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    Pathology Lecture 1

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    Abdo Haider
    1) The document discusses circulatory disturbances and edema, describing the causes and types of edema including localized, generalized cardiac, renal, nutritional, and hepatic edema. 2) Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid mass of blood elements and fibrin within the cardiovascular system. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and changes in blood composition. 3) Anemia is discussed along with the pathology of red blood cells, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and their clinical presentations. 4) The pathology of white blood cells is covered, including leukopenia/neutropenia and leukemia, describing their pathogenesis, clinical pictures, and effects on blood

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    Pathology Lecture 1

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    Abdo Haider
    1 views25 pages
    1) The document discusses circulatory disturbances and edema, describing the causes and types of edema including localized, generalized cardiac, renal, nutritional, and hepatic edema. 2) Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid mass of blood elements and fibrin within the cardiovascular system. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and changes in blood composition. 3) Anemia is discussed along with the pathology of red blood cells, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and their clinical presentations. 4) The pathology of white blood cells is covered, including leukopenia/neutropenia and leukemia, describing their pathogenesis, clinical pictures, and effects on blood

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    1) The document discusses circulatory disturbances and edema, describing the causes and types of edema including localized, generalized cardiac, renal, nutritional, and hepatic edema. 2) Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid mass of blood elements and fibrin within the cardiovascular system. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and changes in blood composition. 3) Anemia is discussed along with the pathology of red blood cells, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and their clinical presentations. 4) The pathology of white blood cells is covered, including leukopenia/neutropenia and leukemia, describing their pathogenesis, clinical pictures, and effects on blood

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1 views25 pages

    Pathology Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Abdo Haider
    1) The document discusses circulatory disturbances and edema, describing the causes and types of edema including localized, generalized cardiac, renal, nutritional, and hepatic edema. 2) Thrombosis is defined as the formation of a solid mass of blood elements and fibrin within the cardiovascular system. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and changes in blood composition. 3) Anemia is discussed along with the pathology of red blood cells, including iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and their clinical presentations. 4) The pathology of white blood cells is covered, including leukopenia/neutropenia and leukemia, describing their pathogenesis, clinical pictures, and effects on blood

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    of 25

    Circulatory Disturbances

    Associate professor of Pathology


    Dr. Marwa Shakweer
    Faculty of Medicine, BUC

    MM. Shakweer
    Circulatory Disturbances
    (Disturbances of Blood and Body Fluids)

    MM. Shakweer
    Oedema
    • Definition: accumulation of fluids in interstitial tissue,
    serous cavities or lung alveoli
    osmotic
    hydrostatic 4.Lymphatic
    1.OP drainage
    3.HP

    2.OP
    Causes of oedema
    1.  OP in bl. 2.  OP in 3. HP in bl. 4.Lymphatic 5. Capillary
    (albumin) interstitial ts. (CVC)  obstr. Permeabilty
    e.g.liver disease,  e.g.heart failure e.g.elephantiasis e.g. acute
    glomerulonephritis, inflammation
    malnutrition MM. Shakweer
    Types of oedema
    A. Localized:
    Ex. Acute inflammation especially allergic, lymphatic obstruction as in
    elephantiasis
    B. Generalized:
    1.Cardiac: (rt. Sided HF)Most obvious in feet & dependent areas
    2. Renal : glomerular diseases Most obvious in face & eye lids
    3. Nutritional:Ptn. intake or absorption /Ptn. Loss
    4.Hepatic:Ptn. Synthesis as in cirrhosis  Most obvious as ascites

    MM. Shakweer
    Thrombosis
    Definition: Vital process in which there’s formation of a solid mass
    made up of blood elements and fibrin within any part of the CVS

    Fibrin
    network

    Bl.elements
    Lines of Zahn
    (platelets) MM. Shakweer
    Pathogenesis (Causes= Predisposing Factors)
    Three primary influences predispose to thrombus formation (triad)
    Endothelial Injury
    Rough surface
    coagulation system

    Thrombosis

    Abnormal Blood Flow Changes in bl.composition


    Platelets function OR  bl. viscosity+=
    stasis coag. system
    solid components +/-  fluid components

    MM. Shakweer
    Pathology of RBCs
    Anemia

    MM. Shakweer
    • Def: Reduction of oxygen carrying capacity of
    the blood due to?

    • 1- Decreased number of RBCs

    • 2- Decreased Hb concentration

    MM. Shakweer
    Fe B12

    MM. Shakweer
    Mean corpuscular volume
    The average volume of a red blood
    corpuscle:

    To calculate MCV, the hematocrit (Hct)


    is divided by the concentration of RBCs
    ([RBC])

    Normally, MCV is expressed in


    femtoliters (fL, or 10−15L), and
    [RBC] is the quantity expressed in
    millions per microliter (106 /
    μL). The normal range for MCV
    is 80–100 fL.
    For example, if the Hct = 42.5%
    and [RBC] = 4.58 million per
    microliter (4,580,000/μL), then MM. Shakweer
    Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

    "mean cell hemoglobin"


    (MCH), is the average mass
    of hemoglobin (Hb) per red
    blood cell (RBC) in a sample
    of blood
    It is calculated by dividing
    the total mass of
    hemoglobin by the number
    of red blood cells in a
    volume of blood.
    MCH=(Hb*10)/RBC

    MM. Shakweer
    Microcytic anemias
    1- Iron deficiency anemia

    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 12


    Causes of iron deficiency anemia

    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 13


    Clinical picture of iron def anemia

    MM. Shakweer 14
    Extended Modular Program
    Macrocytic anemias

    MM. Shakweer 15
    Extended Modular Program
    - megaloblastic anemia
    due to vitamin B12 deficiency
    • Causes:
    • -Insufficient intake
    (dietery deficiency; rare)
    • -Decreased absorption:
    may be caused by
    decreased intrinsic factor
    associated with
    gastrectomy, pernicious
    anemia
    • -Intestinal malabsorption
    due to parasites (fish
    tapeworm), crohn’s disease

    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 16


    Clinical picture of B12 deficiency

    • -Weakness due to anemia (megaloblastic


    anemia)
    • -Sore (beefy) tongue due to generalized
    epithelial atrophy.
    • -CNS defects in form of subacute combined
    degeneration of spinal cord (SCDSC) with
    demylination.

    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 17


    Pathology of WBCs

    MM. Shakweer
    Non neoplastic disorders of WBCs
    leukopenia/ neutropenia

    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 19


    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 20
    Extended Modular Program MM. Shakweer 21
    Leukemia
    • Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone
    marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells.
    Leukemia can develop due to a problem with
    blood cell production. It usually affects the
    leukocytes, or white blood cells

    MM. Shakweer
    Pathogenesis
    • Neoplastic myeloblasts proliferate inside bone
    marrow replacing hematopoitic elements
    leading to defective production of mature
    WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
    • CBC: pancytopenia, increased total leukocytic
    count formed of malignant myeloblasts

    MM. Shakweer
    Clinical picture
    • Anemia
    • Bleeding tendency
    • Repeated infections
    • Bony aches

    MM. Shakweer
    Thank you

    MM. Shakweer

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