Solution Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology

Laboratory Manual: Making Connections, Cat

Version, 2nd Edition, Catharine C. Whiting,

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Solution Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual: Making Connections, Cat Ve

8
Introduction to the Skeletal System
Pedagogical Tips
Having students label models in the lab with tape is a great way to check their work during the lab
period. Knowing that you might check their work provides an extra incentive for them to do their
best work!
Activity 1: Reviewing Skeletal Cartilages (Estimated time: 15–20 minutes)

Materials and Advance Preparation

Laminated poster showing the skeleton and skeletal cartilages
Markers (blue, red, purple, black)
Microscope and slides (or photomicrographs) of hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage
Anatomical models or diagrams of skeleton and torso
Print out a 24 inch × 36 inch poster of Figure 8-3, The two subdivisions of the skeletal system: the axial skeleton (or-
ange) and the appendicular skeleton (tan). Then have the poster laminated.

Active Learning Tips, Modifications, and Extensions

The poster does not show the epiglottis (elastic cartilage) and the trachea (hyaline cartilage). Have students research the
anatomy of these two structures and sketch/label them on their poster. Similarly, the external ear can be added to the
poster to illustrate a second location of elastic cartilage.
Activity 2: Classifying and Identifying the Bones of the Skeleton (Estimated time: 20–30
minutes)

Materials and Advance Preparation

Articulated skeleton
Labeling tape
Markers
Bag of disarticulated bones

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Activity 3: Examining the Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone (Estimated time: 20–30 minutes)

Materials and Advance Preparation

Long bone (or fresh beef bone) sectioned longitudinally
Disposable gloves and safety glasses
You can obtain a fresh beef bone from a local butcher.
Activity 4: Exploring the Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone—The Osteon (Estimated
time: 20–30 minutes)
Materials and Advance Preparation
Osteon model or diagram
Microscope and microscope slide (or photomicrograph) of compact bone
Activity 5: Examining the Chemical Composition of Bone (Estimated time: 15–20 minutes)
Materials and Advance Preparation
Fresh chicken bones
Chicken bone that has been soaked in vinegar for 5–7 days
Chicken bone that has been baked at 250° F for 2 hours
Mallet
Disposable gloves and safety glasses
Think About It:
Page 130:
Cartilage is avascular, and tendons and ligaments have very limited blood supply. Without blood, the immune response
is limited.

ANSWERS TO PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENTS

Pre-Lab Activity 1: d. 3 Pre-Lab Activity 4:
1. a e. 2 1. c
Pre-Lab Activity 3:
2. a 2. d
1. a. 6
Pre-Lab Activity 2: 3. trabeculae
b. 4
1. a. 3 c. 7 4. epiphyseal plate
b. 4 d. 5
Pre-Lab Activity 5:
c. 5 e. 10
d. 2 1. b
f. 3
e. 1 g. 1 2. osteoid
2. a. 5 h. 8 3. osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
b. 4 i. 9 osteocytes
c. 1 j. 2

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Introduction to the Skeletal System 61
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY QUESTIONS
Activity 1
3. Chart

Features
Features unique unique to
Features common to to hyaline Features unique elastic
all cartilage cartilage to fibrocartilage cartilage

Chondrocytes in lacuna Glassy appearance Abundant collagen Abundant

fibers elastic fibers

Abundant extracellular Epiphyseal plate Intervertebral disc Epiglottis

matrix

4. a. epiglottis—elastic cartilage; many elastic fibers for flexibility

b. intervertebral disc—fibrocartilage; many collagen fibers provide strong support and resist compression
c. costal cartilage—hyaline cartilage; all three fiber types give firm support
d. meniscus—fibrocartilage; abundant collagen fibers provide strong support and resist compression
Activity 2
A. 1. carpal bone/AP/short
clavicle/AP/flat
coxal bone/AP/irregular
cranial bones/AX/flat
femur/AP/long
fibula/AP/long
humerus/AP/long
metacarpals/AP/long
metatarsals/AP/long
patella/AP/sesamoid
phalanges/AP/long
radius/AP/long
ribs/AX/flat
sacrum/AX/irregular
scapula/AP/flat
sternum/AX/flat
tarsal/AP/short
tibia/AP/long
ulna/AP/long
vertebra/AX/irregular

62 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
B. 1. a. crest—attachment site for muscle
b. tuberosity—attachment site for muscle
c. spine—attachment site for muscle
2. a. process—attachment site for muscle
b. facet—articulating surface
c. foramen—passageway for blood vessels and nerves
3. a. condyle—articulating surface
b. notch—passageway for blood vessel or nerve
c. ramus—attachment site for muscle
4. a. fossa—receives another bone structure
b. head—articulates with scapula
c. tubercle—attachment site for muscle
C. Answers will vary.
Activity 3
2. Student-labeled sketch.
3. Epiphysis: enlarged ends of long bones; filled with red bone marrow (blood cell production)
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses; cushions the bones at the joint
Epiphyseal line: located at the junction of the epiphysis and the diaphysis in mature long bones; marks the site
where actively dividing hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plates) was once located in growing bones
Medullary cavity: central cavity in the diaphysis that is filled with yellow bone marrow
Periosteum: outer covering of bone composed of an outer fibrous layer that serves as an attachment site for tendons
and ligaments and an inner layer that contains cells involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling
Endosteum: forms the inner lining of the diaphysis and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the
Haversian canal of compact
4. a. Red bone marrow is in the spongy bone (epiphyses of long bones) and is the site of blood cell production. Yellow
bone marrow is in the medullary cavity in the diaphyses of long bones and is a site of energy storage.
b. An epiphyseal plate is growing hyaline cartilage in the epiphyses of long bones. An epiphyseal line marks the site
where the epiphyseal plate previously grew.

Activity 4
1. Central canal: a canal in the middle of the osteon which contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Osteocyte: mature bone cell that maintain the bone matrix
Lacuna: cavity embedded in the lamella which house the osteocytes
Canaliculus: tiny canal which hold cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes; radiate from each lacuna and connect
with the central canal carrying blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Interstitial lamella: lamella found in the spaces between osteons
Circumferential lamella: concentric layer of mineralized extracellular matrix
Perforating canal: canal that are perpendicular to the shaft of the bone; they carry blood vessels into the bone from
the periosteum and connect the central canals of adjacent osteons
2. osteocytes, cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes, they are supplied with oxygen and nutrients through the canaliculi
by cytoplasmic connections between other osteocytes

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Introduction to the Skeletal System 63
3. both contain osteocytes in lacunae; compact bone is arranged into repeating units called osteons,and spongy bone
contains beams called trabeculae.

Activity 5
2. inorganic matrix (hydroxyapatite)
3. organic matrix (collagen and ground substance)
4. vinegar-soaked bone: the bone bends
baked bone: the bone shatters
5. Answers will vary.

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ANSWERS TO POST-LAB ASSIGNMENTS
Name: _____________________ Date: ______________________ Lab Section: __________

PART I. Check Your Understanding

Activity 1: Reviewing Skeletal Cartilages

1. List the three types of cartilage. hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
2. Which specific cartilage type:
hyaline a. covers the ends of moveable bones?
hyaline b. is found in the epiphyseal plate?
fibrocartilage c. is predominant in the pubic symphysis?
fibrocartilage d. connects the vertebrae to one another?
fibrocartilage e. forms the meniscus?
hyaline f. connects the ribs to the sternum?
hyaline g. forms the cartilaginous rings of the trachea
3. State one structural difference between fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage.
Fibrocartilage has an abundance of collagen fibers, whereas elastic cartilage has an abundance of elastic fibers

Activity 2: Classifying and Identifying the Bones of the Skeleton

1. For each of the five bones indicated in the figure at the right,complete the following chart:

Name Shape of Axial or

of Bone Bone Appendicular?

a. sternum flat axial

b. rib flat axial

c. vertebra irregular axial

d. patella sesamoid appendicular

e. phalanx long appendicular

2. facet
3. fossa

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Introduction to the Skeletal System 65
Activity 3: Examining the Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
1. What is the function of the periosteum? Outer layer—attachment site for tendons and ligaments; inner
layer—osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone growth and remodeling
2. Student sketch

Activity 4: Exploring the Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone—The Osteon

1. Identify the parts of an osteon in the accompanying
photomicrograph:
a. osteon
b. osteocytes
c. canaliculi
d. central canal

2. Which of the following structures routes blood from the periosteum to the central canal of each osteon?
a. canaliculi
b. endosteum
c. osteocytes
d. perforating canals
3. Differentiate between a lacuna and a canaliculus. A lacuna is a cavity that holds an osteocyte, and a canaliculi is
a canal that holds a cytoplasmic extension of an osteocyte.
4. Distinguish between interstitial lamellae and concentric lamellae. Interstitial lamella are located between
osteons and concentric lamellae are located within osteons.
5. How does spongy bone differ from compact bone? It is not arranged into distinct units called osteons.

Activity 5: Examining the Chemical Composition of Bone

1. Match each of the following functions/descriptions with its correct term. More than one correct answer may be
possible for each numbered item; include all correct answers.
4, 6 a. component of bone dissolved by acid
3, 5 b. component of bone broken down by heat
2 c. break down matrix
1 d. produce matrix
3 e. provides flexible strength
5 f. hyaluronic acid is part of this component

66 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
2. Briefly describe the effect of heat on bone and explain the chemical basis of that effect.
Heat denatures protein and destroys the organic matrix; therefore, the bone becomes brittle.

3. Briefly describe the effect of acid on bone and explain the chemical basis of that effect.
Acid removes inorganic salts; therefore, the bone loses its hardness.

PART II. Putting It All Together

A. Review Questions
Answer the following questions using your lecture notes, your textbook, and your lab notes:
1. Indicate whether each of the following descriptions applies to bone (B) or cartilage (C) or to both tissue types
(B and C).
B and C a. Contains lacunae
B and C b. Contains collagen fibers
C c. Lacks blood supply
B d. Has mineralized matrix
B e. Produces blood cells
2. Indicate whether each of the following descriptions applies to the organic component of bone (O) or the inorganic
component of bone (I) or to both components of bone (O and I).
O a. Contains osteoid
I b. Contains mineral salts
O c. Contains osteoblasts
O d. Contains collagen fibers
I e. Comprises 65% of bone tissue
3. Most of the human skeleton begins as a hyaline cartilage model, which is later replaced by bone. When
chondrocytes become surrounded by mineralized matrix, they die, but when osteocytes become surrounded by
mineralized matrix, they do not die. Based on your understanding of the microscopic anatomy of cartilage and bone,
explain why this is the case. Bone tissue contains canaliculi which allows communication between
osteocytes—nutrients and oxygen can travel from one cell to another

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 8 Introduction to the Skeletal System 67
Solution Manual for Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual: Making Connections, Cat Ve

B. Concept Mapping
1. Fill in the blanks to complete this concept map outlining the structure of compact bone.

collagen fibers lamellae mineralized matrix osteocyte osteon

2. Construct a unit concept map to show the relationships among the following set of terms. Include all of the terms in
your diagram. Your instructor may choose to assign additional terms.

compact bone diaphysis femur

osteoblast osteoclast periosteum red bone marrow

rib sternum yellow bone marrow

Answers will vary.

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