Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Paper 01
Paper 01
Paper 01
Module Id 2
Pre- Requisites No Basic knowledge is required
Objectives To study the meaning and concept of Tourism and
Hospitality
Keywords Tourism, Hospitality, Concept,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Learning Outcomes
2. Introduction
3. Concept of Tourism
3.1 Meaning and Definition of Tourism
3.2 Significance of Tourism
3.3 Types of Tourism
3.4 5 A’s and other Basic Components of Tourism
3.5 Typologies of Tourists
3.6 Tourism Theories
4. Concept of Hospitality
4.1 Meaning and Definitions of Hospitality
4.2 Significance of Hospitality Industry
4.3 Characteristics/Nature of Hospitality services
5. Summary
QUADRANT-I
1. Learning Outcomes
After completing this module, students will be able to:
i. Understand the concept & significance of Tourism and Hospitality.
ii. Know various types of Tourism and Hospitality services.
iii. Acquaint one with different tourism theories.
2. Introduction.
Tourism with its multi facet activities has grown as a distinct sector and is
recognized all over the world as an outgrowing industry. Tourism industry, with its large
scale job creation and revenue generation, has been a major contributor to the world
economy.
Hospitality is closely related to tourism. It is evaluated jointly with the tourism
business activities. A tourist visiting any places always requires lodging and boarding
facilities at the destination. In ancient time, travelers found guestrooms in varied forms of
accommodation such as Sarai, Dharamshala and Inns, depending on the region and
cultural settings of the places. These overnight stay, though had no provisions for food
and amenities initially, could become important business hubs in later period.
The better the quality of the services better is the destination image. Thus,
hospitality industry comprises significant share in the total revenue and employment
generation. Each element of hospitality service plays important role in the market
depending upon its integration with the other business industry network. Hospitality best
understands the term “Atithi Devo Bhava” in its true spirit i.e. the Guest is treated as God.
3. Concept of Tourism.
3.1. Meaning and Definition of Tourism.
Tourism comprises many industries with multiple processes and activities arising
from the interaction of tourists with local service providers, community, government and
the environment. This industry comprises accommodation, transportation, food services,
attraction, entertainment and recreation.
The most of tourism definitions have been formed on the basis of the distance
traveled the length of stay at the destination and the purpose of visit. McIntosh and
Goeldner (1984) have formed different dimensions such as; the tourist, the business of
providing services to tourist, the government, and the host community.
Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism in 1941 as “the sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead
to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity”.
The UNWTO in 1995 defined Tourism as comprising “… the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.
The above definitions hold importance as being practiced as leading definitions
till today. The definitions distinctly outline the three characteristics as below;
Tourism involves a displacement of individuals outside their usual environment.
Types of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose except for involving
remunerative activities. Travel for leisure, pleasure, holiday, health, sports,
business, pilgrimage and education are some of the prominent motivations.
Duration: the maximum duration of touristic travel should not exceed one year as
the minimum duration of the travel remains 24 hours. Day visits of less than 24
hours duration is characterized as excursion.
A UN Conference on International Travel and Tourism held in Rome in 1963 gave a
definition of international tourist as “any person visiting a country other than that in
which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an
occupation remunerated from within the country visited”. The definition classified tourist
and excursionist as visitor. Tourist is a temporary visitor who stays more than 24 hour
and less than one consecutive year in any place. Excursionist on the other hand, is a
visitor who stays for less than 24 hours at a destination.
Traveler - It is a person who is on a trip inside or outside their own living area in
a country of residence.
Visitors - Person travelling to a place outside his living area for a period not
exceeding one year for purposes except for any remunerative purpose.
3.2. Significance of Tourism.
Tourism is a very important source of income for many countries. Importance of
tourism was placed in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism in1980 as ‘an activity
essential to the life of nations because of its direct effect on the social, cultural,
educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international
relations. This is in addition to the goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs.
Social Significance - The social exchange between host and tourist occurs. It
helps them to understand one another not only in learning their languages but also their
culture. It redefines collective traditional lifestyle, family relationship, community
structure, ceremonies and morality.
Economic Significance - Tourism is one of the most important avenues for
revenue generation in developing counties. Tourism provides foreign currency without
exporting anything out of the country which helps in offsetting the loss if any.
Cultural Significance - Tourism strengthens culture and it brings positive
changes in arts, artefacts, customs, rituals and architecture of the people that occur during
the tourism processes, helping reinforcement of culture and traditions.
Environmental Significance - Earning from tourism helps in improved
management and planning for environment so that development can be controlled.
Through Tourism spreads awareness about environment problem as it brings tourist
closer to the nature which leads to conscious behavior and activities of tourists and host
as well to conserve the environment.
3.3. Types of Tourism.
Tourism depending upon size, forms, patterns, and nature can be classified into
various types. The criteria wise classifications are outlined as below:
On the basis of number of persons
Mass Tourism – This is related to the pattern of large number of people travelling to
a popular destination over a period of time for recreation and enjoyment.
Alternative Tourism – When a person, family or friends visit a newer destination for
purposes unique to them and get first-hand knowledge about the destination, it is
considered to be alternative tourism.
On the basis of nationality and pattern of travel
On this basis tourism can be classified into three types, such as; International,
National & Internal Tourism.
International Tourism - It involves tourists crossing national borders. It may have
two sub types as below.
Outbound Tourism - When a person travels outside his own country for leisure,
pleasure or business purposes, his visit is considered to be outbound tourism for his
country of residence.
Inbound Tourism - when a country receives residents of another country, they are
considered to be inbound tourists.
National Tourism - It is the tourism of visitors in any country from within or outside
of the economic territory of the country.
Domestic Tourism – When tourism activity takes place only within tourists’ own
living country.
Internal Tourism – Internal tourism comprises of all travels happening within the
country including residents’ travel (domestic tourism), non-residents’ travel within
the country (inbound-international tourism).
On the basis of purpose of travel
Business Tourism – When a person goes to attend meeting, conference and
exhibition outside from their daily living area.
Sports Tourism – It refers to travel which involves either observing or participating
in a sports event.
Adventure Tourism – Generally youth likes to go for adventurous tours like
trekking, river-rafting and rock climbing.
Ethnic Tourism– when people travel to different places to know about their own
roots, we consider them to be part of ethnic tourism.
On the Basis of Special Interest
As tourists over the years become more selective, such special interest travel has
emerged as distinct forms of tourism. These forms of tourism can be explained in
marketing terms as niche segments and are alternative forms of mass tourism.
Social Tourism – It is emerging form of special interest tourism for low income
group. The weaker section people aim to go to the tour in minimum services without
expending their own money or expense very less.
Ecotourism - It involves visiting undisturbed natural areas, which is affected by
tourist very less. This type of tourism started before looking after environment
benefits and loss.
Tourists: Visitors who spend at least one night in the country visited.
Crew Members: Foreign air or ship crews docked or in lay over and who used the
accommodation establishments of the country visited.
Excursionists: Visitors who do not spend at least one night in the country visited
although they might visit the country during one day or more and return to their ship
or train to sleep. It is also known as day visitors.
Cruise Passengers: Normally included in excursionists. Separate classification of
these visitors is nevertheless preferable.
Crews: Crews who are not residents of the country visited and who stay in the
country for the day.
Members of Armed Forces: When they travel from their country of origin to the
duty station and vice versa.
Transit Passengers: Who do not leave the transit area of the airport or the port in
certain countries, transit may involve a stay of one day or more. In this case they
should be included in the visitor statistics.
Purpose of Visit: Main purposes of visit as defined by the Rome Conference (1963).
Tourist can be classified as followed on the basses of number of tourist arrivals,
motivation behind travel, purpose of travel, and geographical area of the visits.
On the basis of purpose and motivation
Recreational Tourists - Tourist who goes out from daily living area for relaxation
and stress management.
Business Tourist - When a person goes outside from their daily living area for
attending meeting, seminar, and conference.
Educational Tourist - Knowledge seekers such as teachers, research scholars and
students visiting educational institutions for learning and exchanging knowledge.
Health Tourist - Tourist travels for modern or Ayurvedic treatments to keep
themselves healthy.
Religious/Pilgrimage Tourist - Tourist travels for the spiritual or religious purposes.
On the Basis of Psychographic
The tourists have been classified into three categories by Stanley Plog in 1974
namely Allocentric, Psycho-centric and Mid-centric.
Allocentric– A tourist who wishes to explore new places and destinations wish
novelty in their trip and wishes to go for adventurous activity.
Psychocentric– A tourist who wants to go only those types of destination where they
have visited before as they are non-adventurous. They like to go to popular and well
known places.
Mid-centric - This category of tourists cover both above motioned type who moves
between the both types.
On the basses of tourist’s seeking familiarity or novelty (E. Cohen 1972)
Drifter- Tourists, who are highly adventurous, make no use of tourist services rather
live with local community.
Explorers - Tourist, who wants to be independent, travels alone, but uses modern
services and seeks comfortable and reliable services,
Individual Mass Tourist - Tourists use tourism industry services but not bound to a
group and having very less contact with local people, as they have constraints of time
as part of fixed itinerary.
Organized Mass Tourist - This types of tourist are highly depend on tourism
industry for services and they are fully organized, following a tour guide, having very
less contact with locals, and they love to stay at their own environment.
Felt Need or Travel Desire: “The need is felt and the reason for travel is weighted
up”.
Information Collection and Evaluation: “Information is collected from formal and
informal sources”.
Travel Decision: “The decision regarding the destination, mode of transport, type of
accommodation, types of activities”.
Travel Preparation and Experience: “Confirmation of booking and the
commencement of travel”.
Travel Satisfaction Evaluation: “The actual experience is evaluated and influences
subsequent travel decision”.
iv. Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle (1980)
Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) is a model developed by Butler (1980) to show how
a destination goes through various stages from starting (exploration) to end
(Decline/rejuvenation).
Tourism Area Lifecycle Model