Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lesson 5
Lesson 5
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Learning Targets 3
Boot Up 3
Check Up 17
Big Idea 19
Wrap Up 20
Bibliography 20
Glossary 21
1
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
GRADE 7/8
Introduction
As a future illustrator, you will be introduced to the appropriate drawing tools and materials in
accordance with illustration requirements. Also, in this lesson, you will be provided with an
overview of the procedures you need to follow to perform basic calculations for measurement
and drawing.
2
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Learning Targets
Boot Up
3
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Learn about It!
The appropriate measuring instrument depends on the task and the parts to be measured,
and we must consider the following factors:
Determine the length of the object to be measured; for example, how long the object is,
how tall, or how far apart in terms of distance. Use the appropriate measuring device
based on the size of the object to be measured.
The operator must have the knowledge and skill in using the measuring instruments in
carrying out tasks. Without such, this may result to damage to the instrument and to
the object being measured, or might cause harm to the operator.
3. Cost of equipment
Consider the quality of the brand of the measuring instrument. Evaluate the cost of the
measuring instrument by associating its function and its maintenance.
There are various tools that are used for illustrations and design. They may be used for
measurement and layout for drawings, some of them are the following:
4
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
T-Square - for drawing horizontal lines.
Scale Ruler - primarily for drawing architectural, structural, and mechanical details.
Represents large objects at a reduced scale.
5
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Compass - for small circles and arcs; with adaptor or ink attachment.
6
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Templates- for circles, ellipses, lettering, flowcharting, mechanical, and much more.
In using measuring instruments, we have two goals—accuracy and precision. To reduce some
errors, we need to take multiple measurements to increase the accuracy. Other significance
are as follows:
ry It!
T
Directions: Using your measuring instruments, make an illustration with the following
descriptions:
7
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
2. Draw 3 horizontal lines using the ruler (10 centimeters long).
3. Draw angles using the triangle in 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees.
4. Draw 2 circles, 2 concentric circles and 2 half circles using the compass.
The process of selecting measuring instruments is one of the most important things to
consider in illustration. When selecting a measuring instrument, it is important to consider the
size, character, and value of the object to be measured, and the qualities of the instruments
which are described in the following:
● Amplification
This is also called magnification or the ratio of the input/output dimension of the
measuring instrument. This serves as an indicator to measure small measurements
accurately.
● Calibration
Calibration is the process of adjusting a measuring instrument to its standard
measurement. T here are two different techniques of calibration:
● special purpose - high rate of accuracy is desired
● routinary - calibration may be checked with regular intervals or as specified
in the manufacturer’s guide.
● Stability
You can use a monitor chart to test stability of the measuring instruments then
record its capability to maintain its calibration over time until you obtain
consistent results.
Accuracy
● it is the amount of uncertainty with respect to standard measurement, and it is the true
magnitude of the measured dimension. Suppose you weigh a metal and noted 5
8
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
kilograms but the known value is 5.1kilograms then your measurement is not accurate.
● DACs or Digital to Analog converters are subject to gain and offset errors and is subject
for calibration, the error might be given as +/- 1.0 as illustrated below:
0 -1 to +1
***The range of readings indicates the margin of error depending on the input.
conditions: input 0-10, Accuracy = ±(0.1% of input + 1)
Precision
9
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Resolution
Sensitivity
Copying
● For beginners, copying the exact matter of the drawing is one of the best methods to
start measuring without any instrument.
● Copying also gives training to the eye to correct mistakes in the estimates of lengths.
10
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Eye Measurements with Rule of Thirds
Examples:
11
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Proportion
A proportion is an equation with a ratio on each side. It states that two ratios are equal: 1/2 =
4/8 is an example of a proportion. Also described as a part, share, or number in comparative
relation to a whole that can be written in two ways:
a = c
b d
In Math:
2 = 4
3 6
12
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Measuring through a Pencil
● Choose how far away from your subject you will stand.
● Mark the length, width or height of the object with your thumb on the pencil.
● Transfer this measurement to the drawing.
● When drawing a house, put your thumb on the pencil at the point where you can trace
the length of the house. Use this measure then transfer on the paper same with the
width of the house.
● Do this as a standard for other relative measurements.
Scale Of Drawings
● In copying pictures from print magazines and books, we usually copy it as is. But the
scale of the drawing might be too small or too large from the original. To practice
measurement and proportion skills, we need to vary the scale of drawings by repeating
the same drawing at different sizes.
13
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Mensuration and Calculation
Mensuration deals with length, area, and volume of different kinds of shape-- both 2D and 3D.
Before we move ahead to the list of important mensuration formulas, we need to discuss
some important terms that constitute these mensuration formulas.
Mensuration Formulas
Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of Geometric shapes,
their area, volume, and related parameters. It plays a big part in real-world applications in
illustration industry. So moving ahead to mensuration, these are some of the commonly used
formulas for 2D and 3D shapes.
Square:
Area = a2 sq.
units
Perimeter = 4a units
Rectangle:
Area = l x sq. units
Perimeter = 2(l+b) units
Cube:
Volume: a3
Triangle:
Area = √3a2 /4
sq. units
Perimeter = 3a units (a = side of the triangle)
Circle:
Diameter = 2r units
14
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Area = r2 sq. units
Circumference = 2 r units
Cylinder:
Volume= r2h
PEMDAS tells you how to calculate first until the calculation is complete; the particular order is
represented by these mathematical operations: P – parentheses; E
– exponents; M
–
multiplication; D – division; A
– addition; S
– subtraction.
● The order of operations is the standard sequence in which you must perform
operations in an expression that has more than one. PEMDAS tells you the order in
which you must complete the operations.
● Your answer will be incorrect if you calculate an expression without using the order of
operations of PEMDAS.
● Multiplication and division are inverses; same thing goes for addition and subtraction.
15
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
● Here’s another example to solve fractions in the parenthesis is this:
(24 ÷ 2) - 2 2 + 2 × 1
1. exponents
12 - 22 + 2 × 1
2. multiplication
3. division
12 - 4 + 2
4. addition and
5. subtraction
8+2
6. Final Answer : 10
(24 ÷ 2) - 2 2 + 2 × 1
12 - 22 + 2 × 1
12 - 4 + 2
8+2
10
Note: Parentheses are not operations, they are about grouping and not by order because
they are containers for operations.
16
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Check Up
I. Draw the figure below and form a square between two circles using your
protractor. Scale your drawing into a radius of 2 inches.
II. Name at least 5 measuring equipment used in illustration and give their
functions/uses:
1.
2.
17
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
3.
4.
5.
1. We learned that mensuration deals with length, area, and volume of different kinds of
shapes. Write the formula for the following:
a. area of a triangle
b. diameter of a circle
c. perimeter of a rectangle
3. What is the perimeter of a rectangle if the length is 30 inches and the width is 10 inches?
Show your solution.
You were assigned by your teacher as an illustrator in the journalism club. Your task is to
make creative drawings for the school newspaper. Your skill will be evaluated based on the
18
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
following rubric:
Eye catching imagery No clear theme The theme is The theme is clear
somewhat clear and appropriate
Big Idea
“Measurement leads us to control and improve our abilities. You cannot measure if you don’t
understand it. If you can't control it, you can't improve it.”
19
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
Wrap Up
Bibliography
https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/characteristics-selection-measuring-instruments/
“Drawing Tools - What are the drawing pencils and other tools of drafting.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.
http://www.historyofpencils.com/drawing-tools/
“How to Measure Subjects & Models for Proportional Portraits and Other Art Work.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.
https://www.drawinghowtodraw.com/drawing-lessons/improve-drawing/measure-measuring-
proportions.html
20
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited
“Mensuration I- Introduction to Mensuration with a list of Mensuration Formulas.” Accessed
December 3, 2018.
https://www.talentsprint.com/blog/2017/04/mensuration-formulas-introduction-to-mensurati
on.html
Glossary
21
C
opyright © 2018 Quipper Limited