MODULE 6

Essential Concepts and Fundamental Measurements in Physics

Overview
Physics is the science of matter and its motion—the science that deals
with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.

Fathers of Physics (from left to right): A. Einstein for Theory of

Relativity, G. Galileo for Observational Astronomy, and I. Newton for
the Laws of Motion
Physics is a branch of study that examines the composition of matter
and interactions between its basic elements.
Physics, which derives from the Greek word physikos, is the study of
nature in all its manifestations, both on a macroscopic and microscopic
scale. Its field of study includes the nature and genesis of gravitational,
electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields in addition to the behavior of
things when subjected to certain forces.
The creation of a few broad principles that unite and explain all of these
different occurrences is its ultimate goal.
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
MECHANICS (KINEMATICS)
It deals with motion, force, work, energy and fluids
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
It deals with the effects of heat when added or removed from a system,
the methods of heat transfer, and the transformation of heat energy to
mechanical energy or work and vice-versa.

OPTICS
It deals with the study of light and its properties.
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (ELECTROMAGNETICS)
It deals with phenomena associated with electrical charges (whether
static or moving), magnetism, and the relationship with between
electricity and magnetism
WAVE MOTION AND SOUND (ACOUSTICS)
It deals with properties, transmission, and perception of different types
of waves.

MODERN PHYSICS
GENERAL RELATIVITY
It tells how matter curves space-time and how the curvature of space-
time dictates the trajectory of matter and light.
SPECIAL RELATIVITY
It deals with phenomena associated when an object moves with speeds
approaching the speed of light in vacuum

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
It deals with the properties of and the reactions within the atomic
nucleus.
QUANTUM MECHANICS
It deals with the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic
and subatomic levels.
PARTICLE PHYSICS
It deals with the building blocks of matter called elementary particles

Measurement
- is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an unknown
quantity with some known quantity of the same kind. Two systems are:
the METRIC (or the mks and cgs system) and the ENGLISH (or the fps
system).

Physical quantities may either:

A. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY
are all those units which are independent of any other unit (including
themselves)
B. DERIVED QUANTITY
all those units which are obtained by multiplying and/or dividing one
or more fundamental units with or without introducing any other
numerical factor.
What is the Scientific Method?
- The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to
explore observations and answer questions. Does this mean all scientists
follow exactly this process? No. Some areas of science can be more
easily tested than others. For example, scientists studying how stars
change as they age or how dinosaurs digested their food cannot fast-
forward a star's life by a million years or run medical exams on feeding
dinosaurs to test their hypotheses. When direct experimentation is not
possible, scientists modify the scientific method. In fact, there are
probably as many versions of the scientific method as there are
scientists! But even when modified, the goal remains the same: to
discover cause and effect relationships by asking questions, carefully
gathering and examining the evidence, and seeing if all the available
information can be combined into a logical answer.
MODULE 7
Kinematics of Translations
Overview
- Everything in the universe is moving. You see people and cars
moving on the ground, birds, kites and jet planes in the sky,
crabs, fishes and ships in the sea, skyscrapers swaying in the
wind and many more. They may be moving at a very slow speed
like the speed at which your hair grows or at a speed of the most
powerful planes or rockets.
Motion is a good start in the study of physics. This is one of the
most obvious physical phenomena in the universe. It can be
described quantitatively and qualitatively.
The quantitative description of motion without reference to physical
cause is called kinematics and the study between motion and its
causes is called dynamics.
Motion, on the other hand, is the action of changing location or
position. Position in refers to the location of an object with respect
to a frame of reference.
The study of motion can be divided into:
Kinematics – it describes the motion in terms of displacement,
velocity and acceleration.
Dynamics – it relates forces force and motion.
Speed and Velocity
You probably had been using these two terms speed and velocity,
interchangeably in most of your conversations with your friends or
classmates. Physics, these two concepts are distinct from one
another.
Speed is considered as a scalar quantity, that is, magnitude with no
direction while velocity is a vector quantity.
Speed is the rate of displacement.
Example:
5 m/s
80 km/h
Velocity is speed in a given direction.
Example:
10 km/h eastward
7 m/s upward
In the real world, every few objects move at constant velocity for a long
time. An Object whose velocity is increasing or decreasing, or whose
direction is changed, is said to be accelerated. Since this chapter deal
with straight line motion, acceleration that involves change in direction
will not be discussed.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity and

is in the same direction as the force causing it.
It refers to the change in the rate of velocity with respect to time. An
object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity. Velocity can change
in three ways:
a. Change in speed (may either be increasing or decreasing)
b. Change in direction, and
c. Change in both speed and direction
Units of Acceleration:
CGS - cm/s/s or cm/s²
MKS - m/s/s or m/s²

Kinds of Acceleration:
1. Positive acceleration - increase in speed
2. Negative acceleration or deceleration - decrease in speed
Acceleration in Motion
Accelerated motion is motion with a changing velocity. It means that
the object moves at a changing speed, direction, or both.
A speedometer is a device that shows the speed of motorcar at any
given time. When the car changes speed or direction or both, it is said to
be accelerating. It is no longer going at a constant speed.
MODULE 8
Forces and the laws of motion
Overview
Force is one of the most important derived physical quantities.
Everything you do, from the time you wake up until the time you retire
in the evening, involves force.
When a combination of forces act on a body we know that the effects
may be a change in the shape or in the state of the body. But in some
cases, the total combination of these forces cancel each other, such that
neither the shape nor the state of the body is changed.
Force
Force is very commonly defined as a push or pull on an object. When
you push a table, your exert force on the table. When a boy pulls on his
toy cart, he is exerting a force on the cart. These examples suggest that
there is physical contact between the objects involved. In addition, these
examples also show that a force can produce motion.

Types of Force
Contact Force
is any force that requires contact to occur. Contact forces are ubiquitous
and are responsible for most visible interactions between macroscopic
collections of matter. Pushing a car up a hill or kicking a ball across a
room are some of the everyday examples where contact forces are at
work.

Types of Contact Force

Applied force
Force due to the action of muscles is called applied force. It is also
called muscular force.
Normal force
It is a contact interaction force between surfaces. It always acts
perpendicular to the surfaces and out of the surface. It comes from the
microscopic deformation of molecules modeling a system of springs.
Frictional force
Frictional force comes from interactions with a surface as an object
moves or tries to move relative to the surface.
Tension force
An applied force where force is applied through a string, cable, rope,
etc.
Non-Contact Force
those forces do not involve physical contact between the two objects but
act through the space between the two.

Types of Non-contact Force

Gravitational force
The attractive force exerting between two objects is called gravitational
force. It originates with the presence of matter.
Electromagnetic force
The electromagnetic force includes basic electric and magnetic
interactions and is responsible for the binding of atoms and the structure
of solids.
Weak nuclear force
The weak nuclear force causes certain radioactive decay processes and
certain reactions among the most fundamental particles.
Strong nuclear force
The strong force operates among the fundamental particles and is
responsible for binding the nucleus together.

Newtons law of motion

Every motion you observe or experienced is related to a force. Sir Isaac
Newton described the relationship between motion and force in three
laws that we now call Newton’s law of motion. Newton’s laws apply to
a wide range of motion – a caterpillar crawling on a leaf, a person riding
a bicycle, or a rocket blasting off into space.

First Law of Motion : Law of Inertia

Newton’s first law of motion pertains to situations in which there is zero
resultant force acting on an object. This means that, although there may
be a number of individual forces acting, the vector sum of those forces
is zero. We often say that the net force is zero in this case Newton’s first
law states:

“An object at rest remains at rest if there is zero resultant force acting
on it. A moving object continues to move with constant velocity if the
vector sum of the external forces acting on the object is zero.”

Inertia is the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest and of an

object in motion to remain in motion with its original velocity.
Second Law of Motion : Law of Acceleration
Newton’s second law describes the effect of this unbalanced force on
the motion of an object.
Newton’s second law, which describes the relationship between mass,
force, and acceleration, can be stated as follows:

“The unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object’s mass

times its acceleration.”
“The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the applied net
force but inversely proportional to the mass and is in the same direction
as the force.”

Third Law Motion : Law on Interaction

Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action, there is an
equal but opposite reaction. When an object exerts a force on another
object, it experiences a force in return. The force that object one exerts
on object two must be of the same magnitude as the force that object
two exerts on object one but in the opposite direction.
Newton’s law of interaction shows that there is equal force acting on
two different bodies. If on of the two forces exceed the others, there is a
net force or unbalanced force between the two interacting bodies.

“For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.”
MODULE 9
Properties and Behavior of Light
Introduction
Optics is a branch of physics that deals with the nature and
behavior of light. By studying optics, we will have a deeper
understanding on the properties of light, and along with that is a deeper
understanding of our visible world.
Light has been considered as the primary source of energy on
the surface of the Earth. Energy transformation primarily starts with
light energy. Properties of light is as much as important as light energy
itself. Beauty and color seen on earth is a product of what light has.
Nowadays, different technologies are enhanced through the properties
and behavior of light.

Light
As light is considered as the primary reason we could see things
around us, it is not the only purpose that serves man and other living
organisms. Technology advancement learned the basic of light in which:

Light is both a mechanical wave and an electromagnetic wave. A

mechanical wave because it travels through a medium; and an
electromagnetic wave because its utilizes the combination of electricity
and magnetisms for its transmission;
Light travels in a straight path as proved by the presence of a shadow;
Luminous materials produce light.

Properties of Light
1. Reflection or the bouncing back of light wave

2. Refraction or the changing of speed or velocity and direction

of light wave

3. Diffraction or the bending of light wave as it hits barrier.

4. Dispersion of the separation of white light into 7 colors

5. Interference or the enhancement or cancellation of light

wave

6. Polarization or the oscillation of light wave in more than one

directions.