 + x3
6 x
(i) Find the derivative of f ( x ) = tanh −1 tan . (NOV/DEC 2019)
2
1 − sec x
(ii) If f ( x ) = , then find the first derivative of f ( x ) .
tan x
(iii) Differentiate f ( x ) = log10 ( 2 + sin x )
dy
(iv) Find if y = x log x
dx
7 (i) Use the intermediate value theorem to show that there is a root of the equation 3 x = 1 − x
in the interval (0,1). (NOV/DEC 2020)
(ii) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of f ( x ) on the given interval
( i ) f ( x ) = 3 x 4 − 4 x3 − 12 x2 + 1, −2, 3 ,
( ii ) f ( x ) = 2cos x − sin 2 x, 0, 2
8 For the function f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 36 x (APR/MAY 2019)& (NOV/DEC 2019)
2z 2z
2 If z = x 2 − 3 xy 2 , find the value of 3 x +
x 2 y 2
Solution: Given z = x 2 − 3 xy 2
z z
= 2 x − 3 y 2 ; = −6 xy
x y
2 z 2 z
= 2; = −6 x
x 2 y 2
2 z
3x 2 = 6 x
x
2 z 2 z
3x 2 + 2 = 6 x − 6 x = 0
x y
u u
3 Find and when u(x, y) = x y + y x (NOV/DEC 2020)
x y
Solution: Given u ( x, y ) = x + y
y x
u d x
x
= yx y −1 + y x log(y)
dx
( )
a = a x log a, but
d a
dx
( )
x = ax a −1
u
= x y log(x) + xy x −1
y
4 Verify the Euler’s theorem for the function u = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy . (NOV/DEC 2019)
Solution:
u u
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu
x y
u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy
( )
u (tx, ty ) = t 2 x 2 + t 2 y 2 + 2t 2 xy = t 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy i.e t 2u
The degree of u ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy is 2. Degree = n = 2.
u u
u is homogeneous function of 2nd degree in x and y, by Euler’s theorem we have x +y = 2u
x y
u u
(i.e) x
x
+y
y
(
= 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy )
Now, u = x + y + 2 xy
2 2
u u
x = x ( 2 x + 2 y ) = 2 x 2 + 2 xy , y = y ( 2 y + 2 x ) = 2 y 2 + 2 xy
x y
u u
L.H .S = x +y = 2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 + 2 xy = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 4 xy = 2( x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy ) = R.H .S
x y
y z z
5 If z = xf ,then find the value of x + y using Euler’s theorem (NOV / DEC 2020)
x x y
y
Solution: Given z = xf .
x
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 14
Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
y
i.e., z(x, y) = xf
x
ty y
z(tx, ty) = txf = txf = t.z(x, y)
tx x
z(tx, ty) = t1z(x, y)
z(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree 1 in x and y. Degree = n = 1.
u u
Euler’s theorem: If u ( x, y ) is homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then x +y = nu .
x y
z is a homogeneous function of 1st degree in x and y, by Euler’s theorem , we have
z z
x +y = 1(z) = z
x y
x+ y u u 1
6 If u = cos −1 , show that x +y = − cot u .
x+ y x y 2
x+ y x+ y
Solution: u = cos −1 cos u = = f (x, y)
x + y x+ y
x+ y
f ( x, y ) =
x+ y
tx + ty t ( x + y) t ( x + y)
f (tx, ty ) = = = = t1/2 f ( x, y )
tx + ty t x+ y ( ) ( x+ y )
1
f = cos u is a homogeneous function of degree n = in x and y .
2
Therefore, by Euler’s theorem we get,
f f
x +y = nf
x y
( cos u ) 1 ( cos u )
x +y = cos u
x y 2
u u 1
x ( − sin u ) + y ( − sin u ) = cos u
x y 2
u u 1
− sin u x + y = cos u
x y 2
u u 1 cos u 1
x +y =− = − cot u
x y 2 sin u 2
du
7 If u = x 3 + y 3 and x = at 2 , y = 2at , then find . (APR/MAY 2019)
dt
Solution: Given u = x + y and x = at , y = 2at
3 3 2
du u dx u dy
= . + .
dt x dt y dt
u = x3 + y 3 x = at 2 y = 2at
u u dx dy
= 3x 2 = 3y2 = 2at = 2a
x y dt dt
du
= (3x 2 )(2at ) + (3 y 2 )(2a)
dt
= (3(at 2 ) 2 )(2at ) + (3)(2 at) 2 (2a) ( x = at 2 , y = 2at )
= 6a 3t 5 + 24a 3t 2 = 6a 3t 2 (t 3 + 4)
dy
8 Find , if x 3 + y 3 = 6 xy .
dx
Solution:
x3 + y 3 − 6 xy = 0
Let f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 6 xy
f f
fx = = 3 x 2 − 6 y; f y = = 3y2 − 6x
x y
dy − f x −(3x 2 − 6 y ) 6 y − 3 x 2 2 y − x 2
= = = 2 =
dx fy 3y2 − 6x 3y − 6x y2 − 2x
9 What is the derivative of u with respect to x, for u = x 2 y 3 , where 2sin x − 3 y = 0 ?
Solution:
2sin x − 3 y = 0
dy
2 cos x − 3
=0
dx
dy 2 cos x
=
dx 3
du u u dy
= + .
dx x y dx
2 cos x
= 2 xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 .
3
= 2 xy + 2 x y cos x
3 2 2
= 2 xy 2 ( y + x cos x)
10 State the properties of Jacobian. (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
(u , v) (r , s) (u, v)
(i) If u and v are functions of r and s, r and s are functions of x and y then, =
( r , s ) ( x, y ) ( x, y )
(u, v) ( x, y )
(ii) If u and v are functions of x and y then, = 1 (i.e) JJ ' = 1
( x, y ) (u, v)
(iii) If u, v, w are functionally dependent functions of three independent variable x, y, z then
(u , v, w)
=0
( x, y , z )
x x
( x, y ) u v 2u −2v
= = = 4 (u 2 + v 2 )
( u , v ) y y 2v 2u
u v
u ( x, y)
12 If x = uv and y = then find . (JAN 2018)
v ( u, v )
x x u y 1 y u
Solution: x = uv = v; = u and y = = ; =− 2
u v v u v v v
x x
v u
( x, y ) u v −u 1 − u u − 2u
= = 1 −u = v 2 − u = − =
(u , v) y y v v v v v
v v2
u v
(r , )
13 If x = r cos , y = r sin then find (JAN 2018) & (NOV/DEC 2019)
( x, y)
x x y y
Solution: x = r cos θ = cos θ; = r ( − sin ) and y = r sin θ = sin θ ; = r cos
r r
x x
( x, y ) r cos − r sin
= = =r
(r , ) y y sin r cos
r
(r , ) 1 1
= =
( x, y ) ( x , y ) r
(r , )
14 Find Taylor’s series expansion of x y near the point (1,1) up to first degree terms.
Solution: The Taylor’s series expansion is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a, b ) + ( x – a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y – b ) f y ( a, b ) +
f ( x, y ) = x y f (1,1) = 1
f x ( x, y ) = yx y −1 f x (1,1) = 1
f y ( x, y ) = x y log x f y (1,1) = 0
f ( x, y ) =1 + ( x –1)(1) + ( y –1)( 0 )
=1 + x − 1
x =x
y
15 x+ y
Obtain Taylor’s series expansion of e in powers of x and y up to first degree terms.
Solution: The Taylor’s series expansion is given by
f ( x, y ) = f ( a, b ) + ( x – a ) f x ( a, b ) + ( y – b ) f y ( a, b ) +
f ( x, y ) = e x + y f ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f x ( x, y ) = e x + y f x ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f y ( x, y ) = e x + y f y ( 0, 0 ) = 1
f ( x, y ) = f ( 0, 0 ) + ( x – 0 ) f x ( 0, 0 ) + ( y – 0 ) f y ( 0, 0 )
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 17
Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
= 1 + x (1) + y (1)
e x+ y = 1 + x + y
16 State the conditions for maxima and minima of f ( x , y ) .
Solution:
If f x ( a, b ) = 0, f y ( a, b ) = 0 and f xx ( a, b ) = A, f xy ( a, b ) = B, f yy ( a, b ) = C then
Solution: Given f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 4 y + 12
f x = 2 x + 6 = 0 x = –3; f y = 2 y + 4 = 0 y = −2 .
The stationary point is (-3, -2).
A = f xx = 2; B = f xy = 0 ; C = f yy = 2,
AC – B 2 = 4 0 and A 0 .
f is minimum at (–3, -2) and the minimum value is
f ( –3, −2 ) = ( −3) + (−2) 2 + 6 ( −3 ) + 4(−2) + 12 = 25 − 26 = −1 .
2
2 2
Find the possible extreme point of f ( x , y ) = x + y + + .
2 2
18
x y
2 2
Solution: f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + +
x y
f 2
= 2x − 2 ;
x x
f 2 2
= 0 2 x − 2 = 0; 2 x = 2 ; x3 = 1 x = 1
x x x
f 2
= 2y − 2 ;
y y
f 2 2
= 0 2 y − 2 = 0; 2 y = 2 ; y 3 = 1 y = 1
y y y
The possible extreme point is (1,1) .
A rectangular box open at the top is to have a maximum capacity whose surface area is 648 square
19
centimeters. Formulate the maximization function to find the dimensions of the box.
Solution:
Let x , y, z be the length,breadth and height of the box .
volume = length breadth height = xyz (Volume to be max imized )
Let f ( x , y, z ) = xyz
Since the rectangular box is of open at the top, Surface area on the top is zero.
Total surface area of the box = xy + 2 yz + 2zx = 648 ( given)
Let g ( x , y, z ) = xy + 2 yz + 2zx − 648
The optimization function to find the dimensions of the box is
F ( x , y, z ) = f ( x , y, z ) + g ( x , y, z ) where λ is langrange multiplier.
St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Page No: 18
Sub. Name & Code: MA3151_Matrices and Calculus Dept. of Mathematics Academic Year: 2021-2022
4 If u = ( x − y ) f , then find x + 2 xy + y
x x 2 xy y 2
1 u 1 u 1 u
5 If u = f ( 2 x − 3 y, 3 y − 4 z ,4 z − 2 x ) , then find + + . (JAN 2019)
2 x 3 y 4 z
du
6 Find , if u = xy + yz + zx where x = t , y = e t , z = t 2 .
dt
du
7 Find , if u = x − y + z where x = e 2 t , y = e 2 t cos 3t , z = e 2 t sin 3t
dt
u 2 v 2 x y
Find the Taylor’s series expansion of f ( x, y) = x 2 y2 + 2x 2 y + 3xy 2 in powers of (x+2) and (y-1) up to
18
second degree term (NOV/ DEC 2020)
Expand the function sin ( xy ) in powers of ( x − 1) and y −
2
19 as a Taylor series.
Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x + y − 3 x − 12 y + 20
3 3
20
Find the maximum and minimum values of f ( x , y ) = x 3 + 3 xy 2 − 15 x 2 − 15 y 2 + 72 x .
21
(APR/MAY 2019)
A thin closed rectangular box is to have one edge equal to twice the other and
22
constant volume 72m3. Find the least surface area of the box. (NOV/DEC 2019)
Find the dimension of the rectangular box open at the top of maximum capacity 432 cc.
23
(NOV/DEC 2020)
25
24 Find the length of the shortest line from the point 0,0, to the surface z = xy .
9
Find the shortest and longest distances from the point (1,2,-1) to the sphere
25
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 24. (APR/MAY 2019)
UNIT IV – INTEGRAL CALCULUS
PART – A
3
xdx = F ( b ) − F ( a ) = F ( 8 ) − F (1)
1
84/3
= ( 81/3 ) − = 24 − = 16 − 1 =
1 3 4 3 3 3 3 45
− =
4/3 4/3 4 4 4 4 4 4
Evaluate ( 10 x − 2sec x ) dx
4 2
4
Solution:
(10 x − 2sec2 x )dx = 10 x 4 dx − 2 sec 2 xdx
4
x5
= 10
− 2 tan x + c
5
= 5 x5 − 2 tan x + c
2
1
5 Evaluate −3 x1 / 2 + 2 dx .
1 x
Solution:
1
2 2
2 1
−3x + 2 dx = −3 x dx + 2 dx
1/2 1/2
1
x 1 1
x
2
x3/2 1 2
= −3 + −
3 / 2 1 x 1
2
1
= −2x 3/2 −
x 1
( )
1
= −2 23/2 − − −2 13/2 − 1
2
( ( ) )
( 1
)
= −2 2 2 − + 3 = −4 2 +
2
5
2
6 Evaluate by substitution method ( 2
)
2 x 1 + x dx
Solution:
Let u = 1 + x , du = 2 xdx
2
( )
2 x 1 + x 2 dx = udu =
u 3/2
3/ 2
+c
2
= u 3/2 + c
3
= (1 + x 2 ) + c
2 3/2
3
cos
7 Find d by substitution method.
sin
Solution:
cos
Let I = d
sin
Put u = sin then du = cos d
u( )
−1/2 +1
du −1/2
I = = (u ) du = = 2 u + c = 2 sin + c
u −1
+1
2
4 2
8 If f is continuous and f ( x ) dx = 10 , then find f ( 2 x ) dx . (NOV/DEC 2018)
0 0
Solution:
dt
Given f is continuous, let 2 x = t , differentiating 2dx = dt or dx = .
2
when x = 2, then t = 4,
when x = 0 , then t = 0.
2 4 4
dt 1 10
f ( 2 x ) dx = f ( t ) = f ( t ) dt = =5
0 0
2 20 2
−1
9 Evaluate tan x dx .
Solution:
u = tan −1 x dv = dx ( udv = uv − vdu )
du =
dx v = dv = dx = x
1+ x 2
−1
tan x dx = uv − vdu
dx
= x tan −1 x − x
1 + x2
1 2x f '( x)
= x tan −1 x −
dx dx = log f ( x)
2 1+ x 2
f ( x)
1
(
= x tan −1 x − log 1 + x 2 + c
2
)
10 Find the Integral of x sin x using integration by parts.
Solution:
u=x dv = sin xdx ( udv = uv − vdu )
du = dx v = dv = sin x dx = − cos x
When x = −5 −14 = A ( −7 ) A = 2
2 1
I = dx + dx
x+5 x−2
1 1
= 2 dx + dx
x+5 x−2
= 2ln x + 5 + ln x − 2 + c
x
14 Evaluate dx
x −6
Solution:
x x−6+6 x−6 6
Let I = dx = dx = dx + dx
x−6 x−6 x−6 x−6
1
= dx + 6 dx
x−6
= x + 6ln ( x − 6 ) + c
ln x
15
Determine whether integral x dx is convergent or divergent. Evaluate it, if it is convergent.
1
(NOV/DEC 2020)
Solution:
ln ( x ) t
ln ( x )
x dx = lim dx
t → x
1 1
t
( log x )2 1
( ) ( )
t
1
= lim ln xd ( log x ) = lim = lim ( log t ) − ( log1) = lim ( log t ) =
2 2 2
t → t → 2 2 t → 2 t →
1
1
Hence it is divergent
dx
16 Evaluate and determine whether it is convergent or divergent.
3 ( x − 2 ) 3/2
Solution:
b b
dx dx −3/2
Let I = = lim = lim ( x − 2) dx
3 ( x − 2) 3/2 b→ 3 ( x − 2) 3/2 b→
3
b b
−3/2+1
−1/2
( x − 2) ( x − 2) −2
b
= lim = lim = lim
b→ −3 b→ −1 b→ x − 2
+1 3
2 3 2 3
−2 −2
= lim − =2
b→ b − 2 3− 2
Hence the given integral is convergent.
An aquarium 5 m long, 10 m wide and 3 m deep is filled with seawater of density 1030 kg/m 3 to
17
a depth of 2.5 m, then find the hydrostatic pressure and force at the bottom of the pool.
Solution:
The hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the pool is:
Pressure = density × gravity × depth
= 1030 × 9.8 × 2.5 = 25,235
The hydrostatic force at the bottom of the pool is:
Force = pressure × area
()
Hence, the center of mass G x is located at the point
M 0 37333
x= = 23.3 cm
m 1600
19 Find the center of mass of a semicircular plate of radius r.
Solution:
Let f ( x ) = r 2 − x 2 and a = − r , b = r .
Here there is no need to use the formula to calculate x because, by
the symmetry principle, the center of mass lie on the y-axis so x = 0.
1 2
The area of the semicircle is A = r , so
2
1 r 1 1 r 1 2
y = f ( x ) dx = 1 2 r 2 − x 2 dx
2
A −r 2 2 r −r 2
= 2 ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
1 r
r −r
= 2 ( r 2 − x 2 ) dx
2 r
r 0
r
2 x3 2 r3 2 2r 3 4r
= 2 xr 2 − = 2 r 3 − = 2 =
r 3 0 r 3 r 3 3
4r
The center of mass is located at the point 0,
3
Find the moments and center of mass of the system of objects that have masses 3, 4, and 8 at the
20
points (-1,1), (2,-1) and (3,2) respectively.
Solution:
n
Moment of the system about the y-axis is M y = mi xi = 3 ( −1) + 4 ( 2 ) + 8 ( 3) = 29
i =1
n
Moment of the system about the x-axis is M x = mi yi = 3 (1) + 4 ( −1) + 8 ( 2 ) = 15
i =1
The coordinates ( x , y ) of the center of mass are given in terms of the moments
My Mx
x= and y = where m = mi = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15
m m
29 15
x= and y = =1
15 15
29
The center of mass is ,1
15
PART – B
( x − 6 x ) dx
3
3
1 Evaluate by using Riemann sum with n sub intervals. (NOV/DEC 2019)
0
Evaluate the following integrals by using Riemann sum by taking right end points as sample
( )
4
2 points. Hence verify it by using fundamental theorem of calculus x 2 + 2 x − 5 dx .
1
xe 2 x
4 Evaluate dx by using integration by parts.
(1 + 2 x )2
/2 /2
n−1
sin
n− 2
5 Prove the reduction formula sin xdx =
n
xdx . Hence by using it evaluate
0
n 0
/2
sin xdx .
7
0
0 mn
6 Prove that sin mx sin nxdx =
−
m=n
where m and n are positive integrals.
(NOV/DEC 2020)
/2
sin x cos x
7 Evaluate dx (APR/MAY 2019)
0 cos x + 3cos x + 2
2
/2
sin x
8 Evaluate sin x + cos x
dx .
0
2/ 3
dx
9 Evaluate x5 9 x2 − 1
. (NOV/DEC 2018)
2/3
( )
1
1
10 Evaluate the integral 1) x 3 x 2 + 1 dx and 2) dx (NOV/DEC 2020)
(1 + x )
4
0
x2 − 2 x − 1
11 Evaluate the integral ( x − 1) ( x
2 2
+1 )
dx (NOV/DEC 2020)
2x + 1
12 Evaluate dx by partial fraction method.
x3 + 2 x2 − x − 2
2x + 5
13 Evaluate dx . (APR/MAY 2019)
x 2 − 2 x + 10
14 a − x dx
2 2
Evaluate by using substitution rule. (NOV/DEC 2019)
1
Find the value of p for which the integral x
p
ln ( x ) dx converges and evaluate the integral for
15 0
those value of p . (NOV/DEC 2020)
x 3e − x dx and hence discuss their convergence.
4
16 Evaluate
−
Find the hydrostatic force on a circular plate of radius 2 that is submerged 6 meters in the
17
water.
18 Determine the hydrostatic force on the following triangular plate that is submerged in water as
shown.
1 Evaluate y dydx
0 0
Solution:
1
2
y2 2 2
I = dx = (12 − 0)dx = dx = x0 = (2 − 0) = 1
1 1 1 2 1
0
2 0 20 20 2 2
π cos
2 Evaluate r dr d . (APR/MAY 2017)
0 0
Solution:
cos
r2 1
I = 0 d = cos 2 d
2 0 20
1 1 + cos 2 1 + cos 2
= d cos =
2
20 2 2
1
= (1 + cos 2 ) d
40
1 sin 2 1
= + = ( ) =
4 2 0 4 4
2 x2
3 Evaluate x dydx
1 0
(NOV/DEC 2019)
Solution:
2
x x 2 1 16 1 15
4 4 4
2 x2 2
( )
2 2 2 2
x dydx = x dy dx = x ( y )0 dx = x x 2 dx = x 3dx =
x2
4 = − = − =
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4
0 y f ( x , y ) dxdy .
1 y
4 Change the order of integration in 2 (NOV/DEC 2018)
Solution:
y =1 x = y
Given I =
y =0 x = y 2
f ( x, y ) dx dy
Limit of x : y 2 to y and Limit of y :0 to 1
After changing the order of integration
x =1 y = x
I = x =0 y = x f ( x, y ) dydx
1 x2
Solution:
1 x2
Given (1 + x)dxdy
0 0
The limits for the inner integral are functions of x , then the first integral is with respect to y
1 x2 1 x2
(1 + x)dxdy = (1 + x)dydx [correct form]
0 0 0 0
y
6 Transform the integration 0 0 dx dy into polar co-ordinates.
Solution:
Let x = r cos and y = r sin , dx dy = r dr d
y
0 0 dx dy = 2= r =0 r dr d
4
a a2 − x2
7 Shade the region of integration in 0 dxdy .
ax − x 2
Solution:
The given order of the integration is not correct.
So, rewrite the order
x =a y = a 2 − x 2
x =0 y = ax − x 2
dydx.
y = ax − x 2 x 2 + y 2 − ax = 0
2 2
a a
x 2 − ax + − + y 2 = 0
2 2
2 2
a 2 a
x− + y =
2 2
a a
which is a circle with center at , 0 and radius .
2 2
𝑦 = √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2
which is a circle with center at (0,0) and radius a.
e dzdydx = e e e dzdydx
x+ y + z
I = x y z
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
1
1
= e x dx e y dx e z dx
0 0 0
= e 0 e 0 e 0 = (e − e 0 )(e1 − e 0 )(e1 − e 0 )
x 1 x 1 x 1 1
= (e − 1)
3
10
Evaluate dxdy, where R is the shaded region in the figure.
R
Solution:
dxdy = Area of the shaded region
R
The shaded region is the semicircle with radius 2.
r 2 22
Area of the shaded portion = = = 2 square units
2 2
4 x x+ y
11 Evaluate 0 0 0 z dx dy dz .
Solution:
4 x x+ y
I = z dz dy dx
0 0 0
x+ y
4 x z2
= dy dx
0 0
2 0
1 4 x
( x + y ) dy dx
2 0 0
=
x
1 4 y2
= xy + dx
2 0 2
0
1 4 2 x2
= x + dx
2 0 2
3 4
= x 2 dx
4 0
4
3 x3
= = 16
4 3
0
I= dzdydx
0 0 0
Solution:
The moments are
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
M x = y ( x, y )dA = xy 2 dydx =
R x =0 y =0 20
x = 3 y = 3− x 81
M y = x ( x, y )dA = x 2 ydydx =
R x =0 y =0 20
Find the mass of the lamina of density ( x , y ) = x + y occupying the region R under the curve
14
y = x 2 in the interval 0 x 2
Solution:
We compute the mass m
x=2 y = x2
m = dm = ( x, y )dA = ( x + y )dydx
R R x =0 y =0
y= x2
x=2 y2 x = 2 x4
= xy + dx = x 3 + dx
x =0 x =0
2 y −0 2
x=2
x4 x5 36
= + =
4 10 x =0 5
Find the moment of inertia of a lamina covering the inside of the unit circle, with density function
15
( x, y) = 1 − x 2 − y 2
Solution: The moment of inertia of the entire lamina is I = ( x + y 2 ) ( x, y )dA
2
By polar co-ordinates, r = x + y
2 2 2
2 1
I = r 2 ( x, y )dA = r
2
(1 − r 2 )rdrd
0 0
D
2 1
= (r
3
− r 5 )drd
0 0
2 d
= =
0 12 6
Calculate by double integration, the volume generated by the revolution of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos )
18
about its axis.
Solution:
a (1− cos )
Required Volume = 0 0
2r 2 sin dr d
a (1− cos )
r3
= 2 sin d
0
3 0
2a 3 2a 3 (1 − cos ) 4 8a 3
= (1 − cos ) sin d = =
3
3 0 3 4 0 3
1 2− y
19 Change the order of integration in 0 y xy dx dy .
Solution:
y =1 x =2− y
Given, I = y=0 x= y xy dx dy
x limits: y to 2 − y ; y limits: 0 to 1
i.e., x= y and x = 2− y x+ y = 2
After changing order of integration
1 x 2 2− x
I =
0 0
xy dy dx + xy dy dx
1 0
20 Compute the entire area bounded by r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Solution:
Given r 2 = a 2 cos 2 r = a cos 2
Area = 4 Area in first quadrant
/4 a cos 2
A = r dr d = 4 =0 r =0 r dr d
R
2 a cos 2
/4 r
= 4 =0 d
2
0
/4 a cos 2
2
4 2 /4
= 4 =0 d = a =0 cos 2 d
2 2
/4
sin 2 sin 2 ( / 4 )
= 2a 2 = 2a 2 − 0
2 0 2
= a 2 sin = a2
2
PART- B
x2 y2
2 Evaluate xydxdy over the positive quadrant of the ellipse +
a 2 b2
=1
Evaluate x dxdy where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the lines
2
3 R
8 Find the area included between the curve r = a(sec + cos ) and its asymptote
1 2− y
−y
e
10 Change the order of integration in y dy dx and hence evaluate it. (APR/MAY 2019)
0 x
−( x + y )
2 2
Transform the integral into polar co-ordinates and hence evaluate 0 0 e dx dy and hence
11
find the value of 0 e − x dx .
2
12
Evaluate xy
D
1 − x − ydxdy where D is the region bounded by x = 0,y = 0, x + y = 1 using the
xyz dxdydz where V is the volume of the positive octant of the sphere x + y2 + z2 = 1
2
Evaluate
15 V
Find the volume of the cylinder bounded by x 2 + y 2 = 4 and then planes y + z = 4 and z = 0 using
19
triple integral (NOV/DEC 2020)
Evaluate dx dy dz where V is the finite region of space (tetrahedron) bounded by the planes
20 V
x = 0, y = 0 , z = 0 & 2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 12 . (N0V/DEC 2018)
Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular Lamina with vertices (0,0), (1,0) and (0,2) if the
21 density function is (x, y) = 1 + 3x + y
Find the mass and center of mass of a lamina with density function ( x , y ) = 6 x covering the triangle
22
D bounded by the x -axis, the line y = x and the line y = 2 − x
Find the moments of inertia I x , I y , and I 0 of a homogeneous disk D with density ( x , y ) = , center
23
the origin, and radius a .
24 Find the moment of inertia of the area bounded by the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 about its axis